Age groups and the extent of involvement in RBP

H0: There is no difference between the age groups of respondents with regard to the extent of involvement in RBP.

H1: There is a difference between the age groups of respondents with regard to the extent of involvement in RBP.

The age groups tested were 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years. The 18 to 29 years group was not included due to the small number of people in this group. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test the hypothesis and the result

of the test for the difference between the age groups with regard to the extent of RBP involvement is shown in Table 5.14.

Table 5.14: Kruskal-Wallis test results: age groups and RBP involvement

Extent of involvement

Chi-Square 5.087

df 2

Asymp. Sig. .079

Source: Author's own compilation

The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference at the 10% level of significance between the age groups of respondents with regard to the extent of involvement in RBP (p=0.079). Therefore, the null hypothesis can be rejected.

Furthermore, the mean ranks indicate that the age group of 50 to 59 years tends to have a greater involvement in RBP (mean rank = 49.77), while the age group of 40-49 years tend to have the lowest involvement in RPB (mean rank = 35.52).

5.5.5.2 Age groups and the aspects influencing RBP decision-making The following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: There is no difference between the age group of respondents with regard to each of the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

H1: There is a difference between the age group of respondents with regard to each of the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

Each aspect was tested separately. Only one of the seven aspects was statistically significant. The aspect where a statistically significant difference exists is shown in Table 5.15 that shows the test result for the difference between the age groups with regard to the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

Table 5.15: Kruskal-Wallis test results: the age groups and aspects influencing RBP decision-making

Current financial condition of the business

Chi-Square 8.189

df 2

Asymp. Sig. .017

Source: Author's own compilation

This result indicates that there is a statistically significant difference, at the 5% level of significance, between the age group of respondents with regard to one aspect (current financial condition of the business) influencing RBP decision- making. Thus, the null hypothesis can be rejected in this case.

Furthermore, mean ranks indicate that the age group of 50 to 59 years tend to be less influenced by their business's current financial condition (mean rank = 24.65) than the other age groups. The 40 to 49 years group tend to be most influenced by this aspect (mean rank = 43.36) with the 30 to 39 years group only slightly less (mean rank = 41.61).

5.5.5.3 Size of the SMME and the business's perceptions of RBP The following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: There is no difference between the size groupings of the SMMEs with regard to the business's perceptions of RBP.

H1: There is a difference between the size groupings of the SMMEs with regard to the business's perceptions of RBP.

The size of the SMME was divided into groups as discussed in Section 5.3.3. The first group tested were SMMEs with zero to ten employees, the second group were SMMEs with 11 to 20 employees, the third group were SMMEs with 21 to 30 employees and the final group were SMMEs with more than 30 employees. Each theme or group of perceptions (as identified in Section 5.4.3) was tested individually. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test the hypotheses and the result for the test with reference to the difference between the size of the SMMEs with regard to the business's perceptions of RBP is shown in Table 5.16.

Table 5.16: Kruskal-Wallis test results: size of the SMMEs the business's perceptions of RBP Benefits / advantages of RBP (SR1) Dual responsibility of business and society (SR2) Negative connotations of RBP (SR3) Chi-Square 3.127 6.344 2.819 df 3 3 3 Asymp. Sig. .373 .096 .420

Source: Author's own compilation

The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between the size groupings of the businesses regarding: the benefits or advantages of RBP (p=0.373); and the negative connotations of RBP (p=0.420). Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. However, for the dual responsibility of business and society (p=0.096); there exist a statistical significant difference, at the 10% level of significance.

Furthermore, mean ranks indicate that the fourth size group (SMMEs with more than 30 employees) tend to have the highest agreement level with the theme regarding the dual responsibility of business and society (mean rank = 53.44). The SMMEs with one to ten employees have the lowest level of agreement with this theme (mean rank = 32.35).

5.5.5.4 Level of education and RBP decision-making The following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: There is no difference between the group of the respondent’s highest level of education with regard to the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

H1: There is a difference between the group of the respondent’s highest level of education with regard to the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

The respondents' highest level of education was divided into three groups as discussed in Section 5.2.3: NQF levels 1 to 4; NQF levels 5 to 7; and NQF levels 8 to 9. Each aspect was tested separately. Only one of the seven aspects was statistically significant. The aspect (ethics) where a statistically significant difference exists is shown in Table 5.17 that shows the test results that reflect the

difference between the highest level of education with regard to the aspect (ethics) influencing RBP decision-making.

Table 5.17: Kruskal-Wallis test results: highest level of education and aspectinfluencing RBP decision-making

Ethics

Chi-Square 6.588

df 2

Asymp. Sig. .037

Source: Author's own compilation

This result indicates that there is a statistically significant difference, at the 5% level of significance, between the group of the respondent’s highest level of education with regard to one aspect, namely ethics influencing RBP decision- making. Thus, the null hypothesis can be rejected.

Furthermore, mean ranks indicate that respondents’ whose highest qualification is on NQF levels 5, 6 or 7, are the most influenced by ethics when making RBP decisions (mean rank = 49.51). Respondents’ whose highest qualification is on NQF level 8 or 9 are the least influenced by ethics (mean rank = 34.43).

5.5.5.5 Gender and RBP decision-making The following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: There is no difference between the male and female respondents with regard to the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

H1: There is a difference between male and female respondents with regard to the aspects influencing RBP decision-making.

Each aspect was tested separately. The Mann Whitney test was used to test the hypotheses and the aspects where a statistically significant difference exists are shown in Table 5.18. Four of the seven aspects were statistically significant.

Table 5.18: Mann-Whitney test results: gender and the aspects influencing RBP decision-making

Personal feelings or emotions

Ethics Morals Religion

Mann-Whitney U 577.500 551.000 603.000 586.000 Wilcoxon W 1955.500 1929.000 1981.000 1964.000 Z -2.045 -2.509 -2.100 -2.232 Asymp. Sig. (2- tailed) .041 .012 .036 .026

Source: Author's own compilation

This result indicates that there is a statistically significant difference, at the 5% level of significance, between male and female respondents with regard to these four aspects influencing their decision-making regarding RBP. Thus, the null hypothesis can be rejected for these four aspects.

Furthermore, the mean ranks indicate that females’ decision-making are more influenced by all four of the aspects than males (mean ranks of personal feelings: 48.25 vs. 37.61, mean ranks of ethics: 50.23 vs. 37.10, mean ranks of morals: 48.55 vs. 38.10 and mean ranks of religion: 49.10 vs. 37.77). Thus, when making a decision, female decision-makers in SMMEs are more likely to consider their personal feelings, ethics, morals and religion than male decision-makers in SMMEs .

5.5.6 Correlation analysis

This section presents the correlation analysis of the relationship between the size of the SMME and the number of RBP activities they are involved in.

Inferential statistical analysis was used to determine the relationship between the size of the SMME and the number of RBP activities they are involved in.

The following hypotheses were formulated:

H0: There is no relationship between the size of the SMME and the number of RBP activities they are involved in.

H1: There is a relationship between the size of the SMME and the number of RBP activities they are involved in.

The results are shown in Table 5.19.

Table 5.19: Measure of the strength of the association test results

Number of activities involved in

Size of the business

Pearson correlation

1 .001

Sig. (2-tailed) .996

Source: Author's own compilation

The results show that the relationship is very weak and not statistically significant (p=0.996). Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. The size of the business is not statistically significantly related to the number of RBP activities the SMME is involved in.