Table 2A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.577 0.686 0.611
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.595 0.681 0.687
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.164 0.985 0.216
Competition (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.186 1.019 0.240 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.543 0.316 0.020 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.571 0.316 0.076 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.871 0.269 0.067 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.893 0.322 0.132
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficient on the variables in Table 2 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008) using 1000 replications. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6.
Table 3A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.240 0.456 0.972
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.276 0.573 0.911
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.473 0.951 0.570
Competition (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.529 0.907 0.637 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.072 0.729 0.000 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.154 0.733 0.002 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.205 0.444 0.000 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.252 0.611 0.002
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficient on the variables in Table 3 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008) using 1000 replications. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6.
Table 4A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.324 0.204 0.831
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.376 0.284 0.847
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.229 0.202 0.299
Competition (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.248 0.316 0.338 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.745 0.437 0.001 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.775 0.452 0.020 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.965 0.364 0.012 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.969 0.378 0.068
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficient on the variables in Table 4 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008) using 1000 replications. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6.
Table 5A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.362 0.444 0.608
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.360 0.468 0.679
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.528 0.441 0.292
Competition (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.601 0.513 0.324 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.139 0.768 0.000 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 (wild-p) 0.280 0.765 0.000 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.322 0.727 0.000 Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 (wild-p) 0.362 0.695 0.000
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficient on the variables in Table 5 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008) using 1000 replications. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6.
Table 7A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * 6 months later 0.152 0.223 0.490
Competition (=1) * 6 months later (wild-p) 0.206 0.282 0.484 Individual Incentive (=1) * 6 months later 0.601 0.406 0.332 Individual Incentive (=1) * 6 months later (wild-p) 0.587 0.478 0.448
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficient on the variables in Table 7 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008).
The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6 or 6 months later.
Table 8A: Tests for Differences Between Subgroups
Column Column Column [2] = [3] [4] = [5] [6] = [7]
Competition (=1) * 6 months later 0.581 0.044 0.865
Competition (=1) * 6 months later (wild-p) 0.631 0.144 0.887 Individual Incentive (=1) * 6 months later 0.940 0.843 0.053 Individual Incentive (=1) * 6 months later (wild-p) 0.927 0.859 0.112
First Group in Column Heading Female FSM Year 2
Second Group in Column Heading Male Non-FSM Year 5
The table contains the p-values for the tests of whether the coefficent on the variables in Table 8 for the two columns listed are equal. Wild p-values shown are estimated following Cameron, Gelbrach, Miller (2008) using 1000 replications. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6 or 6 months later.
Figure A2: Example food knowledge test
Figure B1: Proportion of pupils eating more than half a fruit or vegetable
a) Full Sample
a) Sample with less than 100% Choice in Baseline
Table B1: Descriptive Statistics of Local Education Authorities
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Participate Collaborate but Did not p-value not participate collaborate
Contacted on Friday 0.75 0.41 0.47 0.163
Contacted by J James 0.58 0.53 0.50 0.795
Household Income/100 6.10 7.23 6.72 0.138
% FSM 0.15 0.21 0.17 0.164
Number of Schools/100 2.27 1.50 1.35 0.037
% 5 Fruit & Veg a day 24.5 25.9 26.0 0.603
% Overweight & Obese reception 23.6 23.2 23.0 0.714
% Obese reception 9.94 10.4 9.74 0.330
% Overweight & Obese yr6 33.1 34.4 33.0 0.309
% Obese yr6 18.5 20.1 18.7 0.180
Smoking 25.6 24.7 24.6 0.794
Binge Drinking 20.2 17.1 18.1 0.195
Key stage 1: Avg point score 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.879
Key stage 2: Avg point score 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.894
Per pupil spending 2010/11 4307 4806 4486 0.109
% change in per pupil spending 2010/11 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.778
% LA spending change 2010/11 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 0.689
Female CEO of the council 0.25 0.31 0.25 0.859
Female Director of Children Services 0.67 0.41 0.51 0.405
Female Leader of Healthy Schools 0.75 0.88 0.82 0.659
% of Labour Councillors 0.32 0.39 0.33 0.650
% of Conservative Councillors 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.983
Labour controlled council 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.958
Conservative controlled council 0.42 0.47 0.41 0.878
Ofsted Score 2.34 2.31 2.28 0.405
Ofsted Health Score 1.69 1.72 1.70 0.707
Catering pp/100 0.80 0.83 0.82 0.989
Energy costs pp/100 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.610
Total school Income pp/1000 4.30 4.52 4.32 0.674
Teaching costs pp/1000 2.10 2.18 2.13 0.756
P-values in column 4 come from a test of equality of the 3 group means between local authorities that participated, those that collaborated (by providing names of schools), and those that did not collaborate.
Local authorities were randomly contacted on two days on Friday 2nd July and Monday 5th July and by J. James or M. Belot. Income is the average weekly total household income (£) divided by 100, FSM is the percentage of children who are eligible for free school meals. % Eat 5 Fruit & Veg a day is the proportion of adults defined to be consumers of 5 or more fruit and vegetables if they had reported that they had consumed 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables on the previous day. Binge drinking is the proportion of adult binge drinkers defined if they reported that in the last week they had drunk 8 or more units of alcohol if they were a man, or 6 or more units of alcohol if they were a woman, on any one day or more. Smoking is the proportion of individuals in a local authority who reported that they were a ‘current cigarette smoker’ in the Health Survey for England. Overweight and Obese reception is the percentage of pupils in the local authority who were overweight or obese when they entered primary school aged 4 or 5.
Year 6 is the final year of school when the pupils are aged 10 or 11. The average point score (APS) of the key stage 1 test and key stage 2 point score are for tests taken in primary school. The points are awarded per subject per pupil along the following lines: working below the level of the test or not awarded 15, level 2 receives 15 points, level 3 gets 21, level 4 gets 27 and 33 points is allocated for level 5. The APS is then calculated using the following: (Total points for English + Total points for maths + Total points for science) / (Total number of eligible pupils for each subject). This is then rescaled by dividing by 100. Per pupil spending in 2010/11, the yearly increase in per pupil spending, and the overall change in the spending of the local authority. Labour Party and Conservative Party councillors on the council defined at the most recent election since July 2010. Ofsted is (the government school inspector) average score of the schools in the local authority. Schools are inspected and judged on the following question: “How effective, efficient and inclusive is the provision of education, integrated care and any extended services in meeting the needs of learners?” With ratings given of: 1. Outstanding 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Inadequate. Ofsted Health Score is based on the following question: “Learners are encouraged and enabled to eat and drink healthily” using the same 1 to 4 scale. Average catering costs (including staff costs), energy, teaching and total school income are per pupil averages at the local authority level and are rescaled as indicated.
50
Table B2 Comparison of participating schools from the pool of selected schools
Total School Income per pupil/1000 4.17 4.16 0.641
Absenteeism (% on census day) 0.05 0.05 0.682
Catering costs per pupil/100 0.96 0.73 0.303
% English and Maths above level 4 KS2 0.76 0.76 0.949 Average point score Maths and English 0.28 0.28 0.396
Food for life 0.31 0.21 0.501
Ofsted Score 2.09 2.29 0.521
Ofsted health Score 1.53 1.43 0.604
FSM Medium 0.29 0.29 0.975
FSM Low 0.65 0.64 0.988
Teaching Costs per pupil/1000 2.05 2.17 0.246
Energy costs per pupil/100 0.64 0.87 0.961
Competition treatment 0.29 0.43 0.368
Individual treatment 0.32 0.36 0.822
Control 0.39 0.21 0.260
Schools 31 15
Columns 1 and 2 show the mean values at the school level. Column 3 is the p-value of (Prob>z, where z is the test statistic) from an Mann-Whitney U test. Ofsted is (the government school inspector) average score of the schools in the local authority.
Schools are inspected and judged on the following question: “How effective, efficient and inclusive is the provision of education, integrated care and any extended services in meeting the needs of learners?” With ratings given of: 1. Outstanding 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Inadequate. Ofsted Health Score is based on the following question: “Learners are encouraged and enabled to eat and drink healthily” using the same 1 to 4 scale. Average catering costs (including staff costs), energy, teaching and total school income are per pupil averages at the local authority level and are rescaled as indicated. FSM Band - The three broad bands used to group pupils eligible for FSM are: Low: less than 20%, Medium: 20.01-35% and High: greater than 35% (omitted catergory). Columns (1)-(3) present estimates using whether a school was selected by the LEA. Column (3) excludes “Avg Eng/Math Score” but uses the same sample in column (2). Column (4) and (5) use whether a school started and completed the experimental intervention.
Table B3: Effect on Eating More than Half for Overall Sample and Its Subgroups
Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Ate More than Half a Healthy Item
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.114* 0.129 0.096 0.107 0.120 0.096 0.133**
(0.063) (0.084) (0.079) (0.086) (0.072) (0.108) (0.063) [0.194] [0.178] [0.288] [0.272] [0.144] [0.438] [0.070]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.082 0.099 0.061 0.124 0.078 0.108 0.062 (0.073) (0.104) (0.073) (0.086) (0.088) (0.111) (0.083) [0.354] [0.416] [0.490] [0.168] [0.420] [0.418] [0.505]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.054 0.051 0.053 0.008 0.057 -0.054 0.219***
(0.060) (0.076) (0.067) (0.072) (0.066) (0.072) (0.048) [0.464] [0.561] [0.438] [0.927] [0.452] [0.498] [0.014]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.008 0.040 -0.023 -0.010 0.005 -0.068 0.143 (0.075) (0.091) (0.078) (0.101) (0.083) (0.083) (0.090) [0.893] [0.695] [0.813] [0.915] [0.989] [0.488] [0.172]
Constant 0.599*** 0.628*** 0.567*** 0.592*** 0.606*** 0.602*** 0.588***
(0.022) (0.029) (0.026) (0.029) (0.025) (0.032) (0.021)
P-Value: Comp = Ind Incentive Week 2-5 0.410 0.356 0.638 0.320 0.437 0.109 0.193 P-Value: Comp = Ind Incentive Week 2-5 (wild) 0.488 0.428 0.687 0.360 0.460 0.164 0.256 P-Value: Comp = Ind Incentive Week 6 0.327 0.502 0.340 0.212 0.387 0.049 0.294 P-Value: Comp = Ind Incentive Week 6 (wild) 0.446 0.607 0.390 0.256 0.444 0.054 0.352 Observations 14,714 7,719 6,994 2,495 11,838 7,916 6,798
R-squared 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.009 0.025
Number of pupils 638 328 310 114 509 343 295
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). “Eat more than half ” is a dummy variable equal to one if the pupil eats at least half of a portion of fruits or vegetables on that day. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6. Column [2] includes only female and column [3] contains only males. Column [4] includes only pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) and column [5] contains those
52
Table B4: Effect on Eating More Than Half for Sample with Week 1 less than 100% Choice and Its Subgroups Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Ate Mopre than Half a Healthy Item
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.190** 0.145 0.218** 0.268** 0.175** 0.141 0.203**
(0.076) (0.095) (0.088) (0.114) (0.076) (0.100) (0.087) [0.024] [0.178] [0.042] [0.104] [0.038] [0.230] [0.036]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 0.117* 0.074 0.143** 0.245** 0.086 0.119 0.094 (0.066) (0.102) (0.064) (0.095) (0.068) (0.069) (0.099)
[0.126] [0.501] [0.052] [0.058] [0.288] [0.172] [0.404]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.078 0.001 0.130 0.096 0.061 -0.193*** 0.216***
(0.068) (0.091) (0.082) (0.171) (0.069) (0.063) (0.063) [0.318] [0.973] [0.292] [0.695] [0.466] [0.016] [0.008]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 -0.006 -0.024 0.003 0.049 -0.030 -0.326*** 0.133 (0.096) (0.102) (0.118) (0.272) (0.097) (0.073) (0.106)
[0.979] [0.795] [0.979] [0.617] [0.773] [0.004] [0.270]
Constant 0.342*** 0.372*** 0.314*** 0.231*** 0.363*** 0.291*** 0.381***
(0.025) (0.030) (0.029) (0.047) (0.025) (0.031) (0.027)
P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 0.199 0.104 0.420 0.391 0.183 0.001 0.883 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 (wild) 0.220 0.134 0.513 0.511 0.228 0.008 0.879 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wk 6 0.166 0.121 0.274 0.507 0.156 0.000 0.692 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wk 6 (wild) 0.210 0.110 0.322 0.555 0.124 0.000 0.665
Observations 5,466 2,583 2,883 799 4,476 2,360 3,106
R-squared 0.057 0.065 0.052 0.082 0.051 0.072 0.058
Number of pupils 215 102 113 29 179 93 122
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). “Eat more than half ” is a dummy variable equal to one if the pupil eats at least half of a portion of fruits or vegetables on that day. The incentives were in place during weeks 2 to 5 (inclusive) but were not in place during week 6. Column [2] includes only female and
53
Table B5: Effect on Attendance On Overall Sample and Its Subgroups
Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Attended School
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.017 0.002 0.037* 0.029 0.015 0.021 0.016 (0.014) (0.021) (0.018) (0.051) (0.016) (0.017) (0.021)
[0.276] [0.897] [0.068] [0.621] [0.396] [0.304] [0.559]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 -0.009 -0.023 0.014 -0.014 -0.006 -0.011 -0.004 (0.017) (0.026) (0.020) (0.061) (0.015) (0.027) (0.028)
[0.655] [0.412] [0.474] [0.811] [0.675] [0.645] [0.833]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.023 0.009 0.040* 0.002 0.029 0.015 0.032 (0.022) (0.029) (0.023) (0.042) (0.026) (0.018) (0.037)
[0.414] [0.783] [0.116] [0.931] [0.306] [0.444] [0.482]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 -0.022 -0.031 -0.007 -0.061* -0.007 -0.007 -0.035 (0.048) (0.050) (0.050) (0.032) (0.049) (0.020) (0.099)
[0.733] [0.581] [0.937] [0.104] [0.865] [0.717] [0.809]
Constant 0.945*** 0.945*** 0.946*** 0.971*** 0.938*** 0.956*** 0.934***
(0.007) (0.009) (0.008) (0.014) (0.008) (0.007) (0.013) P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 0.800 0.814 0.877 0.411 0.551 0.790 0.634 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 (wild) 0.831 0.859 0.917 0.482 0.579 0.837 0.689 Observations 16,472 8,548 7,917 2,843 13,200 8,596 7,876
R-squared 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.007
Number of pupils 643 331 312 115 513 345 298
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). Column [2] includes only female and column [3] contains only males.
Column [4] includes only pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) and column [5] contains those pupils not eligible for FSM; there are 15 pupils for whom we are missing FSM status. Column [6] contains only pupils in Year 2 and column [7] contains only pupils in Year 5.
54
Table B6: Effect on Attendance for Sample with Week 1 less than 100% Choice and Its Subgroups Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Attended School
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 -0.015 -0.063 0.030 0.046** -0.025 -0.032 0.011 (0.023) (0.037) (0.027) (0.019) (0.028) (0.038) (0.034)
[0.563] [0.322] [0.380] [0.076] [0.424] [0.424] [0.785]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 -0.062** -0.130*** 0.010 -0.003 -0.067** -0.081* -0.034 (0.022) (0.041) (0.034) (0.036) (0.029) (0.042) (0.036)
[0.034] [0.04] [0.765] [0.777] [0.070] [0.054] [0.394]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.062 0.041 0.078** 0.040*** 0.065 0.057 0.063 (0.040) (0.060) (0.035) (0.005) (0.044) (0.070) (0.048)
[0.204] [0.533] [0.066] [0.124] [0.208] [0.440] [0.386]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.045 -0.020 0.091** -0.100 0.059 0.028 0.053 (0.041) (0.071) (0.042) (0.059) (0.044) (0.096) (0.034)
[0.266] [0.823] [0.014] [0.507] [0.206] [0.789] [0.240]
Constant 0.909*** 0.901*** 0.915*** 0.980*** 0.894*** 0.931*** 0.892***
(0.010) (0.014) (0.011) (0.007) (0.012) (0.016) (0.014) P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 0.0443 0.0496 0.256 0.757 0.0324 0.163 0.233 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 (wild) 0.130 0.228 0.306 0.785 0.136 0.150 0.430
Observations 6,085 2,870 3,210 838 5,047 2,582 3,503
R-squared 0.008 0.016 0.006 0.014 0.010 0.006 0.011
Number of pupil 220 105 115 30 183 95 125
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). Column [2] includes only female and column [3] contains only males.
Column [4] includes only pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) and column [5] contains those pupils not eligible for FSM; there are 15 pupils for whom we are missing FSM status. Column [6] contains only pupils in Year 2 and column [7] contains only pupils in Year 5.
55
Table B7: Effect on Bringing Packed Lunch On Overall Sample and Its Subgroups
Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Brought a Packed Lunch
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.014 0.001 0.008 -0.014 (0.021) (0.032) (0.023) (0.039) (0.025) (0.034) (0.025)
[0.993] [0.995] [0.957] [0.737] [0.951] [0.849] [0.635]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 -0.038 -0.065 -0.003 0.008 -0.042 -0.063 -0.020 (0.030) (0.046) (0.033) (0.044) (0.038) (0.043) (0.036)
[0.220] [0.176] [0.923] [0.883] [0.332] [0.202] [0.621]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 -0.013 -0.001 -0.022 -0.038* 0.004 -0.014 -0.014 (0.025) (0.035) (0.020) (0.021) (0.024) (0.033) (0.037)
[0.569] [1.02] [0.394] [0.200] [0.827] [0.681] [0.815]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 -0.041 -0.037 -0.040 -0.057 -0.021 -0.078* -0.008 (0.036) (0.052) (0.029) (0.042) (0.036) (0.043) (0.055)
[0.256] [0.509] [0.268] [0.258] [0.587] [0.128] [0.919]
Constant 0.499*** 0.489*** 0.511*** 0.187*** 0.566*** 0.461*** 0.539***
(0.008) (0.011) (0.008) (0.013) (0.009) (0.009) (0.012) P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 0.525 0.968 0.421 0.255 0.919 0.0684 0.996 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 (wild) 0.583 1.035 0.482 0.306 0.865 0.092 0.957 Observations 14,575 7,622 6,953 2,501 11,671 7,348 7,227
R-squared 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.002
Number of pupils 623 322 301 110 498 329 294
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). Column [2] includes only female and column [3] contains only males.
Column [4] includes only pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) and column [5] contains those pupils not eligible for FSM; there are 15 pupils for whom we are missing FSM status. Column [6] contains only pupils in Year 2 and column [7] contains only pupils in Year 5.
56
Table B8: Effect on Bringing Packed Lunch for Sample with Week 1 less than 100% Choice and Its Subgroups Dependent Variable (=1) if Student Brought a Packed Lunch
All Females Males FSM Non-FSM Year 2 Year 5
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Competition (=1) * Week 2-5 0.007 -0.021 0.040 0.033 -0.000 0.020 -0.019 (0.023) (0.040) (0.026) (0.118) (0.023) (0.029) (0.041)
[0.719] [0.641] [0.124] [0.783] [0.991] [0.543] [0.657]
Competition (=1) * Week 6 -0.004 -0.076 0.080** -0.006 0.003 -0.039 0.005 (0.036) (0.071) (0.030) (0.121) (0.043) (0.071) (0.058)
[0.957] [0.348] [0.032] [0.985] [0.971] [0.515] [0.925]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 2-5 0.036 0.054* 0.022 0.007 0.053* 0.060 0.027 (0.025) (0.030) (0.038) (0.005) (0.028) (0.054) (0.022)
[0.204] [0.182] [0.643] [0.430] [0.072] [0.595] [0.408]
Individual Incentive (=1) * Week 6 0.018 0.044 -0.003 -0.017 0.048 -0.039 0.050 (0.046) (0.076) (0.041) (0.014) (0.041) (0.072) (0.057)
[0.751] [0.651] [0.941] [0.505] [0.350] [0.527] [0.645]
Constant 0.532*** 0.527*** 0.536*** 0.355*** 0.564*** 0.509*** 0.549***
(0.009) (0.015) (0.011) (0.042) (0.009) (0.013) (0.012) P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 0.318 0.0518 0.646 0.825 0.0749 0.466 0.262 P-value for Competition=Individual for Wks 2-5 (wild) 0.384 0.112 0.697 0.821 0.100 0.781 0.302
Observations 5,376 2,555 2,821 771 4,412 2,195 3,181
R-squared 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.002
Number of pupils 214 102 112 29 178 93 121
Robust standard errors clustered at school level are included in parentheses; * sig at 10%, ** sig at 5%, *** sig at 1%. Wild P-Values are shown in brackets and are estimated following Cameron, Gelbach, Miller (2008). Column [2] includes only female and column [3] contains only males.
Column [4] includes only pupils who are eligible for free school meals (FSM) and column [5] contains those pupils not eligible for FSM; there are 15 pupils for whom we are missing FSM status. Column [6] contains only pupils in Year 2 and column [7] contains only pupils in Year 5.
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