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Conclusion and Prospects

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of Plant –Nanoparticle Interactions

7.4 Conclusion and Prospects

The growing public debate on the toxicity and environmental impact of released nanoparticles has not been yet fully established. There is currently no regulation specific to utilization, release, and maximum acceptable levels of nanoparticles that may pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. In the United States, the utilization and potential release of nanoparticles are regulated by the US EPA. However, studies on the potential toxicity of nanoparticles to ecological terrestrial test species are still lacking (US EPA2007). The reports from few recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the toxicological impact of several types of nanomaterials. There are still many unresolved issues and challenges concerning the positive and negative biological effects of nanoparticles. There is a critical need to collect more experimental data about the ecotoxicity of different kinds of nanoparticles to support further regulatory efforts by federal agencies.

High-throughput “omics” techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics may provide new insights into the biochemical and molecular responses of an organism and play a fundamental role in understanding the mechanisms of cellular toxicity of nanoparticles, as well as other environmental contaminants. These profiling techniques could be used to support aspects of reg-ulatory decision-making in ecotoxicology. However, these techniques have many parallel challenges about data collection, integration, and interpretation and mostly rely on advanced expertise and expensive resources. Furthermore, because of the vast amount of information generated, the analysis of transcriptomic data requires sophisticated bioinformatic approaches. As increasing numbers of transcriptomic datasets are published, there is a critical need for uniformizing gene expression analysis platforms and more integrated data processing (Ankley et al. 2006). In addition, current infrastructure and expertise need to be expanded to enable meaningful analysis of genomic data with increased resource investment.

Despite its great promises for understanding the modes of action of nanoparticles on biological systems, toxicogenomics can lead to unclear results. Genome-wide expression analyses typically reveal cascades of regulated pathways involving set of genes, which do not necessarily provide evidence of causative relationships between toxic stimuli and transcriptional responses. Gene expression analyses are therefore most meaningful when integrated with relevant morphological, physio-logical, and/or proteomic investigations (Ideker et al. 2001; Waters and Fostel 2004). Proteomics is a valid choice of method to further understand the toxicant effects and to make better toxicity predictions by finding new biomarkers.

Comparative proteomic studies may represent an important step to understand nanoparticle–plant interactions as a whole (Matysiak et al. 2015). Although tools exist to detect alterations in transcriptome or proteome profile in various organisms, the genomes of most plant species have not been fully sequenced and annotated till date. Ongoing genome sequencing projects, in long term, would obviate issues related to the global identification of gene products/proteins in key test species used for ecotoxicological risk assessments.

Nevertheless, future perspectives on nanoparticle–plant interaction will depend on a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the particular response triggered by engineered nanomaterials. Along with a boost of new methodological approaches, it could be expected that next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, as well as quantitative proteomic approaches along with post-translational proteomics (glyco-/phosphoproteomics) and interac-tomics, would contribute to a detailed characterization of genes/protein toward a better understanding of nanoparticle-mediated phytotoxicity.

Acknowledgments SJ gratefully acknowledges Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India for DST-SERB Young Scientist grant (SB/YS/LS-39/2014), University Grants Commission, India, for UGC start-up grant (F.30-50/2014-BSR), and Special Assistance Program (UGC-SAP-CAS) in the Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur.

RNPgratefully acknowledges the funding under Start-up Research Grant (Life Sciences) by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India (SB/FT/LS-104/2012).

The authors declare nofinancial or commercial conflict of interest.

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