114
Allan, S. (2006). Online news: Journalism and the Internet. New York, NY: Open University
Press.
Allan, S. (2009). Histories of citizen journalism. In S. Allan, & E. Thorsen (Eds.), Citizen
journalism (pp. 17-31). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Altmann, T. K. (2008). Attitude: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 43(3), 144-150.
Ashrowan, C. (2014, September 29). Introducing our new live blogs. Retrieved from
http://next.theguardian.com/blog/liveblog-redesign/
Babbie, E. (2007). The basics of social research (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing
Co.
Banks, J., & Deuze, M. (2009). Co-creative labour. International Journal of Cultural Studies,
12(5), 419-431.
Bantz, C. R. (1982). Exploring uses and gratifications: A comparison of reported uses of television
and reported uses of favorite program type. Communication Research, 9(3), 352-379.
BBC (n.d.). Editorial guidelines: Introduction. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/accuracy/
BBC (2015, February 9). Local Live – giving users access to BBC newsrooms. Retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-21045859
Brick, M. (2011). The future of survey sampling. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), 872-888.
Brooks, B. S., Kennedy, G., Moen, D. R., & Ranly, D. (2002). News reporting and writing (7th
115
Carbonaro, M., Bainbridge, J., & Wolodko, B. (2002). Using Internet surveys to gather research
data from teachers: Trials and tribulations. Australian Journal of Educational Technology,
18(3), 275-292.
Chen, G. M. (2011). Tweet this: A uses and gratifications perspective on how active Twitter use
gratifies a need to connect with others. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 755–762.
Couper, M. P. (2011). The future of modes of data collection. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5),
889-908.
Cutler, N. E., & Danowski, J. A. (1980). Process gratification in aging cohorts. Journalism & Mass
Communication Quarterly, 57(2), 269-276.
Dahlberg, L. (2001). The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online
deliberative forums extending the public sphere. Information, Communication & Society,
4(4), 615-633.
December, J. (1996). Units of analysis for Internet communication. Journal of Communication,
46(1), 14–38.
Deuze, M. (2004). What is multimedia journalism? Journalism Studies, 5(2), 139-152.
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists
reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
Diddi, A., & LaRose, R. (2006). Getting hooked on news: Uses and gratifications and the
formation of news habits among college students in an Internet environment. Journal of
116
Dimmick, J., Chen, Y., & Li, Z. (2004). Competition between the Internet and traditional news
media: The gratification-opportunities niche dimension. The Journal of Media Economics,
17(1), 19-33.
Domingo, D., Quandt, T., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., Singer, J. B., & Vujnovic, M. (2008).
Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: An international comparative
study of initiatives in online newspapers. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 326-342.
Drumheller, K. (2005). Millennial dogma: A fantasy theme analysis of the millennial generation's
uses and gratifications of religious content media. Journal of Communication & Religion,
28(1), 47-70.
Fife-Schaw, C. (2006). Levels of measurement. In G. Breakwell, S. M. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw,
& J. A. Smith (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (pp. 50-63). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Gerhards, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2010). Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and
new media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143–160.
Gerson, W. M. (1966). Mass media socialization behavior: Negro-white differences. Social
Forces, 45(1), 40-50.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals'
social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-mediated
Communication, 17(3), 319–336.
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category
of bourgeois society (T. Burger, Trans). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of
117
Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Toward a universal theory.
Communication Theory, 17(4), 367–385.
Hayes, A. F. (2005). Statistical methods for communication science. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hayes, A. S., Singer, J. B., & Ceppos, J. (2007). Shifting roles, enduring values: The credible
journalist in a digital age. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 22(4), 262-279.
Heise, N., Loosen, W., Reimer, J., & Schmidt, J.-H. (2014). Including the audience: Comparing
the attitudes and expectations of journalists and users towards participation in German TV
news journalism. Journalism Studies, 15(4), 411-430.
Hermida, A. (2012). Tweets and truth: Journalism as a discipline of collaborative verification.
Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 659-668.
Hermida, A. (2013). #Journalism: Reconfiguring journalism research about Twitter, one tweet at
a time. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 295-313.
Hermida, A. (2015). Nothing but the truth: Redrafting the journalistic boundary of verification. In
M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices
and participation (pp. 37-50). London and New York: Routledge.
Hermida, A., & Thurman, N. (2008). A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content
within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism
Practice, 2(3), 343-356.
Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend: Decoding the
social media news consumer. Journalism Studies, 13(5-6), 815-824.
118
Hujanen, J. (2016). Participation and the bluring values of journalism. Journalism Studies, 17(7),
871-888.
Israel, G. D. (1992, November). Analyzing survey data. Program Evaluation and Organizational
Development, IFAS, University of Florida. PEOD-8.
Jönsson, A. M., & Örnebring, H. (2011). User-generated content and the news: Empowerment of
citizens or interactive illusion? Journalism Practice, 2, 127-144.
Karlsson, M. (2011). The immediacy of online news, the visibility of journalistic processes and a
restructuring of journalistic authority. Journalism, 12(3), 279-295.
Karlsson, M. (2010). Rituals of transparency: Evaluating online news outlets' uses of transparency
rituals in the United States, United Kingdom and Sweden. Journalism Studies, 11(4), 535-
545.
Karlsson, M., Clerwall, C., & Nord, L. (2016). Do not stand corrected: Transparency and users’
attitudes to inaccurate news and corrections in online journalism. Journalism & Mass
Communication Quarterly, 1-20.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973-1974). Uses and gratifications research. Public
Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523.
Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the
individual. In J. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communication: Current
perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19-34). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things.
119
Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2002). Online and in the know: Uses and gratifications of the web
for political information. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), 54-71.
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know
and the public should expect (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
Krosnick, J. A. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567.
Kunelius, R. (2006). Good Journalism. On the evaluation criteria of some interested and
experienced actors. Journalism Studies, 7(5), 671-690.
Lasswell, H. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In L. Bryson, The
communication of ideas (pp. 37-51). New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Lindner, A. M. (2016). Editorial gatekeeping in citizen journalism. New Media & Society, 1-17.
Lowery, S. A., & DeFleur, M. L. (1995). Milestones in mass communication research (3rd ed.).
White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers USA.
McEnnis, S. (2016). Following the action: How live bloggers are reimagining the professional
ideology of sports journalism. Journalism Practice, 10(8), 967-982.
Mitchelstein, E., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2009). Between tradition and change: A review of recent
research on online news production. Journalism, 10(5), 562-586.
Moore, M. (2012). Interactive media usage among millennial consumers. Journal of Consumer
Marketing, 29(6), 436-444.
Nah, S., & Chung, D. S. (2012). When citizens meet both professional and citizen journalists:
Social trust, media credibility, and perceived journalistic roles among online community
120
Nanabhay, M., & Farmanfarmaian, R. (2011). From spectacle to spectacular: How physical space,
social media and mainstream broadcast amplified the public sphere in Egypt's ‘Revolution’. The Journal of North African Studies, 16(4), 573-603.
Nip, J. Y. (2006). Exploring the second phase of public journalism. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 212-
236.
O’Mahony, K. (2014, May 19). As it happens: how live news blogs work and their future.
Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56792/
O’Sullivan, J., & Heinonen, A. (2008). Old values, new media: Journalism role perceptions in a
changing world. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 357-371.
Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. (1980). Relations between gratifications sought and
obtained: A study of television news. Communication Research, 7(2), 161-192.
Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. (1981). Gratification discrepancies and news program
choice. Communication Research, 8(4), 451-478.
Pantic, M., Whiteside, E.E., & Cvetkovic, I. (forthcoming, 2017). Employing transparency in live-
blogs: the case of the Guardian. Newspaper Research Journal.
Pantic, M. (2017). Active Readers: Exploring uses and gratifications of live blogs. American
Communication Journal, 19(1).
Papacharissi, Z. (2009). Uses and gratifications. In D. W. Stacks & M.B. Salwen (Eds.), An
integrated approach to communication theory and research (2nded., pp. 137-152). New
York, NY: Routledge.
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society,
121
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media, 44(2), 175-196.
Paulussen, S., & Ugille, P. (2008). User generated content in the newsroom: Professional and
organisational constraints on participatory journalism. Westminster Papers in
Communication and Culture, 5(2), 24-41.
Pearson, J. C., Carmon, A., Tobola, C., & Fowler, M. (2009/2010). Motives for communication:
Why the Millennial generation uses electronic devices. Journal of the Communication,
Speech & Theatre, 22, 45-55.
Peters, C., & Witschge. (2015). From grand narratives of democracy to small expectations of
participation: Audiences, citizenship, and interactive tools in digital journalism.
Journalism Practice, 9(1), 19-34.
Phillips, A. (2015). Journalism in context: Practice and theory for the digital age. New York, NY:
Routledge.
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication
& Society, 3(1), 3-37.
Scott, J., Millard, D. & Leonard, P. (2015). Citizen participation in news. Digital Journalism, 3(5),
737-758.
Shao, G. (2009). Understanding the appeal of user-generated media: a uses and gratification
perspective. Internet Research, 19(1), 7-25.
Shapiro, M. A. (2002). Generalizability in communication research. Human Communication
122
Singer, J. B. (2015). Out of bounds: Professional norms and boundary markers. In M. Carlson, &
S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices and participation
(pp. 21-36). London and New York: Routledge.
Singleton Jr, R. A., & Straits, B. C. (2010). Approaches to social research (5th ed.). New York:
Oxford University Press.
Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004). Determining uses and gratifications for
the Internet. Decision Sciences, 35(2), 259-288.
Steensen, S. (2009). What's stopping them? Towards a grounded theory of innovation in online
journalism. Journalism Studies, 10(6), 821-836.
Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504-525.
Thayer-Hart, N., Dykema, J., Elver, K., & Schaeffer, N. C. (2010). Survey fundamentals: A guide
to designing and implementing surveys. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Survey
Center.
Thurman, N. (2008). Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives
by online news media. New Media & Society, 10(1), 139-157.
Thurman, N., & Newman, N. (2014). The future of breaking news online? A study of live blogs
through surveys of their consumption, and of readers' attitudes and participation.
Journalism Studies, 15(5), 655-667.
Thurman, N., & Schapals, A. K. (2017). Live blogs, sources, and objectivity: The contradictions
of real-time online reporting. In B. Franklin, & S. Eldrige II, The Routledge companion to
123
Thurman, N., Schifferes, S., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Hunt, S., & Schapals, A. K. (2016). Giving
computers a nose for news: Exploring the limits of story detection and verification. Digital
Journalism, 4(7), 838-848.
Thurman, N., & Walters, A. (2013). Live blogging - digital journalism's pivotal platform? A case
study of the production, consumption, and form of Live Blogs at Guardian.co.uk. Digital
Journalism, 1(1), 82-101.
Valentine, A. (2013). Uses and gratifications of Facebook members 35 years or older. In A. B.
Albarran (Ed.), The social media industries (pp. 166-190). New York, NY: Routledge. Vincent, R. C., & Basil, M. D. (1997). College students’ news gratifications, media use, and
current events knowledge. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41(3), 380-392.
Williams, B., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2004). Monica and Bill all the time and everywhere: The
collapse of gatekeeping and agenda setting in the new media environment. American
Behavioral Scientist, 47, 1208-1230.
Wright, C. R. (1974). Functional analysis and mass communication revisited. In J. G. Blumler, &
E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communication (pp. 197-212). Beverly Hills: Sage
124