because the third sentence states Wrigley started out with two brands of gum.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the third sentence states after the first two brands, Vassar and Lotta Gum, Wrigley soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearmint.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the fourth sentence states that the first two were phased out.
24. Answer choice B is correct because paragraph 4 states Despite providing medical benefits, chewing gum… are mainly promoted as a recreational habit... Answer choice A is incorrect because paragraph 1 states chewing gum and automobile tires share an odd commonality: at one time, both included resin from the rubber tree…
Answer choice C is incorrect because paragraph 4 states chewing gum, and its
close relative, bubble gum, are mainly promoted… primarily to young people.
Answer choice D is incorrect because paragraph 6 states Once again, Wrigley realized that demand for the premium was stronger than the demand for the original product.
Reading Passage 4, p. 78
25. Answer choice D is correct because the first paragraph states that sufferers of DID could have different vision, but it does not mention a difference between left and right eyes. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states that dissociative identity disorder is a psychological condition. Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentences states that a person’s identity dissociates, or fragments. Answer choice C is incorrect because the first sentence states a person’s identity dissociates, or fragments, thereby creating distinct independent identities within one individual.
26. Answer choice A is correct because the paragraph does not mention the way DID sufferers might dress. Answer choice B is incorrect because the second sentence states Each separate personality can be distinct from the other personalities in a number of ways, including… manner of moving. Answer choice C is incorrect because the second sentence states Each separate personality can be distinct from the other personalities in a number of ways, including… tone and pitch of voice.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the second sentence states Each separate personality can be distinct from the other personalities in a number of ways, including… gestures.
27. Answer choice B is correct because the third sentence states there was a motion picture starring Joanne Woodward. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states Two stories of actual women suffering from dissociative identity disorder have been extensively recounted and the following sentence states One of them is the story of a woman… known as Eve. Answer choice C is incorrect
because the second sentence states a woman with twenty-two separate personalities known as Eve. Answer choice D is incorrect because the third sentence states only three of the personalities could exist at one time in Eve.
28. Answer choice D is correct because the third sentence states that the movie was made in the 1950s, which means any year from 1950–1959. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states Two stories of actual women suffering from dissociative identity disorder have been extensively recounted and the third sentence states The Three Faces of Eve, presented [one of the woman’s] story.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the third sentence states a book by Corbett Thigpen and a motion picture starring Joanne Woodward, each of which was titled The Three Faces of Eve. Answer choice C is incorrect because the third sentence states a book by Corbett Thigpen and a motion picture starring Joanne Woodward, each of which was titled The Three Faces of Eve.
29. Answer choice D is correct because the third sentence states only three of the personalities could exist at one time, which would mean Carolyn could only be familiar with two other personalities. Answer choice A is incorrect because the fourth sentence states Carolyn Sizemore… wrote about her experiences in a book entitled I’m Eve. Answer choice B is incorrect because the fourth sentence states Carolyn Sizemore, Eve’s twenty-second personality. Answer choice C is incorrect because the third sentence states that In the 1950s, a book… and a motion picture came out about Eve. The following sentence states Two decades later, Carolyn Sizemore…
wrote about her experiences in a book.
30. Answer choice C is correct because the fifth sentence states that sixteen distinct personalities emerged over a period of forty years. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states Two stories of actual women suffering from dissociative identity disorder have been written. The fifth sentence states The second well-known story… is the story of Sybil. Answer choice B is incorrect
because the fifth sentence states The second well-known story of a woman suffering from dissociative personality disorder is the story of Sybil. Answer choice D is
incorrect because the fifth sentence states sixteen distinct personalities emerged over a period of forty years.
31. Answer choice A is correct because the paragraph states that an initial alter
personality can first arrive before the age of six, but it does not mention that children are accurately diagnosed with DID. Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentence states Sufferers of DID usually seek psychiatric help for other issues in their life, such… loss of memory or time. Answer choice C is incorrect because the third sentence states Most children who acquire DID are believed to have suffered a trauma of some kind. Answer choice D is incorrect because the first sentence states Sufferers of DID usually seek psychiatric help for other issues in their life… and are not aware that they, in fact, have the disorder.
Reading Exercise (Skills 5–6), p. 80
1. Answer choice C is correct because the first sentence gives the lifespan of Muir as 1838–1914. The first half of the nineteenth century is 1800–1850. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence gives the lifespan of Muir as 1838–1914. The 1800s are the nineteenth century. Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentence gives the lifespan of Muir as 1838–1914. The 1800s are the nineteenth century. Answer choice D is incorrect because the first sentence gives the lifespan of Muir as 1838–1914. The first half of the nineteenth century is 1800–1850.
2. Answer choice C is correct because the first sentence states that he is today recognized for his vital contributions in the area of environmental protection and conservation of the wilderness. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states that he is today recognized for his vital contributions in the area of environmental protection and conservation of the wilderness, not immigration reform.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentence states that he is today recognized for his vital contributions in the area of environmental protection and conservation of the wilderness, not just exploration. Answer choice D is incorrect because the second sentence states he is often referred to as the unofficial ‘Father of National Parks, which indicates he had something to do with the start of natural parks.
3. Answer choice A is correct because the third sentence states Muir was educated at home. Answer choice B is incorrect because the third sentence states Muir was educated at home… because his father felt that participation in an education in a public school would violate his strict religious code. Answer choice C is incorrect because the third sentence states Muir was educated at home… because his father felt that participation in an education in a public school would violate his strict religious code. Answer choice D is incorrect because the third sentence states Muir was educated at home rather than in public school.
4. Answer choice B is correct because the paragraph does not state how Muir learned to whittle. Answer choice A is incorrect because the fourth sentence states Muir…
developed some interesting mechanical devices by whittling them from wood.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the fourth sentence states Young Muir…
developed some interesting mechanical devices by whittling them from wood.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the fourth sentence states Young Muir…
developed some interesting mechanical devices by whittling them from wood; when some of his inventions were put on display at a state fair, they were noted by officials from the University of Wisconsin, and Muir was invited to attend the university.
5. Answer choice B is correct because the seventh sentence states His vision did recover. Answer choice A is incorrect because the sixth sentence states that Muir [worked] in a carriage factory. Answer choice C is incorrect because the seventh sentence states following the accident he decided that he wanted to spend his life studying the beauty of the natural world rather than endangering his health working in a factory. Answer choice D is incorrect because the last sentence states He set out on a 1,000-mile walk.
6. Answer choice D is correct because the second sentence mentions that he began a writing campaign, but the paragraph does not state that he became a travel writer.
Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states he took a number of odd jobs to support himself, working as a laborer. Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentence states he took a number of odd jobs to support himself, working as a… sheepherder. Answer choice C is incorrect because the first sentence states he took a number of odd jobs to support himself, working as… — after he had become familiar with the wilderness area—a guide.
7. Answer choice B is correct because the last sentence states He married in 1880, and for the years that followed he was more involved in family life. Answer choice A is incorrect because the last sentence states He married in 1880, and for the years that followed he was more involved… in running the ranch. Answer choice C is incorrect because the last sentence states the ranch was given to him and his wife by her parents. Answer choice D is incorrect because the last sentence states he was more involved in family life and in running the ranch… than in preservation of the environment.
8. Answer choice C is correct because the paragraph does not state that Muir became an editor of The Century or any magazine. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence states He had been away from the environmentalist movement for some time. Answer choice B is incorrect because the first sentence states he was asked by an editor of the magazine The Century to write some articles. Answer choice D is incorrect because the third sentence states Muir agreed to write two articles and the following sentence states These two articles in The Century initiated the Yosemite National Park campaign.
9. Answer choice D is correct because the third sentence states Because of the
experience of this trip, Muir agreed to write two articles. Answer choice A is incorrect because the first sentence of the paragraph states that Muir was contacted by an editor in 1889 and the following sentence states The editor… took Muir camping.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the second sentence states The editor… took Muir camping to areas of Yosemite that Muir had not seen for years. Answer choice C is incorrect because the second sentence states that the areas that had been spoiled through uncontrolled development.
10. Answer choice A is correct because the third sentence states the Enabling Act was passed; this was a bill that gave U.S. presidents the right to reserve lands for preservation by the U.S. government. Answer choice B is incorrect because the second sentence states The law creating Yosemite National Park was enacted in 1890. The following sentence states A year later [1891], a bill known as the Enabling Act was passed. Answer choice C is incorrect because the third sentence states that
the Enabling Act gave U.S. presidents the right to reserve lands for preservation by the U.S. government, but the paragraph does not specifically mention establishing national parks through the bill. Answer choice D is incorrect because the third sentence states the bill was to reserve lands for preservation, not for government use.
11. Answer choice D is correct because the last sentence states that the club had the expressed goal of protecting the wilderness, particularly the area of the Sierra Nevada mountain range where Yosemite is located. Answer choice A is incorrect because the third sentence states that the Enabling Act was passed in 1891, and the following sentence states Muir established an organization in 1892, the Sierra Club.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the last sentence states Muir established an organization in 1892, the Sierra Club. Answer choice C is incorrect because the turn of the century in this case refers to 1900, and the last sentence states Muir
established an organization in 1892.
12. Answer choice D is correct because the first sentence states From then until his death in 1914, Muir worked assiduously on his writing in an effort to build recognition of the need for environmental protection. Answer choice A is incorrect because the paragraph mentions that Muir worked on his writing, not that he spent time in Yosemite. Answer choice B is incorrect because the last sentence states His writings from this period include The Mountains of California (1894), Our National Parks (1901), My First Summer in the Sierra (1911), and My Boyhood and Youth (1913), but does not mention any laws that he wrote. Answer choice C is incorrect because the first sentence states From then until his death in 1914, Muir worked assiduously on his writing in an effort to build recognition of the need for
environmental protection, a goal which was consistent throughout his life.
13. Answer choice B is correct because the paragraph does not discuss the
development of any natural areas. Answer choice A is incorrect because the last sentence states The National Park Service is now responsible for more than 350 parks. Answer choice C is incorrect because the last sentence states more than 250 million people visit these parks each year. Answer choice D is incorrect because the last sentence states the Sierra Club has more than 650,000 members.
Reading Review Exercise (Skills 1–6), p. 82
1. Answer choice C is correct because the second sentence states from [the age of three] on, peers have a growing influence as models for language development in children. Answer choice A is incorrect because the second sentence states from [the age of three] on, peers have a growing influence as models for language
development in children. Answer choice B is incorrect because the last sentence states when adults… interact with younger children, they tend to modify their language to improve communication with younger children. Answer choice D is incorrect because the second sentence states Until about the age of three, children tend to learn to develop their language by modeling the speech of their parents and the last sentence states this modified language is called caretaker speech.
2. Answer choice B is correct because “mimicking” fits the context of the sentence.
Answer choice A is incorrect because “demonstrating” does not fit the context of the sentence. Answer choice C is incorrect because “building” does not fit the context of the sentence. Answer choice D is incorrect because “designing” is not a synonym for
“modeling.”
3. Answer choice D is correct because the sentence states Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children.
Answer choice A is incorrect because the sentence does not state that there has been study and research about caretaker language. Answer choice B is incorrect because the sentence states that caretaker speech reduces the complexity of language, not that an aspect of caretaker speech increases language complexity.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence states that young children are spoken to by others, not that young children use caretaker speech.
4. Answer choice A is correct because the previous sentence states Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences and the key sentence states It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which connects “it” to “caretaker speech.” Answer choice B is incorrect because the sentence states It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which indicates a type speech, not voice pitch. Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence states It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which indicates a type of speech, not the content of the speech. Answer choice D is incorrect because “it” refers to an idea that comes before, not after, the pronoun referent.
5. Answer choice C is correct because the inserted sentence states Examples of these are expressions, which refers to short, simple words and sentences in the previous sentence. Answer choice A is incorrect because the inserted sentence states
Examples of these are expressions, which does not have a reference in the previous sentence. Answer choice B is incorrect because the inserted sentence states
Examples of these are expressions, which does not have a reference in the previous sentence. Answer choice D is incorrect because the previous sentence already gives examples of baby talk, so the inserted sentence would not follow these examples with the phrase Examples of these expressions.
Caretaker speech is used often quite unconsciously; few people actually study how to modify language when speaking to young children but, instead, without thinking, find ways to reduce the complexity of language in order to communicate effectively with young children. 5A A caretaker will unconsciously speak in one way with adults and in a very different way with young children. 5B Caretaker speech tends to be slower speech with short, simple words and sentences which are said in a higher-pitched voice with exaggerated inflections and many repetitions of essential information. Examples of these are expressions such as “Say bye-bye” or
“Where’s da-da?” 5C It is not limited to what is commonly called baby talk, which generally refers to the use of simplified, repeated syllable expressions such as “ma-ma,” “boo-boo,” “bye-bye,” “wa-wa,” but also includes the simplified sentence structures repeated in sing-song inflections. 5D
6. Answer choice B is correct because rhyming sounds are not mentioned in the paragraph. Answer choice A is incorrect because the second sentence states exaggerated inflections tend to focus the small child on what the caretaker is saying.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the second sentence states the repetitions reinforce the child’s developing understanding. Answer choice D is incorrect because the second sentence states the simplified words and sentences make it easier for the small child to begin to comprehend.
7. Answer choice D is correct because the third sentence states as a child’s speech develops, caretakers tend to adjust their language in response to the improved language skills. Answer choice A is incorrect because the last sentence states
caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-old and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three. Answer choice B is incorrect because the last sentence states Parents and older children regularly adjust their speech to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child. Answer choice C is incorrect because the last sentence states caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-old and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches
caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-old and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches the age of two or three. Answer choice B is incorrect because the last sentence states Parents and older children regularly adjust their speech to a level that is slightly above that of a younger child. Answer choice C is incorrect because the last sentence states caretakers will speak in one way to a one-year-old and in a progressively more complex way as the child reaches