COMMAND AND CONTROL

6-28. In addition to U.S. Army PSYOP forces, the POTF exercises C2 of those PSYOP assets assigned, attached, and under OPCON and TACON from other Services and, when applicable, from other nations. Further, although tactical PSYOP units are usually attached to maneuver commanders, the POTF normally has coordinating authority with tactical forces for developing, designing, producing, and disseminating PSYOP products. This procedure allows PSYOP forces to meet the maneuver commander’s requirements more effectively, while

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ensuring continuity with the objectives and intent of the President and/or SecDef, combatant commander, or CJTF.

6-29. The POTF is normally under OPCON of the geographic combatant commander or CJTF and is capable of commanding and controlling PSYOP forces and functions. Tactical POBs and companies are normally attached to maneuver elements (Armies, corps, Service components, divisions, brigades), but dissemination POBs elements normally operate as major subordinate units or detachments of the POTF. Multipurpose assets that are primarily PSYOP platforms, such as the 193d Special Operations Wing’s (SOW’s) EC-130E/J COMMANDO SOLO and other aerial platforms, usually remain under OPCON of their Service or functional component, but coordinating authority is given to the POTF for execution, planning, and coordination. Normally, the POTF also has coordinating authority over tactical units. Chapter III of JP 0-2 discusses command relationships and other authorities.

COMMUNICATIONS

6-30. Army signal doctrine dictates that communications responsibilities go from “higher to lower,” from “left to right,” and from supporting to supported unit. However, PSYOP communications requirements are inherently joint and interagency in nature, and as a theater asset, a POTF will require connectivity from the deployed location back to the sustaining base. This requirement may place extraordinary communications demands upon an undeveloped theater in time of crisis. Therefore, commanders should adhere to the following principles when planning PSYOP in a theater. There are three distinct functions that must be supported by communications in order for PSYOP forces to be successful:

• C2.

• Intelligence. • Distribution.

6-31. When a POTF is employed, the force possesses its own organic equipment and communications personnel from the dissemination POB and may be augmented by the 112th Signal Battalion of the Special Operations Support Command (SOSCOM) if required. However, the POTF may require additional augmentation and assistance from the supported combatant commander, SOC, or JTF. Therefore, it is often preferable to collocate the POTF with the supported headquarters to facilitate coordinated use of the higher headquarters’ capabilities.

6-32. For C2 and intelligence, PSYOP forces will normally operate or coordinate for periodic access of the following systems and networks:

• LAN of the supported command.

• SIPRNET and Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) of the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN).

6-33. Through the SIPRNET, PSYOP planners will use the Global Command and Control System (GCCS). PSYOP forces will require JDISS equipment, a transportable workstation, and a communications suite that electronically extends communications to the POTF forward. The GCCS will provide access to the following systems as a minimum:

• The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System. This system is used by PSYOP planners for planning, time-phased force deployment data (TPFDD) or strategic deployment planning.

• The Global Reconnaissance Information System (GRIS). GRIS supports the planning and scheduling of reconnaissance operations.

• The Evacuation System. This system displays information about U.S. citizens located outside the United States.

• The Global Status of Resources and Training (GSORT). This system provides detailed data regarding the status and training of all DOD units’ equipment and training. The GSORT system is an excellent tool to determine forces in position and capable of executing PSYACTs in support of PSYOP units.

• The Joint Maritime Command Information System (JMCIS). This database offers a fused or common operational picture of the operational battlespace.

• The Theater Analysis and Replanning Graphical Execution Toolkit. This system provides required access to documents, information sources, analysis tools, multimedia, and teleconferencing tools to ensure continuity of planning for PSYOP forces.

• The Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS). The JWICS will be used to obtain access to the sensitive compartmented information portion of DISN. This data includes photographs, maps, and images. PSYOP forces commonly use this system to query intelligence analysts and archives developed by the intelligence community, such as intelligence link (INTELINK), Special Operations Command Research, Analysis, and Threat Evaluation System (SOCRATES), POAS, Situational Influence Assessment Model (SIAM), and Community On- Line Intelligence System for End-Users and Mangers (COLISEUM). • The Contingency Theater Automated Planning System and Air Tasking

Order. These systems provide PSYOP forces visibility over planned air operations conducted at the direction of the POTF.

As the use of GCCS has grown, the PSYOP forces’ use of GCCS has grown as well. Each new system fielded has applications for PSYOP forces.

6-34. PSYOP forces require access to the Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) to send and receive general service (GENSER) messages or communications and Defense Switched Network (DSN) for worldwide interbase telecommunications within the DOD.

6-35. PSYOP forces have the capability to integrate their tactical communications devices into future and legacy Army communications networks. PSYOP forces will always bring their own video distribution network to the JOA or AOR. Currently, only PSYOP forces possess the capability to distribute large video files on a global scale. However, PSYOP forces must coordinate the use of these systems with the supported combatant commander’s J-6. Some networks used and planned for use by PSYOP forces include the following:

• Single Channel Tactical Satellite. • International Maritime Satellite.

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• The Global Broadcast System/Joint Intra-theater Injection System. • The PSYOP Distribution System.

• C, X, and Ku Band Satellite Communications.

6-36. PSYOP forces may depend upon the communications capabilities of other Service component commands to support the PSYOP mission. For example, should U.S. Navy TARBS dissemination capabilities be used, the Naval Component Command must provide organic compatible communi­ cations to receive audio products for dissemination. However, should SOF aviation units, such as the 193d SOW, EC-130E/J COMMANDO SOLO, deploy to an undeveloped intermediate staging base, PSYOP forces will provide required distribution communications in order for the 193d SOW to receive and disseminate audio and video PSYOP products.

6-37. PSYOP forces always coordinate bandwidth requirements with the J-6 of the supported geographic combatant commander, not the supported JTF. This early coordination ensures support throughout the AOR and deconflicts PSYOP communications requirements at the earliest possible time during contingency planning. The supported combatant commander and or JTF may elect to use PSYOP communications equipment and allocated bandwidth for purposes other than PSYOP distribution when this equipment and/or bandwidth is not being used.

6-38. PSYOP communicators must coordinate and manage the frequency spectrum under the direction of the J-6 of the supported combatant commander and JTF. PSYOP communicators participate in the Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL) coordination process with the supported command’s J-6, like any other functional or Service component command. C2 frequencies are assigned via this process. However, the coordination between the electronic warfare officer, the primary electronic support planner of the IO cell, the J-2, the primary electronic surveillance planner of the combatant commander or JTF, and the PSYOP communicator, must be fully integrated to ensure capabilities are maximized and priorities are established. Allocation of targeted frequencies for dissemination must be coordinated as part of the electronic countermeasures support to the targeting process, in conjunction with the intelligence, operations, and fire support communities.

For the first time in U.S. history, American psywarriors employed electronic psywar in the field, in September 1944. Engineers of the 1st Radio Section of the 1st MRBC recorded POW interviews for front- line broadcasts, and reproduced the sound effects of vast numbers of tanks and other motor vehicles for Allied armored units in attempts to mislead German intelligence and lower enemy morale.

USASOC History Office

6-39. Current organic communications capabilities, when using reachback techniques, require high bandwidth for the distribution of PSYOP video, audio, and data. PSYOP forces may use ground or air couriers to physically deliver PSYOP products to tactical PSYOP units for dissemination when sufficient bandwidth or equipment is unavailable. This technique can cause the PSYOP products to be untimely and, consequently, ineffective.

6-40. PSYOP require continuous access to emerging technologies (for example, Global Broadcast Satellite; proliferation of fiber optic cable and high-bandwidth technologies, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Synchronous Optical Network; and high-bandwidth military and commercial satellite systems). This access enables PSYOP forces to plan and implement a more robust reachback capability for the efficient distribution of PSYOP products.

6-41. The PDS provides PSYOP forces an organic, high-bandwidth-capable, secure/nonsecure, fully interoperable, multichannel satellite communications (SATCOM) system for product distribution to link all PSYOP elements on a near- real-time basis. The PDS enables battlespace commanders to receive timely, situation-specific PSYOP products. The PDS also enables video production units to craft required products and disseminators to quickly receive and relay commercial broadcast-quality products to the intended audience.

6-42. PSYOP forces organize in a variety of configurations in order to accomplish the wide and varied nature of the operations they support. PSYOP commanders ensure that the necessary mix of regional, tactical, and dissemination assets are employed to accomplish the mission.