Fig1. Primary Metaphor Mapping (Ivans & Green,2006: 308)
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204
Vol. 7, Issue 8 , August 2017
Page 80
Polysemy is a general rule in language in a way that a word can have different meanings referring to different things. Polysemy is a phenomenon in which a word, in general, has different but related meanings. Cognitive linguistics has tried to organize polysemy in categorization frames (Girtz et.al., 2007, p.140).
Brogman (1981) recognizes polysemy as a mental phenomenon which is the base for vocabulary meaning theory (Evans & Green, 2006, p.220). Accepting brogman’s idea, polysemy is dealt with through radial theory. As previously mentioned, polysemy in cognitive approach, is not only a linguistic phenomenon but a mental feature. From cognitive linguistics point of view, polysemy is the principle and monosemy is the rare one. Rsekh mahand (2010, p.97) states that despite brogman’s idea, polysemy must be the base of semantic theory of a vocabulary. Accepting brogman’s idea, Lakoff set out studying polysemy based on radial theory.
3.9.Radial Categories in Polysemy
Lakoff and brogman (1988) stated that words are radial components, in which they are radially related. Radial category is a mental category with several meanings spinning around a central one. Although each can play a prototypical part in a contract, the central member of the radial category expresses the cognitive model. The marginal meanings are related by schemas, metaphors, metonymy and etc.
In cognitive semantics all the meanings of a word are saved in a long term memory of speakers, but the relationships among the meanings are made through radial categorization. In this view, marginal meanings originate from central ones through general cognitive mechanisms and transferring schemas. It is to mention that understanding different meanings of a polysemous word, as a cognitive concept, leads to a network of inter-related meanings. In this network, both marginal and central meanings exist. These two kinds of meaning are connected together via chaining process.
4.Methodology
This research was descriptive and library method was used to collect data. For this, 20 most frequently used adverbs of Azerbaijani Turkish were selected from Turkish –Persian dictionary of Shahmersi and the Bilingual Dictionary of Persian- Turkish.Then for each adverb, a lexical entry was chosen including the meaning and the corpus. Selectingcorpuswas based on the understanding of writers and local magazines in Azerbaijani Turkish. For analyzing the information, the prototypical and marginal meanings were specified for each adverb and radial category diagram was drawn. Afterwards, the different meanings of the adverb were analyzed and the way of eliciting different meanings from these adverbs were discussed. It is to be mentioned that only four randomly chosen adverbs were shown in this paper.
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204
Vol. 7, Issue 8 , August 2017
Page 81
5. Data Analysis
Basically, polysemy is a rare phenomenon among adverbs. Of all the adverbs of Azerbaijani Turkish, only four were randomly chosen and analyzed.
5-1 .(Düšanda)
1. Radial category diagram of the adverb "Düšanda"
According to our experiences of our surroundings, ‘Düšanda’ is conceptually understood. In this concept, the possibility of conceptualization is shown. What is shown here is the changing from the impossible to the possible. Accordingly, what is the connector of these concepts to the marginal ones is the path schema. For it considers the ‘happening’ as the one moving from the impossible to the possible. The concept of ‘sometimes’ can be a metaphoric mapping of the concept of ‘Düšanda’. In the concept of ‘accidentally’, path schema is the reason for the metaphoric mapping of this concept in a way that we imagine ourselves in a path of our daily life. ‘Events’ are also in their path to happening and, as a result, our lives may be full of ‘events’, ending in an accident or happening for us.
5-2. (Dal)
Düšanda
If possible
sometimes
event
accidently
Dal
behind
Mortal
The sequel
Back and being back in terms of timeFollow
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods ISSN: 2251-6204
Vol. 7, Issue 8 , August 2017
Page 82
2. Radial category diagram of the adverb "Dal"
The schema we have in our mind with respect to ‘Dal’ seems to be a kind of path, in which we consider ourselves ahead of forthcoming happenings and thus are closer to the destination. As for the meaning of ‘follow’, the path schema is conceptualized, in which we follow something. Regarding the meaning of ‘mortality’, we consider our backwards in life as mortal, whereas when go ahead and gain something in life, we call it a ‘success’.
Regarding the meaning of ‘falling behind in time’, the abstract side of ‘time’ is conceptualized based on the concrete side of ‘place’ with respect to path schema. With regards to the meaning of ‘consequence’, the mapping of this concept is formed based on the path schema. In other words, we consider ourselves in a path getting closer to our destination and meanwhile waiting for the ‘consequences’ of our actions. This can also be explained from orientation metaphor point of view. Being ahead in life bears a positive connotation, while being behind of time or moving backwards in life suggests a negative implication.
5-3. (Darindan)