• No results found

behaviour Word Count

7: Conclusion:

In the age of the internet and increasing demand upon already stretched services it is necessary to co- ordinate efforts between professionals, volunteers and support organisations to help develop online resources. This will help increase access to the latest evidence-based information and interventions to aid successful support for individuals who self-harm. Professionally led or guided support forums are a necessity to reduce negative effects from unhelpful users as well as misguided and incorrect information. Only if professional services embrace, help to co-

ordinate and regulate these resources will the advantages outweigh the dangers within a seemingly daunting online environment.

8: References:

Adler, P. A. & Adler, P. (2008). The cyber-worlds of self injurers: deviant communities, relationships and selves. Symbolic Interaction, 31 (1), 33- 56.

Barak, A. (2005). Emotional support and suicide prevention through the internet: a field project report. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 971- 984.

Barak, A., Bonniel- Nissim, M. & Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1867- 1883.

Bar-Lev, S. (2008). “We are here to give you emotional support”: performing emotions in an online HIVS/AIDS support group. Qualitative Health Research, 18 (4), 509- 521.

Becker, K., EI- Faddagh, M. & Smidt, M. H. (2004). Cyber suicide or Werther- Effect online: suicide chat rooms or forums in the World Wide Web. Kindheit & Entwicklung, 13 (1), 14- 25.

Bell, V. (2007) Online information, extreme communities and internet therapy: is the internet good for our mental health? Journal of Mental Health, 16 (4), 445-457.

Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S. & Weinhardt, L. S. (2004). HIV- AIDS patients' evaluation of health information on the internet: the digital divide and vulnerability to fraudulent claims. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 72 (6), 1004- 1011.

Brauer, M. Judd, C. M. & Glinerc, M. D. (1995). The effects of repeated expressions an attitude polarization during group discussions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68 (6), 1014- 1029.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77- 101.

Brunet, P. M. & Smidt, L. A. (2007). Is shyness context specific? Relation between shyness and online self- disclosure with and without a live webcam in young adults.

Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 938- 945.

Christopherson, K. M. (2007). The positive and negative implications of anonymity in internet social interactions: “on the internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”

Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 3038- 3056.

Colman, A. M. (1991). Crowd psychology in South African murder trials. American Psychologist, 46 (10), 1071-1079.

Crowne, D. P. & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consultative psychology, 24, 349- 354.

Derks, D., Bos, A. E. R. & Grumbkow, J. V. (2007). Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: The importance of social context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 842-849.

Fogel, J., Albert, S.M., Schnabel, F., Ditkoff, B. A. & Neugut, A. I. (2002). Internet use and social support in women with breast cancer. Health Psychology, 21 (4), 398- 404.

Fraboni, M. & Cooper, D. (1989). Further validation of three short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne scale of social desirability. Psychological Reports, 65 (2), 595- 600.

Galanxhi, H. & Nah, F. F. (2007). Deception in cyberspace: A comparison of text- only vs. avatar supported medium. International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, 65, 770- 783.

Ho, S., & McLeod, D. M. (2008). Social-psychological influences on opinion expression in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 35, 190-207.

Isenberga, D. J. (1986). Group polarization: a critical review and meta- analysis.

Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 50 (6), 1141- 1151.

Joinson, A. N., Woodley, A. & Reips, U. D. (2004). Personalization, authentication and self- disclosure in self administered internet surveys. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 275- 285.

Kalichman, S. C., Benotsch, E.G., Weinhardt, L., Austin, J., Luke, W. & Cherry, C. (2003). Health- related internet use, coping, social support, and health indicators in people living with HIV/ AIDS: preliminary results from a community survey.

Health Psychology, 22 (1), 111- 116.

Klemm, P., Hurst, M., Dearholt, S. L. & Trone, S. R. (1999). Cyber solace: gender differences on internet cancer support groups. Computers in Nursing, 17 (2), 65- 72.

Klemm, P. (2008). Late effects of treatment for long-term cancer survivors- qualitative analysis of an online support group. CIN- Computers Informatics Nursing, 21 (6), 49- 58.

Lai- Yee, M. & Leung, L. (2006). Unwillingness- to-communicate, perceptions of the internet and self disclosure in ICQ. Telematics & Informatics, 23, 22- 37.

Law, G. Urquhart., Rostill-Brookes, H. & Goodman, G. (2009). Public stigma in health and non-healthcare students: attributions, emotions and willingness to help for adolescent self-harm. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46 (1), 107-118. Lebow, J. (1998). Not just talk, maybe some risk: the therapeutic potentials and pitfalls of computer mediated communication. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 24 (2), 203- 206.

Leiberich, P., Medoschill, J., Nickel, K., Tritt, K., Laahman, C. & Loew, T. (2004). Internet communication: new kind of self- help improves access to psychotherapy for eating disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 581- 673.

Lieberman, M. A. (2008). Gender and online cancer support groups: issues facing male cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Education, 23 (3), 167- 171.

Lieberman, M. A., Wizlenberg, A., Golant, M., & DiMinno, M. (2005). The impact of group composition on internet support groups: homogenous versus heterogenous parkinson’s groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, & Practice, 4, 239- 250. Liess, A., Simon, W., Yutsis, M., Piemme, K. A., Owen, J. E., Golant, M. & Giese- Davis, J. (2008). Detecting emotional expression in face-to-face and online breast cancer support groups. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76 (3), 517- 523.

McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the internet: identity “demarginalization” through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75 (3), 681- 694.

Meltzer, H, Lader, D. & Corbin, T. (2002). Non-fatal suicidal behaviour among adults aged16 to 74. London: The Office for National Statistics (ONS).

Mitchell, K. J. & Ybarra, M. L. (2007). Online behavior of youth who engage in self-harm provides clues for preventative intervention. Preventative Medicine, 45 (5), 392- 396.

Mo, P. K. H. & Coulson, N. S. (2008). Exploring the communication of social support within virtual communities: a content analysis of messages posted to an online HIV/ AIDS support group. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11 (3), 371- 374.

Moscovicia, S. & Zavalloni, M. (1969). The group as a polarizer of attitudes.

Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 12 (2), 125- 135.

Rier, D. A. (2007). Internet social support groups as moral agents: the ethical dynamics of HIV+ status disclosure. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29 (7), 1043- 1058.

Risko, E. F., Quilty, L.C. & Oakman, J. M. (2006). Socially desirable responding on the web: investigating the candor hypothesis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87 (3), 269- 276.

Rodham, K., Hawton, K & Evans, E. (2004). Reasons for deliberate self-harm: comparison of self-poisoners and self-cutters in a community sample of adolescents.

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43 (1), 80- 87.

Rodham, K., Gavin, J. & Miles, M. (2007). I listen, I hear and I care: a qualitative investigation into the function of a self-harm message board. Suicide & Life- Threatening Behavior, 37 (4), 422- 430.

Schielein, T., Schmid, R. & Spiessl, H. (2007). Self-help forums in the internet- patients with bi-polar disorder discussing therapeutic relevant aspects. Nervenarzt,

78, 346- 346.

Shaw, B. R., Han, J. Y., Hawkins, R. P., Pingree, S., McTavish, F. & Gustafson, D. H. (2008). Expressing positive emotions within online support groups by women with breast cancer. Journal of Health Psychology, 13 (8), 1002- 1007.

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7 (3), 321- 326.

Tam, J., Tang, W.S. & Fernando, D. J. S. (2007). The internet and suicide: a double edged tool. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 18 (6), 453- 455.

Van Uden-Kraan, C. F., Drossaert, C. H.C., Taal, E. Shaw, B. R., Seydel, E. R., & Van De Laar, M. A. F. J. (2007). Coping with somatic illnesses in online support groups: do the feared disadvantages actually occur? Computers in Human Behavior, 24 (2), 309- 324.

Van Uden-Kraan, C. F., Drossaert, C. H.C., Taal, E. Shaw, B. R., Seydel, E. R., & Van De Laar, M. A. F. J. (2008a). Empowering processes and outcomes of participation in online support groups for patients with breast cancer, arthritis, or fibromyalgia. Qualitative Health Research, 18 (3), 405- 417.

Van Uden-Kraan, C. F., Drossaert, C. H.C., Taal, E. Shaw, B. R., Seydel, E. R., & Van De Laar, M. A. F. J.(2008b). Self-reported differences in empowerment between lurkers and posters in online patients support groups. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10 (2), e18.

Whitlock, J. L., Powers, J. L. & Eckenrode, J. (2006). The virtual cutting edge: the internet and adolescent self-injury. Developmental Psychology, 42 (3), 407- 417.

Ybarra, M. L. & Surman, M. (2006). Help seeking behavior and the internet: A national survey. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 75, 29- 41.

Zadro, L., Williams, K. D. & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self- reported levels of belonging, control, self- esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 560- 567.

Related documents