In 1902-1903. German scientists Maiman and Ebert had 65 experiments: within 36 days, the subjects memorized nonsense syllables. As a result, the ability to memorize poetry, prose and philosophical articles improved. Experiments have shown that with continued practice of mechanical ability to memorize a variety of information has continued to improve, not reaching the limit.
Infinity mnemotechnical development of memory in individuals described in the famous early 20th-century scholar Vine.
In the experiments, and Meiman Ebert attended even 40i 54-year-old. Maiman demonstrated experimentally that the best age to improve the memory of 20-25 years (at that time - student).
Maiman also showed stability of the acquired skills: after 146 days repeated measurements showed earlier successes achieved.
The rate of remembering numbers (G. Chelpanov. O memory and mnemonics.
1903)
"... In order to characterize the close visual and auditory types, let me cite as an example the well-known at the present time the counters - and Diamandi Inaudi. They are called well-known counters because they are mentally generate such numerical operations, that a person with ordinary mental abilities, seems to be completely inaccessible. I cite the example of only two still living at the present time, the counters because they are
memory belongs to an entirely different types. Their ability to play explored and described the French psychologist Binet.
The first of these counters, Diamandi, Greek by origin, born in 1868 in one of the Ionian Islands. He prepared for the business and this time found himself the capacity for complex mental calculations. In 1893 Diamandi went to Paris to introduce the members of the French Academy of Sciences, and this is where Binet studied the peculiarities of his memory.
Diamandi can mentally perform the following operations base.
He can remember the countless numbers with amazing speed. Binet measured the amount of time that he needs to remember the number, consisting of 10, 15 figures, etc. Here is a table showing the time required to memorize these numbers:
Number The time required to
memorize memorized tsifrdlya 100 m. 17 sec.
151 m. 15 sec.
202 m. 15 sec.
253 m 0 sec.
304 m. 20 sec.
507 m 0 sec.
10 025 m 0 sec.
It can produce a multiplication of multidigit numbers by multi-valued,
For example, a 5-digit number on the 5-digit. During the 4 min. 35 sec. he multiplied by 39 257
870326 = 3.428.156.782
But the greatest interest to us is the ability to reproduce Diamandi numbers.
Questioning of Binet found that he plays them with the help of numerical charts, which he described and which is attached to the book Binet. Diamandi said Binet, which imagines the number of written and, moreover, written by his own hand. The fact that it visually
represents the number itself, shows the following. When he dictated series of digits that he should remember that he found it difficult to reproduce: it was necessary that they
were written. If he showed a number of written, he plays them faster and more accurately than in the case when I had to remember series of numbers, hearing their names. When he was asked a long series of numbers that he has studied them, he asked that they not written in a row, but in the form of a square. Obviously, this he needed to he could have a better look, or cover their eyes.
All these facts show the most obvious way that the representation of numbers
Diamandi uses visual images. On this basis, one could conclude that the only way and may be carried out mental calculation, ie when we see a number of our mind's eye written, and when our mental view can cover a large range of numbers, but it turns out that this assumption is wrong, because another famous counter Inaudi, remembers the number anyway.
Inaudi was born in 1867 in Onorato, in Piedmont, in a very poor family. In early childhood he was a shepherd, then became a traveling musician, and to increase their income, he offered to farmers markets its services to the production of calculations. He visited various stores, where visitors of the latter showed his skill to produce very complex calculations in his mind. This he did until until he found a manager who took Inaudi show in the big cities. By the way, he brought him to Paris, where they are interested in the Academy, to whom he showed his skill and mental calculation. He, like all well-known collectors, the addition produces a huge range of numbers, the multiplication of five digits on a five-digit, etc. For example, multiplying 32 978 62 834 he made in 40 seconds.
We consider it art counting from one point of view, namely in terms of its ability to play. Binet asked Inaudi about how he envisions the numbers do not seem to be whether they wrote to him. Inaudi answered this question negatively. "I hear the numbers, he says, my ear catches them, I hear how they sound near my ear, such as I uttered them, and this inner hearing is a significant part of my day. Vision does not help me, I do not see the numbers. I would even say that I'm very hard to remember the numbers when I show the numbers written. I prefer that I told them through words. I feel embarrassed in the first case. I also do not like to write numbers. Scripture is not conducive to memorization. I prefer to hear them. "
Thus, it is clear that he, in fact, operates with the names of numbers. When Binet persistently asked him, if he does not help vsetaki visual images, he noticed that it can not be because he was only four years ago, learned to read and write, and yet the calculations, which he now produces, he produced and before. Consequently, the visual representation of the numbers can not be for him to have no value. With this was due, and the fact that the repetition number of digits he always asked him to
uttered them, saying that so it is much easier to study them. If he still figures showed written, he tried to pronounce them, because, obviously, so he could most easily remember them. If the pronunciation is very clearly whispered. With the help of hearing Inaudi, therefore, could study the numbers much faster than using the view, unlike Diamandi who preferred to his figures showed, and not dictate.
From this it is clear that these two counters are of different types: Diamandi
- The visual and Inaudi - to the hearing, as one uses primarily visual, and other - mostly acoustic images. Fortunately, while in Paris, showing his art Inaudi, there was Diamandi and so had the opportunity to make comparisons between them. For this
had to come up with a technique that objectively would show the difference between their ways of remembering.
This technique has been found. It consisted in the fact that Inaudi Diamandi and were invited to examine a series consisting of 25 digits arranged in five rows of five digits in each line. Once they have studied this series, they had to play those numbers in a different order ...
To study the number of 25 digits Diamandi had 3 minutes to Inaudi - 49 seconds, which is time, almost 4 times less ...
The question is, how can we explain this difference? Diamandi while studying a series of numbers is slower, but it plays studied in various directions quickly. This is explained as follows. In the visual memory Diamandi, he plays mostly with the help of visual images. This table is brought before his mind's eye. He directly with her, so to speak, is reading. This process is for him no difficulty is. In the auditory memory Inaudi. He does not reproduce at using visual images, and with the help of acoustic-motor signals, but because when he has to play for him not to look at its inner image, it can do Diamandi ... "