Calculate continuous enrollment Members must be continuously

enrolled (did not have two or more consecutive months of TRICARE ineligibility based on the VM6 Beneficiary Level files) for 90 days (3 months) prior to the IESD to 80 days after the IESD.

CAPER, TED-NI, SIDR, TED-I Table A.4—Continued

Technical Specifications for Administrative Quality Data Measures for PTSD 115

Denominator Specifications Data Source

Exclusions Patient with a prescription filled for SSRI/SNRI in the 90 days prior to the

date of the IPSD PDTS

Measure Background Measure

Source Adapted from: Farmer, C., Watkins, K.E., Smith, B., Paddock, S.M., Woodroffe, A., Solomon, J., Sorbero, M., Hepner, K., Forrest, L., Shugarman, L., Call, C., and Pincus, H.A., Program Evaluation of VHA Mental Health Services: Medical Record Review Report, Alexandria, VA: Altarum Institute and RAND-University of Pittsburgh Health Institute, 2010.

Rationale for Measure Inclusion

Source/Adaptation

This measure is adapted from the VA Mental Health Program (Farmer et al., 2010; Sorbero et al., 2010; Watkins et al., 2011). In that evaluation, this measure was applied to PTSD patients with a new treatment episode and assessed whether an SSRI/SNRI trial occurred. Rather than focusing on PTSD patients with a new treatment episode, this measure applies to all PTSD patients newly treated with an SSRI/SNRI, as long as there was no treatment with the same class of drug in the prior 90 days. This measure can be implemented using exclusively administrative data as defined here. It may also be implemented using medical record data to supplement the administrative data with documented reasons for early medication discontinuation.

Guideline Support

This indicator is based on recommendations in the 2010 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Post-Traumatic Stress (2010). The guideline strongly recommends selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) as a monotherapy treatment option for PTSD. The CPG authors rate the strength of the evidence supporting this recommendation as an “A,” which is reserved for recommendations based on “good evidence that the intervention improves important health outcomes” with the added requirement that “benefits substantially outweigh harm” (Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, 2010, p. 7 ). Clinically, “A” grades indicate a strong recommendation for clinicians to provide the treatment to eligible patients.

A trial of an SSRI or SNRI should be optimized before shifting to a new treatment strategy. The VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline recommends that side effects and outcomes be monitored for a minimum of eight weeks before a clinician proceeds to a new treatment trial for nonresponsive patients (2010). The grade for this timing recommendation is “C,” which indicates that there exists “fair” evidence to conclude that the recommendation “can improve health outcomes” but that the “balance of benefits to harms is too close to justify a general recommendation” (Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, 2010). Given the low grade of evidence supporting the timing for this measure, it will be important to continue to validate this measure to ensure that the threshold provides a maximized opportunity for an SSRI/SNRI to begin to reduce symptoms while minimizing the length of the time spent on unsuccessful medication trials.

Research Evidence

Empirical support, from randomized control trials and meta analyses of those trials, exists to justify the use of SSRIs and SNRIs as a first-line agent for the treatment of PTSD (Brady et al., 2000; Davidson, Rothbaum, et al., 2001; Foa, Davidson, and Frances, 1999; Jonas et al., 2013; Stein, Ipser, and Seedat, 2009). A recent review of PTSD pharmacotherapy indicated that the largest and greatest number of trials showing efficacy have been with the SSRIs (Ipser and Stein, 2012). Venlafaxine, an SNRI, has had positive results in two trials with more than 800 participants with non–combat related PTSD (Davidson, Baldwin, et al., 2006; Davidson, Rothbaum, et al., 2006). PTSD practice guidelines from the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and the American Psychiatric Association echo the recommendations of the VA/DoD CPG (American Psychiatric Association, 2004; Benedek et al., 2009; Foa, Keane and Friedman, 1999). In contrast, a 2008 IOM report concluded that there was insufficient evidence to categorize SSRIs as an effective treatment for PTSD (Institute of Medicine, 2008). Note, however, that a subsequent IOM report on treatment of PTSD among service members stated that there “are several effective pharmacotherapies for treating PTSD, particularly SSRIs” (Institute of Medicine, 2012, p.273).

Denominator Specifications Data Source Feasibility This measure was implemented as an administrative data measure using PDTS as the

data source for the numerator. Calculating the numerator from PDTS data was quite feasible using the Days Supply variable indicating the number of days’ supply of the pharmaceutical that was dispensed.

CAPER data revealed a somewhat frequent use by providers of the E&M code 99499 “Unlisted evaluation and management service” as the primary CPT code listed. Frequent use of this CPT code in the absence of more specific codes could reduce the likelihood of the affected patient case’s being otherwise included in the denominator for this measure. While the use of administrative data to implement this measure was highly feasible, it lacked the opportunity one would have from a medical record review to capture data about when an initiated medication trial may have been terminated early and justifiable reasons why this may have occurred. Using both administrative and medical record data sources can provide more complete data but decreases feasibility due to the effort related to medical record review.

* Code +90863 (Pharmacologic management, including prescription and review of medication, when performed with psychotherapy services [for providers who may not report E&M codes]) is included in this study due to the common use of prescribing clinical psychologists in MTFs.

Technical Specifications for Administrative Quality Data Measures for PTSD 117

Table A.5

PTSD-T6: Follow-Up of New Prescription for SSRI/SNRI

Measure Summary Measure

Statement Percentage of PTSD patients newly prescribed an SSRI/SNRI with follow‐up visit within 30 days

Numerator PTSD patients who have a follow-up visit within 30 days of the new prescription for a SSRI/SNRI

Denominator Patients with PTSD with a new prescription for a SSRI/SNRI

Measure type Process

Care setting Outpatient

Numerator Specifications Data Source

Follow-up visit An outpatient, PTSD-related E&M visit within 30 days following

the new prescription for the SSRI/SNRI CAPER, TED-NI

Outpatient evaluation and management (E&M) visit

See Outpatient Evaluation and Management Visit in Key Definitions. The E&M visit is used to approximate medication management visits, although this definition is likely to overestimate the actual number of medication related visits.

CAPER, TED-NI

Denominator Specifications Data Source

Patients with

PTSD See Diagnostic Cohort—PTSD in Key Definitions. (See measure application algorithm below.) CAPER, TED-NI, SIDR, TED-I

New

prescription Prescription for SSRI/SNRI in the 30 days prior or 14 days after the first PTSD encounter during the measurement period with no prescription for an SSRI/SNRI in the prior 90 days

PDTS

SSRI/SNRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Citalopram (Celexa)

Escitalopram (Lexapro)

Fluoxetine (Prozac, Prozac Weekly, Sarafem, Selfemra) Fluoxetine-olanzapine (Symbyax)

Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Luvox CR) Paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil CR, Pexeva)

Sertraline (Zoloft)

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Desvenlafaxine (Khedezla, Pristiq)

Duloxetene (Cymbalta) Levomilnacipran (Fetzima) Milnacipran (Savella)

Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR)

PDTS: Product Name (PRODNAME)

Table A.5—Continued

Measure application algorithm

The following algorithm is based on the implementation of NQF measure #0105 Antidepressant Medication Management on which the prior measure PTSD-T5 is based. It has been adapted to reflect the data sources used for this study.