Internal features of development and deprivation The child’s internal world: a dyadic construct

Chapter Two Literature review

Part 1: Internal features of development and deprivation The child’s internal world: a dyadic construct

m/!'&!K/!L#'(1!?0&!/!3/!K1./!,&!*3/%#J#-/.!=!.&/3#6/.!0%!&>*&.#A&%(1!,&@&%!(&%&.'&!&%!-0&%(/!'#! 31'!J/-(1.&'!'1%!J#B1'!1!/3&/(1.#1'!1!'8!&3!/%43#'#'!,&@&!.&/3#6/.'&!-1%!J/-(1.&'!J/-(1.#/3&'!1!/%#,/,1'! *1.?0&!&'(1!(#&%&!-1%'&-0&%-#/'!&%!3/!&3&--#2%!,&!31'!(&'('!*/./!.&/3#6/.!&3!-1%(./'(&!,&!K#*2(&'#'! =!*1.?0&<!/!(./L+'!,&3!/%43#'#'!,&!31'!A#'A1'<!'&!*1,.4%!,&J#%#.!&'(./(&7#/'!*/./!A&B1./.!3/!@1%,/,! =!'#7%#J#-/%-#/!,&!31'!&>*&.#A&%(1':!

$>#'(&%! @0&%1'! 3#@.1'! &'(/,8'(#-1'! ?0&! '&! *0&,&%! &A*3&/.! */./! ,#'&`/.! =! .&/3#6/.! ,#'&`1! &>*&.#A&%(/3&'! .&J&.&%-#/'! ,&! 3#@.1'! */./! .&/3#6/.! ,#'&`1'! &>*&.#A&%(/3&'! *:&B:! ER1-K./%! =! R1><! FGQfI:! R0/%,1! '&! .&L#'/! /370%1! ,&! &'(1'! 3#@.1'<! &'! A&B1.! %1! #%(&%(/.! /,/*(/.! 0%! A+(1,1! 1! *.1-&,#A#&%(1! .&-17#,1! &%! &3! (&>(1! /! %0&'(.1! &>*&.#A&%(1<! *1.?0&! '#%1! '&! *0&,&! 33&7/.! /! ,&J#%#-#1%&'!&..2%&/'!,&!31'!(&'(!F!=!1(.1'!J/-(1.&'!,&3!/%43#'#'3!EC%,&.D11,<!FGHFI:!

$'!A&B1.<!'#&A*.&!?0&!'&!*0&,/<!,&'/..133/.!0%!A1,&31!&'*&-8J#-1!*/./!-/,/!,#'&`1!&>*&.#A&%(/3:! $3!*.1-&,#A#&%(1!*/./!.&/3#6/.!&'(1!'&!*0&,&!-1%'03(/.!&%!C%,&.D11,!EFGHF<!FGGfI<!&%(.&!1(.1':! $'(&! *.1-&,#A#&%(1! 7&%&./3! &'!/*3#-/@3&! /! ,#'&`1'!&>*&.#A&%(/3&'! */.(#-03/.&'! ,&!&'(/! ./A/! ,&3! /%43#'#'! &'(/,8'(#-1! -1A1! 31'! kN*3#(! M31(k<! kr/%,1A! W31-nk<! k;/(#%! N?0/.&k<! &(-:! $%! 7&%&./3<! &'! -1A*3#-/,1!&%-1%(./.!3/'!&-0/-#1%&'!/,&-0/,/'!&%!0%!3#@.1!,&!(&>(1!,&@#,1!/!3/!7./%!L/.#/@#3#,/,! ,&!(&'(!=!(#*1'!,&!J/-(1.&'!?0&!'&!*0&,&%!#%-30#.!&%!31'!&>*&.#A&%(1':! ;1'!*.#%-#*/3&'!*/'1'!?0&!'&!,&@&%!/-1A&(&.!&%!3/!*3/%#J#-/-#2%!,&!0%!&>*&.#A&%(1!'1%b! j&J#%#.!,&!0%/!A/%&./!-1%-#'/!3/!K#*2(&'#'!%03/!?0&!'&!*3/%&/!(&'(&/.<!,&!J1.A/!?0&!?0&,&! -3/.1!'#!31'!J/-(1.&'!'1%!/3&/(1.#1'!1!J#B1':!! $3!'&70%,1!*/'1!-1%'#'(&!&%!,&J#%#.!0%/!3#'(/!-1%!1(./'!J0&%(&'!#A*1.(/%(&'!,&!L/.#/-#2%!?0&! *0&,/%!'&.!-1%'#,&./,/'!#A*1.(/%(&':! C%/!L&6!,&J#%#,1!&'(1<!'&!*.1-&,&!/!-1%'(.0#.!0%!A1,&31!3#%&/3!*/./!.&/3#6/.!&3!/%43#'#':!

9.2. Construcción de un modelo con las fuentes de variación

$3!*.#A&.!*/'1!*/./!-1%'(.0#.!0%!A1,&31!/37&@./#-1!&'!,&J#%#.!3/'!J0&%(&'!,&!L/.#/-#2%:!)!-/,/! J0&%(&!,&!L/.#/-#2%!EJ/-(1.I!'&!3&!,&@&!/'#7%/.!0%/!3&(./:!

5/A1'! /! L&.! 0%! &B&A*31! @/'(/%(&! L&.'4(#3! &%! &3! ?0&! '&! /! L/! /%/3#6/.! 3/! #%J30&%-#/! ,&! 3/! S&A*&./(0./!=!3/!j#&(/!&%!&3!-.&-#A#&%(1!,&!B0L&%#3&'!,&!*&6!EC%,&.D11,<!FGHFI:!$3!&>*&.#A&%(1! -0&%(/!-1%! V! J/-(1.&'b! 3/! (&A*&./(0./!ESI!=! 3/! ,#&(/!EjI<! /A@1'!-1%! V! %#L&3&'<! =! ?0&!'&!,#'&`/%! -1A1!J/-(1.&'!J/-(1.#/3&'!J#B1'!E*1.?0&!#%(&%(/%!.&*.&'&%(/.!(&A*&./(0./'!=!,#&(/'!(#*1I<!=!0%!J/-(1.! /%#,/,1!?0&!&'!&3!/-0/.#1!E)I<!-1%!,1'!%#L&3&'<!=/!?0&!*/./!-/,/!0%1!,&!31'!V!>!V!(./(/A#&%(1'! &>*&.#A&%(/3&'! &>#'(&%! ,1'! /-0/.#1'! -1%! \P! *&-&'! ,&! 31'! ?0&! '&! &>(./&.4%! Q! E%UA&.1! ,&! .&*&(#-#1%&'<!%I!*/./!A&,#.:!

M/./! A1%(/.! &3! A1,&31! '&! ,&@&%! *1.! (/%(1! *1%&.! 31'! J/-(1.&'! *.#%-#*/3&'! =! (1,/'! 3/'! -1A@#%/-#1%&'!1.(171%/3&'!*1'#@3&':!;1'!J/-(1.&'!/%#,/,1'!'&!&'-.#@&%!-1%!31'!'0@8%,#-&'!&%(.&! */.+%(&'#'! */./! -0/3! &'! &3! J/-(1.! /%#,/,1:! S/A@#+%! '&! ,&@&! /`/,#.! 3/! A&,#/! EPI! =! &3! (+.A#%1! ,&!

Apéndice 2. Técnicas de Análisis de la Varianza aplicadas a la Ecología y Biología Marina Experimental

&..1.<!?0&!.&*.&'&%(/.4!?0&!&'(/A1'!A&(#&%,1!A&,#,/'!.&*&(#,/':!M/./!&3!&B&A*31!&3!A1,&31!'&.4! &3!'#70#&%(&b!

! X_ijkl P T_i D_jTD_ijA_{k ij}_{( )} e_{l ijk}₍ ₎! E)\:VVI! ,1%,&!X_ijkl!.&*.&'&%(/!3/!A&,#,/!,&!-0/3?0#&./!,&!31'!V!>!V!>!\!>!Q!*&-&'!/%/3#6/,1':!

9.3. Construcción de los estimadores de las medias cuadradas

M/./!&'(#A/.!3/'!A&,#/'!-0/,./,/'!,&!-0/3?0#&.!(#*1!,&!A1,&31!'&!*0&,&%!&A*3&/.!3/'!.&73/'! 7&%&./3&'!?0&!'&!*0&,&%!&%-1%(./.!*1.!&B&A*31!&%!d#3n!=!o&A*(K1.%&!EFGGQI<!N-K&JJ+!EFGQGI!1! d#%&.!EFGfFI:!)!-1%(#%0/-#2%!'&!,&'-.#@&%!&'(/'!.&73/':!$%!3/!S/@3/!Q!'&!&%-0&%(./!0%!.&'0A&%! ,&3!&A*3&1!,&!3/'!A#'A/'! REGLA 1 R1%'(.0#.!0%/!(/@3/!/0>#3#/.!&%!3/!?0&!'&!-131-/%!&%!3/'!-130A%/'!(1,1'!31'!&3&A&%(1'!,&3!A1,&31<! &>-&*(1!3/!A&,#/<! <!=!&%!3/'!J#3/'!(1,1'!31'!'0@8%,#-&'!&A*3&/,1'!:!R/,/!J#3/! .&*.&'&%(/.4! 0%/! J0&%(&! ,&! L/.#/-#2%! E&B:! &%(.&! &3! J/-(1.! S&A*&./(0./<! &%(.&! 3/! #%(&./--#2%! S&A*&./(0./"j#&(/<!,&@#,1!/3!&..1.!&>*&.#A&%(/3<!&(-I:!!

( ) ( )

( ,T D TD A_i _j, _ij, _{k ij} ,e_{l ijk} )

Tabla 5. Construcción de los estimadores de las medias cuadradas, grados de libertad y F's para el ejemplo propuesto en Underwood (1981).

REGLA 2

M/./!-/,/!-130A%/!,&!3/!(/@3/<!,&J#%#.!?0&!J/-(1.!&'(4!/'1-#/,1!/!-/,/!'0@8%,#-&!E*:&B:!/3!i!&'(4! /'1-#/,1!Si!=!SjijI:!$%!-/,/!-130A%/!'&!K/.4!31!'#70#&%(&b!

/I N8! &3! J/-(1.! ,&! 3/! -130A%/! -1%(#&%&! 1(.1! J/-(1.! /%#,/,1! E&3! '0@8%,#-&! /*/.&-&! &%(.&! */.+%(&'#'I<!'&!*1%,.4!0%!F!&%!-/,/!J#3/!&%!3/!?0&!&'(1!1-0../!E*:&B:!-130A%/!#<!'&!*1%,.4! 0%!F!&%!3/!J#3/!-1..&'*1%,#&%(&!/!)nE#BI!=!&3E#BnI:!!

@I N8! &3! J/-(1.! ,&! 3/! -130A%/! &'! J#B1<! '&! *1%,.4! 0%! P! &%! -0/3?0#&.! J#3/! ?0&! -1%(&%7/! &3! '0@8%,#-&!J0&./!,&!0%1'!*/.+%(&'#'!E*:&B:<!-130A%/!i!.&*.&'&%(/!/3!J/-(1.!J#B1!S<!'&!*1%,.4!P! &%!3/'!J#3/'!S#!=!Sj#BI!

-I N8! &3! J/-(1.! &'! /3&/(1.#1! E(1,1'! 31'! /%#,/,1'! *:&B:I<! '&! *1%,.4! 0%! F! &%! -0/3?0#&.! J#3/! ?0&! -1%(&%7/!&3!'0@8%,#-&!,&!3/!-130A%/!J0&./!,&!*/.+%(&'#'!E*:&B:!)<!'&!*1%,.8/!0%!F!&%!)nE#BI<! -130A%/!nI:!

Apéndice 2. Técnicas de Análisis de la Varianza aplicadas a la Ecología y Biología Marina Experimental ,I M/./!-0/3?0#&.!J#3/!?0&!%1!-1%(&%7/!&3!'0@8%,#-&!,&!3/!-130A%/!'&!&'-.#@#.4!&3!%UA&.1!,&! %#L&3&'!,&3!J/-(1.!,&!3/!-130A%/!E*:&B:!&%!3/!-130A%/!i!'&!*1%,.4!&3!%UA&.1!,&!%#L&3&'!,&3! J/-(1.!-1..&'*1%,#&%(&!/!3/!-130A%/!#!E(I!&%!3/!J#3/!j<!?0&!%1!-1%(#&%&!3/!#I:! REGLA 3 ;/!A&,#/!-0/,./,/!,&!-/,/!J#3/!-1%(&%,.4!3/'!-1A*1%&%(&'!,&!3/!L/.#/-#2%!EL/.#/%6/'I!,&!3/'!1(./'! J#3/'!?0&!-1A*/.(/%!'0@8%,#-&:!;/'!.&73/'!*/.(#-03/.&'!'1%b!

/I $%! *.#A&.! 307/.<! */./! -/,/! 1*&./,1.! ,&! -130A%/! E&3! J/-(1.! ,&! -/,/! -130A%/I<! '&! #,&%(#J#-/.4%!3/'!-1A*1%&%(&'!,&!3/!L/.#/%6/!_V2_{?0&!'&!,&@&%!#%-30#.!&%!3/!&'(#A/-#2%!,&!3/!}

A&,#/!-0/,./,/!E9NI!-1A1!/?0&33/'!?0&!(&%7/!&3E31'I!A#'A1E'I!'0@8%,#-&E'I!c1B1<!,&@&%! '&.!(1,1'":!

@I R/,/!-1A*1%(&!,&!3/!L/.#/%6/!'&!A03(#*3#-/.4!*1.!(1,1'!31'!-1A*1%&%(&'!,&!3/'!-130A%/'! /0>#3#/.&'! &>-&*(1! *1.! &3! ,&! 3/E'I! ?0&! (#&%&E%I! &3E31'I! '0@8%,#-&E'I! ,&3! 1*&./,1.! ,&! -130A%/:! R1%! 0%! &B&A*31! &'! A4'! J4-#3:! M/./! S#<! ?0&! &'! &3! 1*&./,1.! ,&! -130A%/<! 31'! -1A*1%&%(&'!,&!3/!9N!'&.4%! 2_, 2_, 2 _y 2

e A TD T

V V V V <!*1.?0&!'&7U%!3/!.&73/!VE/I!-1%(#&%&%!3/!i:! $3! -1A*1%&%(&! 2

V ! '&! A03(#*3#-/! *1.! F! EF>F>FI<! &3! -1A*1%&%(&! 2

A V ! '&! A03(#*3#-/! *1.! %! EF>F>%I<!&3!-1A*1%&%(&! 2 TD V !'&!A03(#*3#-/!*1.!P!EP>/>%I!=!*1.!U3(#A1<!&3!-1A*1%&%(&! 2 T V !'&! A03(#*3#-/!*1.!,/%!E,>/>%I:!! -I M1.!U3(#A1<!*/./!3/!-130A%/!e!3/!A&,#/!-0/,./,/!&'! 2 e V <!?0&!.&*&.'&%(/!3/!L/.#/%6/!&%(.&! 3/'! %! .&*&(#-#1%&'! ,&! -/,/! *1'#@3&! (./(/A#&%(1:! N&7U%! 3/'! K#*2(&'#'! ,&3! A1,&31! #%#-#/3<! ,&@&.8/!'&.!#70/3!&%!-/,/!*1'#@3&!-1A@#%/-#2%!&>#'(&%(&:!

9.4. Determinación de los grados de libertad y los F's

M/./!-/3-03/.!31'!7./,1'!,&!3#@&.(/,!'&!,&@&!&A*3&/.!3/!'#70#&%(&!,&J#%#-#2%!EL&.!)*+%,#-&!F<! C%,&.D11,<!FGHFg!d#%&.<!FGfFIb!

El número de grados de libertad es igual al número de desviaciones cuadradas posibles menos el número de muestras independientes sobre las que las desviaciones son calculadas.

M/./!&%(&%,&.!&'(/!,&J#%#-#2%!K/=!?0&!#.'&!/!3/!,&J#%#-#2%!,&!L/.#/%6/!=!*&%'/.!&%!31'!(+.A#%1'!?0&! #%(&.L#&%&%!&%!'0!,&(&.A#%/-#2%:!C%!&B&A*31!'&!*0&,&!&%-1%(./.!&%!N/K/#!=!)7&&3!E\PPP<!*47:!FQ" FfI:!S/A@#+%!'&!*0&,&%!&%-1%(./.!.&73/'!*.4-(#-/'!-1A1!3/!,&J#%#-#2%!,&!7./,1'!,&!3#@&.(/,!,&!3/'! #%(&./--#1%&'!J/-(1.#/3&'!?0&!'1%!&3!*.1,0-(1!,&!31'!7./,1'!,&!3#@&.(/,!,&!31'!J/-(1.&'!*.#%-#*/3&':! M/./! ,&(&.A#%/.! &3! -1-#&%(&!F! /*.1*#/,1! */./! K/-&.! &3! -1%(./'(&! ,&! K#*2(&'#'! ,&! 0%/! J0&%(&! ,&! L/.#/-#2%! ,&(&.A#%/,/! ,&3! A1,&31! E0%/! J#3/! ,&! 3/! (/@3/I! '&! ,&@&! *.1-&,&.! -1%'(.0=&%,1! &3! -1&J#-#&%(&!,&3!'#70#&%(&!A1,1b! ! 1 2 MS F MS ! E)\:VXI! ,1%,&!9NF!&'!3/!A&,#/!-0/,./,/!,&!3/!L/.#/@3&!?0&!?0&.&A1'!/%/3#6/.!'#!#%J30=&!&%!3/!A&,#/!E*:&B:! */./! j<! '&.8/! 2 2 _{· · ·} 2 D e A D MS V nV t a n 2 A

V I! =! 9N\! ,&@&! #%-30#.! (1,1'! 31'! (+.A#%1'! ,&! L/.#/-#2%! ?0&! &'(4%! &%! 9NF! /! &>-&*-#2%! ,&! 3/! L/.#/%6/! ,&! 3/! L/.#/@3&! ?0&! /%/3#6/A1'! E&%! &3! &B&A*31<!

2 A e MS V nV I:!i/=!?0&!.&-1.,/.!?0&!*1.!,&J#%#-#2%!&'(&!-1&J#-#&%(&!'#.L&!*/./!/%/3#6/.!'#! 2 H V !&'! %031!EK#*2(&'#'!%03/I!1!%1:! - A2.23 -

Apéndice 2. Técnicas de Análisis de la Varianza aplicadas a la Ecología y Biología Marina Experimental

R1A1!'&!-1A&%(2!/%(&.#1.A&%(&<!/!L&-&'!%1!'&!*0&,&!,&J#%#.!0%!(&'(!*/./!.&/3#6/.!&3!-1%(./'(&!1!&3! (&'(!(#&%&!*1-/!*1(&%-#/!E*1.?0&!&3!,&%1A#%/,1.!(#&%&!*1-1'!7./,1'!,&!3#@&.(/,I:!$%!&'(1'!-/'1'! '&!*0&,&!.&/3#6/.!0%!/7.&7/,1!,&!,/(1'!-1%!0%!*.1-&,#A#&%(1!*1'(!K1-!,&3!?0&!'&!K/@3/.4!A4'! /,&3/%(&!E/*/.(/,1!G:[I:!!

M/./! (&.A#%/.<! '&! *0&,&! '&`/3/.! ?0&! &%! &3! 0'1! ,&!A1,&31'! 3#%&/3&'! /*/.&-&%! -#&.(1'! *.1@3&A/'! (+-%#-1'! -0/%,1! '&! &A*3&/%! A1,&31'! A#>(1'<! /?0&331'! &%! 31'! ?0&! 3/! A&,#/! -0/,./,/! ,&3! %0A&./,1.!-1..&'*1%,&!/!0%!J/-(1.!J#B1!=!3/!,&3!,&%1A#%/,1.!/!0%1!/3&/(1.#1:!$%!&'(/'!'#(0/-#1%&'<! &3!-1%'&%'1!7&%&./3#6/,1!&'!#7%1./.!&3!*.1@3&A/!*1(&%-#/3!?0&!*0&,&!'0.7#.!=!(./@/B/.!-1%!&'(1'! A1,&31'!EC%,&.D11,<!FGHFI:!

9.5. Determinación de las sumas cuadráticas

M/./!,&(&.A#%/.!3/'!'0A/'!-0/,.4(#-/'<!?0&!30&71!'&!-1%L&.(#.4%!&%!3/'!A&,#/'!-0/,.4(#-/'! ,#L#,#&%,1!3/'!'0A/'!,&!-0/,./,1'!&%(&!31'!7./,1'!,&!3#@&.(/:!M/./!&331<!'&!*0&,&%!&A*3&/.!31'! *.#%-#*#1'!.&-17#,1'!*:&B:!&%!N-K&JJ+!EFGQGI!1!&%!&3!)*+%,#-&!F!=!\!,&!C%,&.D11,!EFGHFI:!!

N#%! &A@/.71<! K/=! 0%! A+(1,1! A4'! '&%-#331! ?0&! -1%'#'(&! &%! &A*3&/.! */./! -0/3?0#&.! A1,&31! &3! -43-031!,&!3/'!'0A/'!,&!-0/,./,1'!ENNI!?0&!/..1B/.8/!0%!A1,&31!-1%!&3!A#'A1!%UA&.1!,&!J/-(1.&'! *&.1! ,&! (#*1! J/-(1.#/3:! ;/! ,&(&.A#%/-#2%! ,&! 3/'! J2.A03/'! 7&%&./3&'! */./! A1,&31'! J/-(1.#/3&'! &'! .&3/(#L/A&%(&! '&%-#33/<! =! &'(4! .&-17#,/! &%! *.4-(#-/A&%(&! -0/3?0#&.! 3#@.1! ,&! 3/! A/(&.#/! 1! &%! -0/3?0#&.!*/?0&(&!#%J1.A4(#-1!*/./!K/-&.!&3!)]^5):!

Tabla 6. Cálculo de las sumas cuadráticas en el modelo multifactorial del ejemplo (Underwood, 1981).

C%/!L&6!,&(&.A#%/,/'!3/'!NN!*/./!(1,1'!31'!J/-(1.&'!,&3!A1,&31!J/-(1.#/3<!31!?0&!'&!,&@&!K/-&.!&'! -/3-03/.! 3/! NN! */./! 31'! J/-(1.&'! ,&3! A1,&31! E&%! &3! &B&A*31! /%(&.#1.! \! 1.(171%/3&'<! F! /%#,/,1I!! &A*3&/%,1!(1,1'!31'!(+.A#%1'!,#'*1%#@3&'!,&3!A1,&31!J/-(1.#/3!0%/!U%#-/!L&6:!$%!3/!(/@3/!/%(&.#1.! '&!*.&'&%(/%!31'!,/(1'!*/./!&3!A1,&31!,&3!&B&A*31!?0&!'&!K/!,&'-.#(1:!

9.6. Procedimientos para agrupar datos

$%!3/!-1%'(.0--#2%!,&!A1,&31'<!'&!*0&,&!/*.1L&-K/.!&>*&.#&%-#/!*.&L#/!,&!1(.1'!/0(1.&'!1!,&! &>*&.#A&%(1'!*#31(1!*/./!&3#A#%/.!,&3!A1,&31!J/-(1.&'!?0&!%1!(#&%&%!#%J30&%-#/!&%!&3!*/.4A&(.1!/! /%/3#6/.:! M/./! *1,&.! 1A#(#.! &'(1'! J/-(1.&'<!'&! ,&@&! B0'(#J#-/.! &'(1!-1%! 31!=/!-1A&%(/,1! E&%'/=1'!

Apéndice 2. Técnicas de Análisis de la Varianza aplicadas a la Ecología y Biología Marina Experimental

- A2.25 -

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Bibliografía del capítulo

10.BIBLIOGRAFÍA

W/.(3&((<!9:N:!EFGXfI:!kThe Use of Transformations k!W#1A&(.#-'!VEFIb!VG"Q\:!

W1><!p:$:M:!EFGQVI:!kNon-Normality and Tests on Variances.k!W#1A&(.#n/!XPEVuXIb!VFH"VVQ:!

R1-K./%<!d:p:!EFGXfI:!kSome Consequences When the Assumptions for the Analysis of Variance are not Satisfied k!W#1A&(.#-'!VEFIb!\\"VH:!

R1-K./%<!d:p:!EFGQfI:!kAnalysis of Covariance: Its Nature and Uses k!W#1A&(.#-'!FVEVIb!\[F"\HF:! R1-K./%<!d:p:!=!R1><!p:9:!EFGQfI:!Experimental Designs:!]&D!m1.n<!t1K%!d#3&=!}!N1%'!

j/=<! r:d:! =! q0#%%<! p:M:! EFGHGI:! kComparisons of Treatments After an Analysis of Variance.k! $-1317#-/3!91%17./*K'!QGEXIb!XVV"X[V:!

j/=(1%<! M:o:! EFGfFI:! kCompetition, Disturbance, and Community Organization: The Provision and Subsequent Utilization of Space in a Rocky Intertidal Community k! $-1317#-/3! 91%17./*K'! XFEXIb!VQF"VHG:!

$,D/.,'<!j:R:!=!i0&@%&.<!t:j:!EFGffI:!kFeeding and Growth Rates of Polinices Duplicatus Preying on Mya Arenaria at Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts k!$-1317=!QHE[Ib!F\FH"F\V[:!

_#'K&.<!r:):!EFGVQI:!The Design of Experiments:!$,#[email protected]<!^3#L#&.!}!W1=,!

o.0'n/3<!d:i:!=!d/33#'<!d:):!EFGQ\I:!kUse of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis k!t10.%/3!1J!(K&! )A&.#-/%!N(/(#'(#-/3!)''1-#/(#1%!XfE\[PIb!QHV"[\F:!

;0%,<! r:$:! =! ;0%,<! t:r:! EFGHVI:! kAlgorithm AS 190: Probabilities and Upper Quantiles for the Studentized Range k! t10.%/3! 1J! (K&! r1=/3! N(/(#'(#-/3! N1-#&(=:! N&.#&'! R! E)**3#&,! N(/(#'(#-'I! V\E\Ib!\PX"\FP:!

9&%7&<!W:):!EFGf[I:!kOrganization of the New England Rocky Intertidal Community: Role of Predation, Competition, and Environmental Heterogeneity k!$-1317#-/3!91%17./*K'!X[EXIb!VQQ"VGV:! N/K/#<!i:!=!)7&&3<!9:T:!E\PPPI:!The Analysis of Variance. Fixed, Random and Mixed Models.!W1'(1%<!

W#.nK~0'&.!

N-K&JJ+<!i:!EFGQGI:!The Analysis of Variance:!]&D!m1.n<!t1K%!d#3&=!}!N1%'!

N%&,&-1.<! p:d:! =! R1-K./%<! d:p:! EFGHGI:!Statistical Methods:! )A&'<! T1D/<! T1D/! N(/(&! C%#L&.'#(=! M.&''!

C%,&.D11,<! ):t:! EFGHFI:! kTechniques of analysis of variance in experimental marine biology and ecology.k!^-&/%17./*K#-!/%,!9/.#%&!W#1317#-/3:!)%%0/3!r&L#&D!FGb!QFV"[PQ:!

C%,&.D11,<!):t:!EFGGfI:!Experiments in Ecology. Their logical design and interpretaion using analysis of variance:!R/A@.#,7&<!R/A@.#,7&!C%#L&.'#(=!M.&''!

5/%-&<!r:r:!EFGf\I:!kThe Role of Shell Adequacy in Behavioral Interactions Involving Hermit Crabs k! $-1317=!QVE[Ib!FPfQ"FPHV:!

d#3n<!9:W:! =!o&A*(K1.%&<!^:! EFGGQI:! kFixed, Mixed, and Random Models k! t10.%/3! 1J! (K&!)A&.#-/%! N(/(#'(#-/3!)''1-#/(#1%!QPE\f\Ib!FFXX"FF[f:!

d#%&.<!W:t:<!W.1D%<!j:r:!=!9#-K/&3'<!o:9:!EFGGFI:!Statistical principles in experimental design:!9:"i:!':! #:!*'=-K1317=L<!9-p./D"i#33bFPf\*47':!

Apéndice 2. Técnicas de Análisis de la Varianza aplicadas a la Ecología y Biología Marina Experimental ! ! !

ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS

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ÍNDICE DE TABLAS

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A03

RESULTADOS DE LOS ENSAYOS

In document LIFE BECKONING: A thematic analysis of change in a deprived boy in long term foster care, during intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy (Page 31-45)