Future research

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o Climate change is a global problem that should be addressed by small actions done locally. Yala wetland is susceptible to ecological effects caused by climate change. The researcher suggests that studies on the management of Yala swamp in the face of climate change be undertaken, this will help in understanding that not only anthropogenic activities cause change in the wetland but also nature through climate change does, this will lead to development of all inclusive management strategies for the wetland

o Studies on environmental valuation (including indirect and non-use values) in wetland management of Yala wetland ecosystem should be conducted. This may assist in assessing trade-offs between maintenance of intact wetland against its conversion into other uses. Such investigation will ensure that the broadest implications of any further conversion of the swamp are fully understood to better so that the wetland are managed sustainably

o Studies on appropriate environmental management and utilization policies are developed that will be enforced on Yala wetland and other riparian areas in Kenya as a whole should be undertaken. This study will be geared towards development of appropriate policies, implementers and bodies to ensure implementation to the latter. Community participation should be core to ensure that future conflicts among communities, development partners and the government are minimized.

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79 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Land use decisions and socio economic Questionnaire Part I: Background information

1. Interview date 2. Name of Enumerator 3. Name of Respondent 4. Place of Birth 5. Sub-location 6. Sex

7. What is the role of the respondent in the household?

a. Household head [ ] b. Husband [ ] c. Wife [ ] d. Child [ ] e. Worker [ ] f. Other (specify)……… Household information 8 9 10 11. 12. Age (yrs) Sex/ gender

Marital Status Type of marriage Level of education 1=Male 2=Female 1=Married 2=Single 3= Widowed 4= Divorced 5=Other(specif y) 1=Monogamou s 2=Polygamous 3=Inheritance 4= Others 1= None 2=Lower Primary( Std1- 3) 3= Upper primary(Std4- 8) 4= Post primary training 5=Secondary( Form 1-4) 6=Post- secondary training 7=Middle level colleges 8= University

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13. A part from farm income, do you have another source of income? [1] =Yes, [2] =No

14. If yes, from which source and how much per year?

Tick Returns (Ksh) 1= <1000 2= 2,000-5,000 3= 6,000-10,000 4 = >10,000 [i] Petty Trade

[ii] Remittances

[iii] Interest from shares/savings [iv] Brewing

[v] Mat making [vi] Rope making [vii] Boda boda [viii] Tailoring

[ix] Casual labour(Amal) [x] Leasing out land [xi] Bar wa bar (leasing) 16. Land ownership 17 18 Do you have land for use Property rights/tenure 1=Yes 2=No 1=Family land 2=Bought 3=Inherited 4=Rented Family land Bought Inherited Rented

17. Which year did you start farming in the wetland? ……...……

18. When you started farming in the wetland, did you clear the land yourself or had it been farmed before you started using it?

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19. If the answer to Qn. 18 is [1] which method did you use for land clearing in the wetland?

1= Uprooting [....]

2= Burning [....]

3= Cutting/slashing [....]

4= All above [....]

20. In your view, rank in the table below in order of severity the resources above that are in danger of depletion?

[1] = Extremely depleted (80%) [2] = severely depleted (75%)

[3] = Moderately depleted (50%) [4] = depleted (30 - 40%)

[5] = Slightly depleted (10- 30%) [6] = Not depleted (0- 9%)

[7] = Don‟t know

Wetland resource Rank Reason [i] Usable Land in

wetland

[ii] Papyrus (Oundho) [iii] Sedges

[iv] Fish [v] Thatching Grass(See)

[vi] Vossia Sp -Saka- (Livestock feed) [vii] Synodon D. (Modhno) [xi] Sesbania S. (Omburi)

21. What are some of the measures that can be taken to sustainably use the wetland and its resources?

1. Aquaculture ( ) 2. Tourism ( ) 3. Papyrus ( ) 4. Policy implementation ( )

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Appendix 2: Raw satellite images of 1990, 2000.2010 and 2014

Appendix 1: Original 1990 Landsat image of the Yala wetland and its environs

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Appendix 3: Original 2010 Landsat image of the Yala wetland and its environs

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Appendix 3: Clipped images for years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2014