approaches to retrofit
Objective 1: Review the academic literature and develop a broad understanding of topics relating to: climate change, retrofitting, home improvement, domestic
3.6 Engineering driven design processes
3.6.3 Focus on embodiment design
This chapter now focuses in on embodiment design. This is the third stage of the design process specified by Pahl & Beitz (1984) (see Figure 11) where a design concept is developed, with the use of technical and economic criteria to the point where subsequent detail design can then lead directly to production (Langeveld, 2011, p.121‐146, Pahl & Beitz, 1984, Pahl et al., 2007). Langeveld (2011, p.121‐146) suggests that this is the design stage at which the physical aspects of the design should be meeting the ‘emotional aspects’, which he describes as the use, interaction and ergonomics. Therefore, the need for UCD input at this stage is clear.
It is difficult to engage users in the conceptual stage prior to this is as there is limited detail to provide to them. In the detail design stage which follows embodiment, any changes are likely to be difficult and costly. As discussed, the majority of the CALEBRE technologies were at the embodiment stage of design at the time of the research.
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Figure 15 shows the specific stages within embodiment design as specified by Pahl
& Beitz (1984). These stages are: Information, Definition, Creation, Evaluation, Decision, Creation, Evaluation and Decision.
Identify embodiment‐determining requirements Concept
Produce scale drawings of spatial constraints
Identify embodiment‐determining main function carriers
Develop preliminary layouts and form designs for the embodiment‐determining main function carriers
Search for solutions to auxiliary functions
Develop detailed layouts and form designs for the main function carriers ensuring compatibility with the auxiliary
function carriers
Develop detailed layouts and form designs for the auxiliary function carriers and complete the overall layouts
Evaluate against criteria
Optimise and complete form designs
Check for errors and disturbing factors
Prepare preliminary parts list and production documents Preliminary layout
Definitive layout
Completion of checksDetailed layouts and form designsPreliminary layouts and form designs
Information
Definition
Creation
Creation Evaluation
Decision
Evalaution
Decision
Figure 15: Steps of Embodiment Design (Pahl & Beitz, 1984)
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Table 6 below describes in more detail the stages Pahl and Beitz describe in their explanation of embodiment design.
Table 6: Explanation of Embodiment Design (Pahl & Beitz, 1984)
Stage Further description
Information Identify requirements that will have a significant impact on the initial design e.g. relating to size, arrangement, materials
Definition Produce scale drawings including constraints that both affect and determine design
Creation
Identify the embodiment determining assemblies and components that fulfil the main functions
Produce preliminary layouts for the general arrangement of the product, component shapes and materials
Determine which auxiliary functions are essential and look for solutions which already exist
Develop detailed layouts for main function carriers
Develop detailed layouts for auxiliary functions
Evaluation Check the layout for mistakes (using the checklist given below) and refine
Evaluate layouts against technical and economic criteria Decision Fix preliminary layout
Creation Optimise the designs for the selected layout by eliminating weak points identified through the evaluation
Evaluation Check layout for errors and make any improvements. (Technical and economic viability must be established by this point)
Prepare preliminary parts list and preliminary production documents Decision Fix definitive layout design (pass on to detail design phase)
This model identifies the stages in which a developer must be engaged in order to produce the design concept in a physical form. The process identifies various points at which evaluation must occur, but does not identify any stage at which the developer may return to earlier stages in order to evaluate or change the design.
The first stage in the embodiment process shown in Figure 15 is to ‘identify embodiment determining requirements’, Pahl & Beitz (1984) offer a checklist for the embodiment design stage as detailed in
Table 7. This list enables a rough layout to be developed using the requirements and size constraints identified.
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Table 7: Embodiment design checklist (Pahl & Beitz, 1984)
Headings Examples
Do the chosen overall layout, component shapes, materials and dimensions provide:
Adequate durability (strength)
Permissible deformation (stiffness)
Adequate stability
Safety Have all the factors affecting the safety of the components, of the function, of the operation and of the environment been taken into account?
Ergonomics
Have the man‐machine relationships been taken into account? Have unnecessary human stress or injurious factors been avoided? Has attention been paid to good physical layout?
Production Has there been a technological and economic analysis of the production procedure?
Transport Have the internal and external transport conditions and risks been examined and taken into account?
Operation Have all the factors influencing the operation, such as noise, vibration, handling, etc. been considered?
Maintenance Can maintenance, inspection and overhaul be easily performed and checked?
Costs Have the stipulated cost limits been observed? Will additional operational or subsidiary costs arise?
Schedules Can the delivery dates be met? Are there design modifications that might improve the delivery situation?
It interesting to note that the term ‘ergonomics’ features in the list. However, ergonomics in this form, as indicated by the examples, is largely related to the physical form of the product and how it ‘fits’ the user, rather than the understanding, interaction or acceptance issues encompassed by some wider definitions of ergonomics (Nielsen, 1993, p.358).
Due to the nature of this research and the development of technologies as part of a research project, much of the conceptual phases had been completed in prior work.
Therefore, the design processes within the project already had requirements and concepts existing from previous work and experience. As already stated, the technologies within the CALEBRE project and the heat pumps featured in the case
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example were predominantly in the embodiment stage of design. In a complete design process, once a concept has passed through the embodiment stage, it enters the detail design stage, however due to the scope of the thesis this stage will not be discussed here.