1. Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behçet disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2005; 50:297–350.
2. Azizlerli G, Ko¨se AA, Sarica R, et al: Prevalence of Behçet’s disease in Istanbul, Turkey. Int J Dermatol 42:803–6, 2003
3. C¸ akir N, Dervis¸ E, Benian O, et al: Prevalence of Behçet’s disease in rural western Turkey: a preliminary report.Clin Exp Rheumatol 22:53–5, 2004
4. Idil A, Gu¨rler A, Boyvat A, et al: The prevalence of Behçet’s disease above the age of 10 years. The results of a pilot study conducted at the Park Primary Health Care Center in Ankara, Turkey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9: 325–31, 2002
5. Goker B, Go¨ker H: Current therapy for Behçet’s disease. Am J Ther 9:465–70, 2002
6. Kaklamani VG, Vaiopoulos G, Kaklamanis PG: Behçet’s Disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 27:197–217, 1998
7. Sakane T, Takeno M: Novel approaches to Behçet’s disease. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 9:1993–2005, 2000
8. Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, Inaba G: Behçet’s disease. N Engl J Med 341:1284–91, 1999
9. Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behçet disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50(4):297–350.
10.Tugal-Tutkun I, Onal S, Altan-Yaycioglu R, Huseyin Altunbas H, Urgancioglu M. Uveitis in Behçet disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138(3): 373–380.
11.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL. Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40(1):1–18; quiz 19–20.
12.Kaklamani VG, Kaklamanis PG. Treatment of Behçet’s disease-an update. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001;30(5):299–312.
13.Kacmaz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C, et al. Ocular inflammation in Behçet disease: incidence of ocular complications and of loss of visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146(6): 828–836.
14.Tugal-Tutkun I, Onal S, Altan-Yaycioglu R, Huseyin Altunbas H, Urgancioglu M. Uveitis in Behçet disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138(3): 373–380.
15.Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, Inaba G. Behçet’s disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(17):1284 –1291.
16.Borlu M, Uks¸al U, Ferahbas¸ A, Evereklioglu C: Clinical features of Behçet’s disease in children. Int J Dermatol (in press)
17.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL: Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:1–18, 1999
18.Kone-Paut I, Yurdakul S, Bahabri SA, et al: Clinical features of Behçet’s disease in children. an international collaborative study of 86 cases. J Pediatr 132:721–5, 1998
19.Onder M, Gu¨rer MA: The multiple faces of Behçet’s disease and its aetiological factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15:126–36, 2000 20.Tugal-Tutkun I, O¨ nal S, Altan Yaycioglu R, et al: Uveitis in
Behçet’s disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 138:373–80, 2004
21.Tuzun Y, Yurdakul S, Mat CM, et al: Epidemiology of Behcet’s syndrome in Turkey. Int J Dermatol 35:618–20, 1996
22.Lehner T. Characterization of mucosal antibodies in recurrent aphthous ulceration and Behçet’s syndrome. Arch Oral Biol. 1969;14:843–853.
23.Nazzaro P. Cutaneous manifestations of Behçet’s disease: clinical and histopathological findings. In: International symposium on Behçet’s syndrome, Rome. 1965.
24.Enoch BA, Castillo-Olivares JL, Khoo TC, et al. Major vascular complications in Behcet’s syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1968;44:453– 459.
25.Li B, Yang P, Zhou H, et al. T-bet expression is upregulated in active Behcet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1264–1267.
26.Nishida T, Hirayama K, Nakamura S, et al. Proliferative response of CD8+ gamma delta+ T cells to Streptococcus sanguis in patients with Behçet’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1998;6:139–144.
27.Bank I, Duvdevani M, Livneh A. Expansion of gammadelta T-cells in Behçet’s disease: role of disease activity and microbial flora in oral ulcers. J Lab Clin Med. 2003;141:33–40.
28.Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A, Guemira F, et al. Cytokine profile in Behçet’s disease patients. Relationship with disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol. 2002;31:205–210
29.Eksioglu-Demiralp E, Kibaroglu A, Direskeneli H, et al. Phenotypic characteristics of B cells in Behçet’s disease: increased activity in B cell subsets. J Rheumatol. 1999; 26:826–832.
30.Lehner T. Pathology of recurrent oral ulceration and oral ulceration in Behçet’s syndrome: light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. J Pathol. 1969;97:481–494.
31.Rogers RSIII, Sams WMJr, Shorter RG. Lymphocytotoxicity in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Lymphocytotoxicity for oral epithelial cells in recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Bechet syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1974;109:361–363.
32.Gupta RC, O’Duffy JD, McDuffie FC, et al. Circulating immune complexes in active Behçet’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol.
1978;34:213–218.
33.Shimizu T. Behçet’s syndrome-lists of clinical and epidemical statistics. Nippon Rinsho. 1974;32(Spec No):2093–2102.
34.Shimizu T, Ehrlich GE, Inaba G, et al. Behçet disease (Behçet syndrome). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8:223–260.
35.de Smet MD, Dayan M. Prospective determination of T-cell responses to S-antigen in Behçet’s disease patients and controls. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3480–3484.
36.Demirkesen C, Tuzuner N, Mat C, et al. Clinicopathologic evaluation of nodular cutaneous lesions of Behçet syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:341–346.
37.Inomata H, Rao N. Behçet’s vasculitis: histopathology of early and late stages. In: Third International Symposium on Uveitis, Brussels, 1992.
38.Braun-Falco O, Luderschmidt C, Wolff HH. The sterile Behçet pustule: a typical skin manifestation of the Behçet syndrome. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1983;108: 820–825.
39.Ergun T, Gurbuz O, Harvell J, et al. The histopathology of pathergy: a chronologic study of skin hyperreactivity in Behçet’s disease. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:929–933.
40.Yokoyama Y, Kono T, Aoki M. Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis
41.Direskeneli H: Behçet’s disease: infectious aetiology, new autoantigens, and HLA-B51. Ann Rheum Dis 60:996–1002, 2001 42.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL: Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am
Acad Dermatol 40:1–18, 1999
43.Hegab S, Al-Mutawa S: Immunopathogenesis of Behçet’s disease. Clin Immunol 96:174–86, 2000
44.O¨ ztu¨rk MA,O¨ zbalkan Z, Onat AM, et al: Decreased protein Z concentrations complicating the hypercoagulable state of Behçet’s disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 9:259–63, 2003
45.Barnes CG, Yazici H: Behçet’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38:1171–4, 1999
46.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL: Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:1–18, 1999
47.Alpsoy E, Donmez L, Bacanli A, et al: Review of the chronology of clinical manifestations in 60 patients with Behçet’s disease. Dermatology 207:354–6, 2003
48.48.Kobayashi T, Matsumaya E, Sugimoto T: Gynecological aspect of mucocutaneous-ocular syndromes. World Obstet Gyncecolo 1959; 11:995 – 999 (As Quoted in ‘Uveitis Fundaments and Clinical
Practice by Nussenblatt and Palestine)
49.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL: Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:1–18, 1999
50.Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL: Behçet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40:1–18, 1999
51.Gu¨rler A, Boyvat A, Tursen U: Clinical manifestations of Behçet’s disease: an analysis of 2147 patients. Yonsei Med J 38:423–7, 1997 52.Curth HO: Behçet’s syndrome, abortive form (?) : Recurrent aphtous
oral lesions and recurrent genital ulcerations. Arch Dermatol Suphilol 1946; 54:179 – 196 (As Quoted in ‘Uveitis Fundaments and Clinical Practice by Nussenblatt and Palestine)
53.53.Kural-Seyahi E, Fresko I, Seyahi N, et al: The long-term mortality and morbidity of Behçet’s syndrome: a 2-decade outcome survey of 387 patients followed at a dedicated center. Medicine 82:60–76, 2003 54.Nussenblatt RB: Uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Int Rev Immunol 14:67–
79, 1997
55.BenEzra D, Cohen E: Treatment and visual prognosis in Behçet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol 70:589–92, 1986
56.Ramsay A, Lightman S: Hypopyon uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 46:1–18, 2001
Med Sci 20:558–62, 2004
58.Yalvac¸ IS, Sungur G, Turhan E, et al: Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in uveitic glaucoma associated with Behçet disease. J Glaucoma 13:450–3, 2004
59. Elgin U, Berker N, Batman A: Incidence of secondary glaucoma in Behçet disease. J Glaucoma 13:441–4, 2004
60.Tugal-Tutkun I, O¨ nal S, Altan Yaycioglu R, et al: Uveitis in Behçet’s disease: an analysis of 880 patients. Am J Ophthalmol 138:373–80, 2004
61.Yalvac¸ IS, Sungur G, Turhan E, et al: Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in uveitic glaucoma associated with Behçet disease. J Glaucoma 13:450–3, 2004
62.Nussenblatt RB: Uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Int Rev Immunol 14:67– 79, 1997
63.Sakamoto M, Akazawa K, Nishioka Y, et al: Prognostic factors of vision in patients with Behçet’s disease. Ophthalmology 102:317–21, 1995
64.Michelson JB, Chisari FV, Kansu T. Antibodies to oral mucosa in patients with ocular Behçet’s disease. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1277– 1281
65.Krause I, Monselise Y, Mib G, et al. Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies—a novel serologic marker for Behçet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002;20(Suppl 26): S21–S24
66.Okada AA. Drug therapy in Behçet’s disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2000;8:85–91
67.Reed JB, Morse LS, Schwab IR. High-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone hemisuccinate in acute Behçet retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:409–411.
68.Karacorlu M, Mudun B, Ozdemir H, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to Behçet disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:289–291
69.Kaklamani VG, Kaklamanis PG. Treatment of Behçet’s disease—an update. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2001;30:299–312
70.Whitcup SM, Salvo EC Jr, Nussenblatt RB. Combined cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy for sight-threatening uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:39–45
71.Binder AI, Graham EM, Sanders MD, et al. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of severe Behçet’s uveitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:285– 291.
72.Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A, et al. Double-masked trial of cyclosporin versus colchicine and long-term open study of
cyclosporin in Behçet’s disease. Lancet. 1989;1:1093–1096.
73.Whitcup SM, Salvo EC Jr, Nussenblatt RB. Combined cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy for sight-threatening uveitis in Behçet’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:39–45.
74.Ishioka M, Ohno S, Nakamura S, et al. FK506 treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:723–729 even in those patients that are refractory to cyclosporine treatment.75.
75.Sloper CM, Powell RJ, Dua HS. Tacrolimus (FK506) in the treatment of posterior uveitis refractory to cyclosporine. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:723–728
76.de Smet MD, Rubin BI, Whiteup SM, et al. Combined use of cyclosporine and ketoconazole in the treatment of endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:687–690
77.Ozyazgan Y, Yurdakul S, Yaziei H, et al. Low dose cyclosporin A versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behçet’s syndrome: a single masked trial. Br J Ophthalmol.1992;76:241–243
78.Kotter I, Durk H, Saal J, et al. Therapy of Behçet’s disease. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996; 5:92–97
79.Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behçet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:281–285 effects on long-term prognosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:769–774
80.Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Hizli N, et al. Azathioprine in Behçet’s syndrome:
81.Mamo JG, Azzam SA. Treatment of Behçet’s disease with chlorambucil. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970;84:446–450.
82.Kotter I, Zierhut M, Eckstein AK, et al. Human recombinant interferon alfa-2a for the treatment of Behçet’s disease with sight threatening posterior or panuveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:423– 431
83.Alpsoy E, Durusoy C, Yilmaz E, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behçet disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:467–471.
84.O’Duffy JD, Calamia K, Cohen S, et al. Interferon-alpha treatment of Behçet’s disease. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1938–1944.
85.Joseph A, Raj D, Dua HS, et al. Infliximab in the treatment of refractory posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1449–1453. 86.Munoz-Fernandez S, Hidalgo V, Fernandez-Melon J, et al. Effect of
infliximab on threatening panuveitis in Behçet’s disease. Lancet. 2001;358:1644. 232 ’ Yates and Michelson.
87.Ohno S, Nakamura S, Hori S, et al. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of multiple administration of infliximab in Behçet’s disease with refractory uveoretinitis. J Rheumatol. 2004; 31:1362– 1368.
88.Triolo G, Vadala M, Accardo-Palumbo A, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody treatment for ocular Behçet’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61: 560–561.
89.Wechsler B, Sable-Fourtassou R, Bodaghi B, et al. Infliximab in refractory uveitis due to Behçet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(4 Suppl 34):S14–S16.
90.Sfikakis PP, Kaklamanis PH, Elezogiou A, et al. Infliximab for recurrent, sightthreatening ocular inflammation in Adamantiades- Behçet disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:404–406
91.Licata , Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody therapy for recalcitrant cerebral vasculitis in a patient with Behçet’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:280– 281.
92.Robertson LP, Hickling P. Treatment of recalcitrant orogenital ulceration of Behçet’s syndrome with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:473–474.
thromboembolism during infliximab therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21:679.
94.Puli SR, Benage DD. Retinal vein thrombosis after infliximab (Remicade) treatment for Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:939–940
95.Cambien B, BergmeierW, Saffaripour S, et al. Antithrombotic activity of TNF-alpha. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1589–1596.
96.Ozerturk Y, Bardak Y, Durmus M. Vitreoretinal surgery in Behçet’s disease with severe ocular complications. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79:192–196.
97.Soylu M, Demircan N, Pelit A. Pars plana vitrectomy in ocular Behçet’s disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2001;24:219–223
98.Berker N, Soykan E, Elgin U, et al. Phacoemulsification cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in patients with Behçet’s disease. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imag. 2004;35:215–218
99.Kadayifcilar S, Gedik S, Eldem B, et al. Cataract surgery in patients with Behçet’s disease. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:316–320. 100. Yoshida A, Kawashima H, Motoyama Y, et al. Comparison of
patients with Behçet’s disease in the 1980s and 1990s. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:810–815
101. Barra C, Belfort R, Aberu, Martins M et al. Behçet’s Disease in Brazil – A review of 49 cases with emphasis on ophthalmic manifestation. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1991; 35; 339 – 446
102. Rohatgi, Singhal et al. Ocular Manifestations of Behçet’s Disease in Indian Patients. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003; 51: 309-13
103. Colvard M, Dennis M, Robertson M et al. The ocular manifestations of Behçet’s disease. Arch Ophtalmol 1997; 95: 1813- 17
104. Uragancioglu, Tutkun et al. Childhood onset Uveitis in Behçet’s disease: A prospective study of 36 cases. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136:1114-19