Robert A Corbitt, P.E.*
EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Effluent discharge limitation guidelines and standards have been, and are being, developed to help meet stream standards and associated use designations. The enforcement mechanism legislated by the Clean Wa- ter Act of 1977 is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). NPDES permits are is- sued to municipal and industrial dischargers to ensure that pollutant discharges do not result in a violation of water quality standards. State and federal monitoring, inspection, and enforcement programs ensure compli- ance with standards and permits.
The NPDES permit contains technology-based treatment requirements for domestic or industrial facili- ties and for phased improvements in technology to allow higher levels of treatment.
For waters that will not achieve water quality standards after implementation of technology-based con- trols, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis is required by the Clean Water Act. A TMDL analysis includes the determination of the relative contributions of pollutants from point, nonpoint, and natural back- ground sources, including a margin of safety of pollutants that can be discharged to a water quality-limited waterbody to meet water quality standards.
More specifically, an allowable TMDL is defined as the sum of the individual wasteload allocations for existing and future point sources (including stormwater) and load allocations for existing and future non-
TABLE 3.11 Secondary Treatment Requirements (9)
Pollutant Effluent limitations*
BOD5† 30 (45) mg/L Maximum 30-day average
45 (65) mg/L Maximum 7-day average 85% (65) removal Minimum 30-day average
Suspended solids 30 (45) mg/L Maximum 30-day average
45 (65) mg/L Maximum 7-day average 85% (65) removal Minimum 30-day average
pH 6.0–9.0 Range
*( ) denotes value applicable to treatment equivalent to secondary treatment. Adjustment available for effluents from trickling filter facilities and waste stabilization pond facilities.
†CBOD
5is approved substitute for BOD5, the CBOD5limitations are:
40 mg/L Maximum 30-day average 60 mg/L Maximum 7-day average 65% removal Minimum 30-day average
point sources (including diffuse runoff and agricultural stormwater) and natural background materials with a margin of safety incorporated to account for uncertainty in the analysis. Load reductions obtained through the implementation of BMPs required in the NPDES program for stormwater should be reflected in the TMDL analysis.
Secondary Treatment
The baseline level of treatment for effluents from publicly owned treatment works is secondary treatment. Table 3.11 shows the required level of effluent quality for secondary treatment or its equivalent. Industrial wastes discharged to the treatment works may alter the stated limits.
Especially since federal grant monies were used to assist in construction funding of most municipal treat- ment facilities, a national program was developed for industrial waste pretreatment. The requirements of this program are summarized in Table 1.12.
Industrial Effluents
Permits for industrial effluents are subject to state and/or federal requirements. In particular, many industrial categories are covered by federal effluent guidelines and standards (11), as shown by Table 3.13.
Toxic Pollutants
Special emphasis is placed on the control of an effluent containing toxic pollutants. Table 3.14 lists pollu- tants that have been designated as toxic by the EPA. Effluent standards have been promulgated for some tox- ic pollutants; these are highlighted in Table 3.15.
TABLE 3.12 National Pretreatment Standards (10)
1. General Prohibitions: A user may not introduce into a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) any pollutant(s) which cause “pass through” without a change in nature or “interference” with treatment processes, including sludge use or disposal.
2. Specific Prohibitions: The following pollutants shall not be introduced into a POTW: a. Pollutants which create a fire or explosion hazard in the POTW;
b. Pollutants that will cause corrosive structural damage to the POTW, but in no case discharges with pH lower than 5.0, unless the works is specifically designed to accommodate such discharges;
c. Solid or viscous pollutants in amounts which will cause obstruction to the flow in the collection system and the treatment plant resulting in interference with operations;
d. Any pollutant, including oxygen-demanding pollutants (BOD, etc.) released in a discharge at a flow rate and/or pollutant concentration that will cause interference with the POTW operations;
e. Heat in amounts that will inhibit biological activity in the POTW resulting in interference, but in no case heat in such quantities that the temperature at the POTW exceeds 40°C (104°F) unless the approval authority, upon request of the POTW, approves alternate temperature limits.
3. Categorical Requirements: Standards specifying quantities or concentrations of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged to a POTW by existing or new industrial users in specific industrial subcategories will be established as separate regulations under the appropriate subpart of 40 CFR Chapter I, Subchapter N. These standards, unless specifically noted otherwise, shall be in addition to the general prohibitions established above (40 CFR 403.5).
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines Aluminum Forming (40 CFR 467)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Aluminum Forming Point Source Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-073a, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Aluminum Forming Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82-073b, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Asbestos Manufacturing (40 CFR 427)
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Building, Construction and Paper Segment of the Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category [Pro- posed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-73-017, Washington, D.C., 1973.
Battery Manufacturing (40 CFR 461)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-067a, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82-06Th, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Builders’ Paper and Board Mills (40 CFR 431)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Builders’ Paper and Roofing Felt Segment of the Builders’ Paper and Board Mills Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-026a, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Pulp, Paper and Paperboard and the Builders’ Paper and Board Mills Point Source Categories [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-025b, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Centralized Waste Treatment (Landfills and Incinerators) (40 CFR 437)
Detailed Costing Document for the Centralized Waste Treatment Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 821/R-95-002, Washington, D.C., 1995
Environmental Assessment of Proposed Effluent Guidelines for the Centralized Waste Treatment Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 821/R-95-003, Washington, D.C., 1995.
Preliminary Data Summary for the Hazardous Waste Treatment Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-89-100, Washington, D.C., 1989.
Statistical Support Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Centralized Waste Treatment Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 821/R-95-005, Washington, D.C., 1995.
Coal Mining (40 CFR 434)
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Stan- dards for the Coal Mining Point Source Category—Group II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-057, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Stan- dards for the Coal Mining Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-76-057a, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines, New Source Performance Standards, and Pretreatment Standards for the Coal Mining Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-81-057b, Washington, D.C., 1981.
Economic Impact of Interim Final and Proposed Effluent Guidelines: Coal Mining, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, EPA 23011-75-058b, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance for the Coal Mining Point Source Category Ratio- nale and Methodology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1977.
Evaluation of Performance Capability of Surface Mine Sediment Basins [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-79-200, Washington, D.C., 1979.
Winter and Spring Water Quality Survey of Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization Plants [Executive Summary], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975.
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines (continued) Coil Coating (40 CFR 465)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coil Coating Point Source Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-79-071a, Washington, D.C., 1979. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coil Coating Point Source
Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-81-071b, Washington, D.C., 1981. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Coil Coating Point Source
Category (Canmaking Subcategory) [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-83-071b, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Copper Forming (40 CFR 468)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Copper Forming Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82-074b, Washington, D.C., 1982. Economic Impact Analysis of Proposed Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Copper Forming Industry, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/2-82-011, Washington, D.C., 1982. Electrical and Electronic Components (40 CFR 469)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 44011-80-075a, Washington, DC., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82-075b, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category (Phase II) [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1- 83-075b, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Economic Impact Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the Electrical and Electronic Com- ponents Industry—Phase II: Cathode Ray and Luminescent Coatings Subcategories, U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, EPA 440/2-83-001, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Electroplating (40 CFR 413)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Cop- per, Nickel, Chromium, and Zinc Segment of the Electroplating Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-003 a, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Development Document for Proposed Existing Source Pretreatment Standards for the Electroplating Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-78-085, Washington, D.C., 1978. Economic Analysis of Effluent Guidelines: The Electroplating Industry (Copper, Nickel, Chromium and Zinc),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/2-74-007, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines: The Electroplating Industry (Copper, Nickel, Chromium, and Zinc) [Revision], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-73-007, Washington, D.C., 1973. Explosives Manufacturing (40 CFR 457)
Contractor Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Explosives Manufacturing Point Source Catego- ry [Draft Final], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981.
Draft Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines, New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Explosives Manufacturing Point Source Category—Subcategory E: Formu- lation and Packaging of Blasting Agents, Dynamite, and Pyrotechnics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1979.
Ferroalloy Manufacturing (40 CFR 424)
Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines. The Ferroalloys Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-73-009, Washington, D.C., 1973.
Fertilizer Manufacturing (40 CFR 418)
Summary Report Phosphate Fertilizer Subcategory of the Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Glass Manufacturing (40 CFR 426)
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Pressed and Blown Glass Segment of the Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-034, Washington, D.C., 1974. (continues)
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines (continued) Ink Formulating (40 CFR 447)
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Paint Formulating and the Ink Formulating Point Source Categories—Group II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-050, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Inorganic Chemicals (40 CFR 415)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Ma- jor Inorganic Products Segment of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-007a, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Economic Analysis of Effluent Guidelines for the Inorganic Chemicals Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/2-74-015, Washington, D.C., 1974.
pH Control of Industrial Waste Waters in the Inorganic Chemicals Industry [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Washington, D.C., 1979.
Iron and Steel Manufacturing (40 CFR 420)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Steel Making Segment of the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-024a, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. I: General [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80- 024b1, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. II: Coke Making Subcategory, Sintering Subcategory, Iron Making Subcategory [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-024b2, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. III: Steel Making Subcategory, Vacuum Degassing Subcategory, Continuous Cast- ing Subcategory [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-024b3, Washington, D.C.,1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. IV: Hot Forming Subcategory [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-024b4, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. V. Scale Removal Subcategory, Acid Pickling Subcategory [Proposed], U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-024b5, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category—Vol. VI: Cold Forming Subcategory, Alkaline Cleaning Subcategory, Hot Coating Sub- category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-80-024b6, Washington, D.C., 1980. Economic Analysis of Proposed and Interim Final Effluent Guidelines: Integrated Iron and Steel Industry, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-76-048, Washington, D.C., 1976
Economic Analysis of Proposed and Interim Final Effluent Guidelines: The Specialty Steel Industry, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-74-034a, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Leather Tanning and Finishing (40 CFR 425)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Leather Tanning and Finishing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74- 016a, Washington, D C, 1974.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Leather Tanning and Finishing Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-79-016, Washington, D.C., 1979.
Economic Analysis of Effluent Guidelines: Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, EPA 230/2-73-016, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Supplementary Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines for the Leather Tanning and Finish- ing Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-86-016s, Washing- ton, D.C., 1986.
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines (continued) Low BTU Gasification
Low BTU Gasifier Wastewater Treatability: Phase III Pilot Plant Study at Holston Army Ammunition Plant [Final Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1986.
Meat Products (40 CFR 432)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance for the Off-Site Ren- dering Industry [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Metal Finishing (40 CFR 433)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Finishing Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82-091b, Washington, D.C., 1982. Economic Analysis of Effluent Guidelines: The Metal Finishing Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA 230/1-74-032, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent Standards and Limitations for the Metal Finishing Industry, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/2-82-004, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries) (40 CFR 464)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries) Point Source Category—Vol. I [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82- 070b1, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries) Point Source Category—Vol. II [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-82- 070b2, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Mineral Mining and Processing (40 CFR 436)
Analysis of Effluent Data from the Crushed Stone Industry [Final Report], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance: Mineral Mining and Processing Industry, Vol. III—Clay, Ceramic, Refractory and Miscellaneous Minerals [Draft], U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance: The Clay, Gypsum, Refractory and Ceramic Products Industries [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Stan- dards for the Minerals for the Construction Industry—Vol. I: Mineral Mining and Processing Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-059, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance: Miner- al Mining and Processing Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 44011-76-059a, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Suspended Solids Removal in the Crushed Stone Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1982.
Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders (40 CFR 471)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Forming and Iron and Steel, Copper Forming, Aluminum Metal Powder Production and Powder Metallurgy Point Source Category [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-84-019b, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing (40 CFR 421)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Bauxite Refining Subcategory of the Aluminum Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-019c, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Pri- mary Aluminum Smelting Subcategory of the Aluminum Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-019d, Washington, D.C., 1974. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Sec-
ondary Aluminum Smelting Subcategory of the Aluminum Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-74-019e, Washington, D.C., 1974.
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines (continued) Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing (40 CFR 421) (cont.)
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Manufac- turing Point Source Category [Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-79-019a, Washing- ton, D.C., 1979.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Point Source Category, Vol. I—General Development Document [Proposed, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-83-019b1, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Point Source Category, Vol. II—Supplemental Development Documents for: Primary Aluminum, Primary Copper Smelting and Electrolytic Refining, Primary Lead, Primary Zinc, Metallurgical Acid Plants [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-83-019b2, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Nonferrous Metals Point Source Category, Vol. III—Supplemental Development Documents for: Primary Tungsten, Primary Columbi- um-Tantalum, Secondary Silver, Secondary Lead, Secondary Aluminum, Secondary Copper [Proposed], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-83-019b3, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Perfor- mance Standards for the Lead Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category— Group I, Phase II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-032a, Washington, D.C., 1975. Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Perfor-
mance Standards for the Primary Copper Smelting Subcategory and the Primary Copper Refining Subcatego- ry of the Copper Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category—Group I, Phase II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-032b, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Perfor- mance Standards for the Secondary Copper Subcategory of the Copper Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category—Group I, Phase II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 44011-75-032c, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Perfor- mance Standards for the Zinc Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category— Group I, Phase II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-75-032, Washington, D.C., 1975. Economic Analysis of Effluent Guidelines: The Nonferrous Metals Industry (Aluminum), U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, EPA 230/2-74-0 18, Washington, D.C., 1974.
Economic Analysis of Pretreatment Standards: The Secondary Copper and Aluminum Subcategories of the Non- ferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-76- 041a, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Economic Impact of Proposed Water Pollution Controls on the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Industry (Phase II), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1-75-04 1, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Supplemental for Pretreatment to the Interim Final Development Document for the Secondary Aluminum Seg- ment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-76-081c, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Oil and Gas Extraction (40 CFR 435)
Development Document for Interim Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed New Source Perfor- mance Standards for the Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category—Group II, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, EPA 440/1-76-055a, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Economic Analysis of Proposed and Interim Final Effluent Guidelines for the Onshore Oil Producing Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 230/1 -75-063b, Washington, D.C., 1976.
The Potential Benefits of Effluent Limitation Guidelines for Coastal Oil and Gas Facilities in Cook Inlet, Alaska, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 821/R-95-013, Washington, D.C., 1995.
Preliminary Data Summary for the Coastal, Onshore and Stripper Subcategories of the Oil Gas Extraction Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/1-89-105, Washington, D.C., 1989. Water Quality Benefit Analysis for the Proposed Effluent Guidelines for the Coastal Subcategory of the Oil
and Gas Extraction Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 821/R-95-011, Washington, D.C., 1995.
TABLE 3.13 Industrial Effluent Limitations and Guidelines (continued)
Assessment of Environmental Fate and Effects of Discharges from Offshore Oil and Gas Operations, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, EPA 440/4-85-002, Washington, D.C., 1985.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines Regulations for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Offshore Subcategory of the Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, EPA 440/1-85-055, Washington, D.C., 1985.
Produced Water Radioactivity Study [Final Draft], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,