Department of Electronics Engineering Circuit Simulation
CIRCUIT SIMULATION
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Conclusion:
By using ± 5V and ±12V regulated power supply using Proteus; we understand that the voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary
purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage. To avoid variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon-416304
Department of Electronics Engineering
Circuit Simulation
Experiment No. : 05 Name of Experiment: Roll Number : Date Performed : Date Checked : Signature (Batch In-charge)Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Title:
Study and Analysis of Non inverting amplifier.
Aim:
Design, simulate and analyze non inverting amplifier using IC 741 using following tools 1) Analogue analysis 2) Frequency analysis 3) Noise analysis 4) Distortion analysis Objectives:
• To understand principal of working of Non inverting amplifier • To understand the circuit arrangement of Non inverting amplifier
• To understand the simulation procedure of Non inverting amplifier circuit using proteus.
• To observe & analyze the output waveforms using different analysis tools. Outcomes:
• Able to understand principal of working of Non inverting amplifier circuit. • Able to understand the circuit arrangement of Non inverting amplifier circuit. • Able to understand the simulation procedure Non inverting amplifier circuit
using Proteus.
• Able to observe & analyse the circuit.
Programme Education Objective (PEO) Satisfied : 2,3
• To enable student to analyse solve electronics engineering problem by applying basic principles of mathematics , sciences and engineering and also be able to use modern engineering techniques , skills and tools to fulfill social needs • To enable to innovate , design and develop a variety of electronic and computer
based components and system for applications including signal processing , communication , computer network and control system.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Non-inverting amplifier is one of the most popular op amp circuits similar to Op amp inverting amplifier circuit. It provides a gain to the input signal without any change in the polarity. If a sine wave is fed to the input of this op amp non inverting amplifier, the output
will be an amplified sine wave with zero phase shift.
Here the input is applied to the non inverting terminal of the op amp. The non inverting amplifier gain is given by the expression A=1+R3/R2 where R2 is the feedback resistance and R3 is the input resistance. The input impedance of non-inverting amplifier is extremely large, typically 100MΩ.
Working of Non- inverting Amplifier:-
The second basic configuration of an operational amplifier circuit is that of a Non- inverting Amplifier. In this configuration, the input voltage signal, (Vin ) is applied directly to the non-inverting ( + ) input terminal which means that the output gain of the amplifier becomes "Positive" in value. The result of this is that the output signal is "in-phase" with the input signal.
Feedback control of the non-inverting amplifier is achieved by applying a small part of the output voltage signal back to the inverting ( - ) input terminal via a R3- R2 voltage divider network, again producing negative feedback. This closed-loop configuration produces a non-inverting amplifier circuit with very good stability, a very high input impedance, R1 approaching infinity, as no current flows into the positive input terminal, (ideal conditions) and a low output impedance, Rout as shown below.
The working of non inverting amplifier is similar to that of inverting amplifier except that the output has no phase shift here.
The resistors R2 and R3 form a voltage divider network.
A negative feedback is provided by applying a little of output voltage to the inverting input terminal through the potential divider network R2 and R3.
The voltage gain of the amplifier is determined by the ratios of R3 and R2 since Gain, A=1+R3/R2
So the amplitude of the output voltage signal can be varied by varying either of the resistors R2 or R3
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Theory:-
• Closed loop configuration
1) Non-inverting amplifier 2) Inverting amplifier 3) Differential amplifier 1. Non-inverting amplifier
Non-inverting amplifier is voltage series feedback amplifier. The input signal is given to the non-inverting terminal of op-amp & output signal is in same phase with input. So it is called as non inverting amplifier.
• Closed loop voltage gain
The closed loop voltage gain is given by, Af=Vo/Vin . . . .(1) The output voltage Vo is given by, Vo=A*(Vid)
=A*(V1-V2) . . . (2) where V1=Vin V2=Vf
Therefore feed back voltage Vf is given by, Vf=(R2/R2+Rf)*Vo . . . (3)
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Vo=A*(Vin-R2*Vo/R2+Rf)
Vo(1+AR2/R2+Rf)=AVin Vo/Vin=A/(R2+Rf+AR2/R2+Rf) Af=A(R2+Rf)/(R2+Rf+AR2) . . . . .(4) Generally A is very large.
Therfore AR2>>R2+Rf & R2+Rf+AR2=AR2 Therefore Af=(R2+Rf)/R2
Af=1+Rf/R2 . . . .(5)
The gain of voltage seriers feedback amplifier is determined by the two resistances R2& Rf. • Closed loop voltage gain (Af) in terms of open loop gain(A)
The feedback voltage is given by, Vf=(R2/R2+Rf)*Vo
Vf/Vo=R2/R2+Rf
Vf/Vo=B=R2/R2+Rf . . . .(6)
The closed loop gain (Af) is expressed as follows from Eq (4) Af=A(R2+Rf)/(R2+Rf+AR2) . . . (7)
Rearranging Eq (7),we get, Af=A/(1+AB)
where B=R2/R2+Rf • Input resistance with feedback
Input resistance of op-amp with feedback is the equivalent resistance which observed from the non-inverting input.
Let Rf is the feedback resistance & Ri is the input resistance of op-amp.So the input resistance of op-amp with feedback is given by,
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Rif=Vin/Iin . . . .(8)
where Iin=Vid/Ri
Rif=Vin/(Vid/Ri) . . . .(9) However,
Vid=Vo/A & Vo=(A/1+AB)*Vin . . . .(10)
substitute the Eq (10) in Eq (9), we get, Rif=Vin/(Vo/ARi)
=Ri*Vin/(Vo/A)
=Ri*Vin/((A/1+AB)*(Vin/A)) =Ri*(1+AB) . . . .. . . (11)
So from Eq (11), we conclude that the input resistance of non-inverting amplifier with feedback is (1+AB) times Ri.
• The output resistance (Ro) with feedback
The output resistance (Ro) wiyh feedback is the resistance that is observed backward from the output terminal.
The analysis is done by using thevenin's theorem of circuit. In this the independant source is reduced to zero and apply external voltage Vo and current Iois calculated.
Rof=Vo/Io . . .. . . .(12) By applying kirchoff's current law, Io=Ia+Ib . . . .. . (13) since (Rf+R2)||Ri>>Ro & Ia>>Ib
Therefore by applying kirchoff's voltage law for output loop, vo-RoIo-AVid=0
Io=Vo-AVid/Ro . . . .(14) However, Vid=V1-V2
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon therefore Vid=-Vf
=-(R2/R2+Rf)*Vo
=-BVo . . . (15)
substituting the value of Vid in Eq (14), we get, Io=Vo-A(-BVo)/Ro
Io=Vo+ABVo/Ro . . . (16)
substitute the value of Io from Eq (16) in Eq (12), Rof=Vo/(Vo+ABVo/Ro)
=Ro/1+AB . . . (17)
From Eq (17), we can conclude that the output resistance of voltage series feedback amplifier is 1/1+AB times Ro.
Non-inverting amplifier circuit using Proteus
Components Required :
Name Description Number of components
required IC IC 741 1 Multi cell battery Multi cell battery(12V) 2 RES Resistor(10K) 3 PULSE As Input 1 GND Ground 1
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Procedure using Proteus:
Step 1:-Selection of components 1) Selection of OP-AMP:-
Activate component mode
Go to pick components (click on ‗P‘)
Type 741 in search section
Select IC 741
Place the component in circuit 2) Selection of Resistors:-
Again go to pick component section
And select three generic resistors
Place these 3 resistors in circuit at required place
Then go to edit properties by right clicking on that component
Set each resistor to 10 kilo ohm 3) Selection of batteries:-
Again go to pick component section
Then go to Miscellaneous
And select multi cell batteries
Place those batteries in circuit
Choosing edit properties option set batteries to 12V 4) Select sine generator from generator section
5) Do the connections (wiring)as per circuit diagram
6) Add voltage probe at the 6 th and pin of operational amplifier (741) Step 2:-Simulation
Graph Analysis:-
Go to graphs option and select analogue
Drag that graph in circuit section
Insert voltage probe in graph section
Go to ‗add trace‘ and add the traces of input and output
Right click and activate simulate graph option
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Conclusion:
we have studied operation of non-inverting amplifier. We have observed input and output waveforms for the given gain parameter. Also with the help of analogue, frequency, noise and distortion options and different graphs we have analysed the noninverting amplifier.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Dr. V. P. Shetkari Shikshan Mandal’s
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon-416304
Department of Electronics Engineering
Circuit Simulation
Experiment No. : 06 Name of Experiment: Roll Number : Date Performed : Date Checked : Signature (Batch In-charge)Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Aim:
Design a simple circuit using RLC Component to observe transient response using
Proteus.
Objectives:
• To understand principal of working of Transient Response of RLC Circuit • To understand the circuit arrangement of Transient Response of RLC Circuit • To understand the procedure of Transient Response of RLC Circuit circuit
using proteus.
• To observe the simulation of circuit
Outcomes:
• Able to study Transient Response of RLC Circuit.
• Able to understand the circuit arrangement of Transient Response of RLC Circuit.
• Able to understand the procedure of Transient Response of RLC Circuit in proteus.
• Able to observe the simulation of circuit.
Programme Education Objective (PEO) Satisfied : 2,3
• To enable student to analyse solve electronics engineering problem by applying basic principles of mathematics , sciences and engineering and also be able to use modern engineering techniques , skills and tools to fulfill social needs
• To enable to innovate ,design and develop a variety of electronic and computer based components and system for applications including signal processing , communication , computer network and control system.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Introduction-
An RLC circuit (or LCR circuit or CRL circuit or RCL circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current and will resonate in a similar way as an LC circuit will. The main difference that the presence of the resistor makes is that any oscillation induced in the circuit will die away over time if it is not kept going by a source. This effect of the resistor is called damping. The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency somewhat. Some resistance is unavoidable in real circuits, even if a resistor is not specifically included as a component. A pure LC circuit is an ideal which really only exists in theory.
There are many applications for this circuit. They are used in many different types of oscillator circuits. Another important application is for tuning, such as in radio receivers or television sets, where they are used to select a narrow range of frequencies from the ambient radio waves. In this role the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit. An RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass filter. The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering. The RLC filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation in circuit analysis
Circuit diagram –
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Inductor and Capacitor connected in series or in parallel. Output is taken across the capacitor of 10uF.
Theory:
Transient response-
a transient response or natural response is the response of a system to a change from equilibrium. The transient response is not necessarily tied to "on/off" events but to any event that affects the equilibrium of the system. The impulse response and step response are transient responses to a specific input (an impulse and a step, respectively
Plot showing underdamped and overdamped responses of a series RLC circuit. The critical damping plot is the bold red curve. The plots are normalised for L=1, C=1 and
The differential equation for the circuit solves in three different ways depending on the value of . These are underdamped ( ), overdamped ( ) and critically damped ( ). The differential equation has the characteristic equation.
The roots of the equation in s are,[6]
The general solution of the differential equation is an exponential in either root or a linear superposition of both,
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
The coefficients A1 and A2 are determined by the boundary conditions of the specific problem
being analysed. That is, they are set by the values of the currents and voltages in the circuit at the onset of the transient and the presumed value they will settle to after infinite time.[7]
Properties-
Typical second order transient system properties Rise time
Rise time refers to the time required for a signal to change from a specified low value to a specified high value. Typically, these values are 10% and 90% of the step height. Overshoot
Overshoot is when a signal or function exceeds its target. It is often associated with ringing.
Settling time
Settling time is the time elapsed from the application of an ideal instantaneous step input to the time at which the output has entered and remained within a specified error band.
Delay time
The delay time is the time required for the response to reach half the final value the very first time.
Peak time
The peak time is the time required for the response to reach the first peak of the overshoot.
RLC circuit using Proteus
Components required:
Name Description Number of components
required
RES Resistor 1
CAP Capacitor 1
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
GND Ground 1
Procedure using Proteus:
1. From main page of Proteus, click on ‗P‘ to pick device from library.
2. In pick device, insert the component which has to be selected & click on ‗OK‘. 3. Place the all components on the Proteus screen.
4. Right click and select edit properties to change the values. 5. Add voltage probe at input and output.
6. Select the ‗graph mode‘ & choose analouge Analysis graph window. 7. Right click and select ‗add traces‘ (input & output trace).
8. Right click & activate simulation graph.
9. Observe and analysis input & output waveforms.
Circuit Stimulation Using Proteus
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Conclusion:
We understand the transient response using RLC circuit in proteus software. We observe the simulation of circuit & study the transient response.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon-416304
Department of Electronics Engineering
Circuit Simulation
Experiment No. : 07 Name of Experiment: Roll Number : Date Performed : Date Checked : Signature (Batch In-charge)Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Title:
Simulation of Astable Multivibrator using transistor using Proteus.
Aim:
Design & simulate the Astable Multivibrator using transistor.
Objectives:
• To understand principal of working of Astable Multivibrator. • To understand the circuit arrangement of Astable
Multivibrator
• To understand the procedure of Astable Multivibrator using transistor circuit using proteus.
• To observe the waveforms and analyze the circuit
Outcomes:
• Able to study Astable Multivibrator using transistor.
• Able to understand the circuit arrangement of Astable Multivibrator
• Able to understand the procedure of Astable Multivibrator using transistor circuit using proteus.
• Able to observe the simulation and analysis of circuit.
Programme Education Objective (PEO) Satisfied : 2,3
• To enable student to analyse solve electronics engineering problem by applying basic principles of mathematics , sciences and engineering and also be able to use modern engineering techniques , skills and tools to fulfill social needs
• To enable to innovate , design and develop a variety of electronic and computer based components and system for applications including signal processing , communication , computer network and control system.
Introduction:
An astable multivibrator is a regenerative circuit consisting of two amplifying
stages connected in a positive feedback loop by two capacitive-resistive coupling networks. The amplifying elements may be junction or field-effect transistors, vacuum tubes,operational amplifier or other types of amplifier. The example diagram shows bipolar junction transistors.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
one will have high voltage while the other has low voltage, (except during the brief transitions from one state to the other)
Circuit Diagram:
Theory: Operation:
The circuit has two stable states that change alternatively with maximum transition rate because of the "accelerating" positive feedback. It is implemented by the coupling capacitors that instantly transfer voltage changes because the voltage across a capacitor cannot suddenly change. In each state, one transistor is switched on and the other is switched off. Accordingly, one fully charged capacitor discharges (reverse charges) slowly thus converting the time into an exponentially changing voltage. At the same time, the other empty capacitor quickly charges thus restoring its charge (the first capacitor acts as a time- setting capacitor and the second prepares to play this role in the next state). The circuit operation is based on the fact that the forward-biased base-emitter junction of the switched- on bipolar transistor can provide a path for the capacitor restoration
State 1 (Q1 is switched on, Q2 is switched off):
In the beginning, the capacitor C1 is fully charged (in the previous State 2) to the power supply voltage V with the polarity shown in Figure 1. Q1 is on and connects the left- hand positive plate of C1 to ground. As its right-hand negative plate is connected to Q2 base, a maximum negative voltage (-V) is applied to Q2 base that keeps Q2 firmly off. C1 begins discharging (reverse charging) via the high-value base resistor R2, so that the voltage of its
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
right-hand plate (and at the base of Q2) is rising from below ground (-V) toward +V. As Q2 base-emitter junction is backward-biased, it does not conduct, so all the current from R2 goes into C1. Simultaneously, C2 that is fully discharged and even slightly charged to 0.6 V (in the previous State 2) quickly charges via the low-value collector resistor R4 and Q1 forward- biased base-emitter junction (because R4 is less than R2, C2 charges faster than C1). Thus C2 restores its charge and prepares for the next State 2 when it will act as a time-setting capacitor. Q1 is firmly saturated in the beginning by the "forcing" C2 charging current added to R3 current; in the end, only R3 provides the needed input base current. The resistance R3 is chosen small enough to keep Q1 (not deeply) saturated after C2 is fully charged.
When the voltage of C1 right-hand plate (Q2 base voltage) becomes positive and reaches 0.6 V, Q2 base-emitter junction begins diverting a part of R2 charging current. Q2 begins conducting and this starts the avalanche-like positive feedback process as follows. Q2 collector voltage begins falling; this change transfers through the fully charged C2 to Q1 base and Q1 begins cutting off. Its collector voltage begins rising; this change transfers back through the almost empty C1 to Q2 base and makes Q2 conduct more thus sustaining the initial input impact on Q2 base. Thus the initial input change circulates along the feedback loop and grows in an avalanche-like manner until finally Q1 switches off and Q2 switches on. The forward-biased Q2 base-emitter junction fixes the voltage of C1 right-hand plate at 0.6 V and does not allow it to continue rising toward +V.
State 2 (Q1 is switched off, Q2 is switched on):
Now, the capacitor C2 is fully charged (in the previous State 1) to the power supply voltage V with the polarity shown in Figure 1. Q2 is on and connects the right-hand positive plate of C2 to ground. As its left-hand negative plate is connected to Q1 base, a maximum negative voltage (-V) is applied to Q1 base that keeps Q1 firmly off. C2 begins discharging (reverse charging) via the high-value base resistor R3, so that the voltage of its left-hand plate (and at the base of Q1) is rising from below ground (-V) toward +V. Simultaneously, C1 that is fully discharged and even slightly charged to 0.6 V (in the previous State 1) quickly charges via the low-value collector resistor R1 and Q2 forward-biased base-emitter junction