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EVOLUTION STUDY

ELENA CERVELLI, ESTER SCOTTO DI PERTA ANNALISA DI MARTINO

2 MATHERIALS AND METHODS

2.4 LANDSCAPE METRICS

Land use and land cover change determines landscape patterns and affects the ability of ecosystems to provide the services and biodiversity on which humans ultimately depend: LUCC, as result of new policies and human activities, can modify the original structural integrity of landscape, with cost (to avoid) or benefits (to facilitate) the ecological flows.

Landscape metrics (LMs) can help understanding and analyzing these changes, providing valuable information to improve the assessment of ecological functioning, economic wealth and aesthetic value of a region.

In this paper, LMs was used to analyze the eventually fragmentation of landscape patterns in the various historical steps studied. Specifically, in landscape level metrics, the “Aggregation” metrics were considered.

These metrics refer to the tendency of patch types to be spatially aggregated. This property is also often referred to as landscape texture, and it is, usually, used as an umbrella term to describe several closely related concepts of dispersion and interspersion, subdivision, and isolation.

Specifically, we referred to: Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), Aggregation Index (AI), Percentage of Like Adjacencies (PLADJ), Patch Cohesion Index (COHESION), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), Landscape Division Index (DIVISION).

Four LU/LC vector maps, arising from ArcGIS interpreting phase, were converted into 4 raster image, in order to run Fragstat software; cell size defined is 1x1m, less then ½ the narrowest dimension of the smallest patches. Input grids consist in square cell, with metric projection (ETRS89, UTM 33N).

Starting from raster LU/LC maps, the LMs were quantified by means of Fragstat software, defining 8 cell neighbourhood role and class metric as sampling strategy.

3 RESULTS

About georeferencing process of historical maps, to get attainable results, GCPs were selected firstly in the urban centers where easily identifiable persistent elements there were. All maps were georeferenced through first order polynomial transformation. The RMS was in the order of tens of meters, and this has allowed a satisfactory level of processing accuracy to be achieved.

About land use change comparison, the results were organized comparing a pairs of subsequent maps: 1817-1907; 1907-1960; 1960-2009 and 1817-2009. In 1817, agricultural uses affect more than half (43%) of the total area, if also the vineyards are accounted in the agricultural areas, this percentage increases up to 64%.

In the period 1817-1907, the 51% of total area changes, especially due to changes of vineyards and urban surfaces.

In the period 1907-1960 the countertrend from vineyards to other agricultural uses was the main characteristic. In the period 1690-2009 it is possible to observe a strong reduction of agricultural lands caused by the markedly expansion of urban areas. Finally, Tab. 1 shows the results of comparison for whole period 1817-2009: about the 51% of the total area change in land uses, during the last two centuries. Main changes

concern the “vineyards” which are quite all disappeared within the study area, and the “urban” areas, that

Agricultural uses 48463.2 0 22668 818.4 262 72211.6

Vineyards 21720.4 0 9340 1697.6 1984.8 34742.8

Urban 709.2 0 4418.4 74.8 100.4 5302.8

Sparsely vegetated 335.6 0 562.8 596.8 291.6 1786.8

Forests 9876 243.6 3988.8 10387.6 29715.2 54211.2

Sum Map 2 (2009) 81104.4 243.6 40978 13575.2 32354 168255.2

Tab. 1 Land use change comparison: Transformation matrix (period 1817-2009) (Source: our elaboration, 2018)

About landscape metrics, the NP metric shows the doubling of the number of patches over two centuries (from 171 to 381) as confirmed also by the PD metric (from 1.02 to 2.26). The LSI metric underlines how the patches perimeter is currently more indented than in 1817: also in this case the value is doubled (from 10.68 to 20.40).

Finally, PLADJ, COHESION, DIVISION and AI metrics show a more disaggregated landscape than 1817.

4 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

The present work has highlighted how the availability of historical cartographic documentation (with high geodesic accuracy) and its integration in geographical information systems (GIS) can support multi-temporal analyses of landscape (Campana, 2003). The quality and reliability of the historical cartography used (Visconti 1817, IGM 1907) was confirmed by the overlapping of the georeferenced maps with the CTR of the Campania Region. A weakness of geodesic historical mapping is the lack of a greater detail in LU classes (for example in the agricultural use class it was not possible to distinguish between the arable land or the vegetable garden or other).

The only exception is the vineyards, whose very clear symbology starting from the cartography of 1817, has allowed separating the relative class from other agricultural uses. The comparison analysis of thematic LU/LC maps showed that about 50% of the Vesuvian landscape has been affected by LUC during the last two hundred years. The awareness of favorable environmental conditions (the climate and the volcanic nature of the land) and of traditions and quality certifications, could have supported the permanence, in the study area, of the vineyards, today almost totally substituted by other agricultural uses. Further observations can be made regarding the urban and artificial areas growth (+80% from 1960 to 2009, about 24% of total area in 2009 against the 3% in 1817 or 4% in 1960), according to the Italian trend, starting from the 1960s and which is not justified by the increase in population in the same period (+ 20%, on a national basis).

The landscape metrics analysis emphasizes a recent pattern certainly more fragmented, compared to the one of two centuries ago. The trends are confirmed in the various time steps examined, with the exception of the Touring Club map (1960), maybe due to the scale of the map, 1: 200.000, which inevitably simplifies the polygons. By integrating the results of landscape fragmentation with LUCs, further investigations will be carried

out on the class scale and not just on the landscape scale, especially for classes “urban areas” and “forest”, in order to highlight reciprocal relations or pressures. The study on the land uses dynamics confirms to be a useful tool to support the land-use planning and management, in terms of verification, monitoring and comparison, but also simulation and projection, of the policies and strategies for sustainable landscape development and for the landscape-environmental heritage management: landscape fragmentation risk, loss of biodiversity, climate changes, hydrogeological instability are the main challenges in which historical land use changes (and their effects) GIS-based study can contribute to implement the knowledge of the land context and to support sustainable strategies.

5 ACKOWLEDGEMENT

This paper was supported by Vesuvio National Park and Dia-UNINA Convenzione and Project “Sostenibilità in Agricoltura” funded by Rural Development Program for 2014 – 2020 of Campania Region.

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WEB SITES

RIKS (2018). Retrieved from http://www.riks.nl/news. Last access June 2018.

AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Elena Cervelli, RTDA (art. 24, L. 240/10) in “AGR/10 Rural buildings and agro-forest land planning”, PhD in Territorial Planning and Science (Di.Pi.S.T. - University of Naples Federico II), Architect, graduate cum laude at the Second University of Naples “SUN”; she attended the post graduate course in "The new urban policies" at the University Roma 3. Her research fields are landscape, territory and environment, with a focus on landscape rehabilitation and regeneration, land use changing sustainable processes and environmental assessment (ecosystem services, landscape metrics). Since 2010 she collaborates with the Department of Agricultural Science - University of Naples “Federico II”. In the past years, she collaborated with the National Research Council of Italy, involved in international research projects funded by European Union and United Nations (UNDP United Nations Development Programme), with the Department of Architecture of the University of L'Aquila and the Department of Architecture of the Second University of Naples.

Ester Scotto di Perta, Post-doc Research Grant in “AGR/10 Rural buildings and agro-forest land planning”. She held a PhD with honours in “Sciences of crops and animals production” at the University of Tuscia in Viterbo (Italy). Prior, she has completed graduate studies in Environmental Engineering with honours at University of Naples "Federico II". Her research interests concern the manure management and the gas emissions problems from the spreading of livestock manure, focusing on the different methods to measure the volatilization of ammonia during livestock farming operations, such as the mass balance IHF method and the dynamic flux chamber method. During her PhD studies, she carried out her internship abroad at the Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology (KMB), University of Denmark (SDU).

Stefania Pindozzi is tenure track -researcher of Rural buildings and agro-forest land planning at the Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II. She completed her PhD in Science and Technologies for Environmental and Forest Management at the University of Tuscia in Viterbo (Italy) and her undergraduate studies in Environmental Engineering, with honor, at University of Naples Federico II. Her research interests include land use change scenarios analysis, environmental impacts of livestock manure management practices and biomass supply chain.

She has collaborated actively with researchers in several other disciplines from agricultural science and engineering. She has published papers in national and international journals about the environmental and agricultural engineering sector.

How to cite item in APA format:

In A. Leone & C. Gargiulo (Eds.), Environmental and territorial modelling for planning and design.

(pp. 52 - 55). Naples: FedOAPress. ISBN: 978-88-6887-048-5, doi: 10.6093/978-88-6887-048-5

ABSTRACT

Landscape fragmentation (LF) is one of the main negative effects due to transport and mobility