JIS X 6936 (2005) Information technology – Office equipment –
6. Methods for odour determination (both quantitative and qualitative)
In the following table an overview is given of the existing/available methods/standards for odour determination.
1-2-3: optical system 4: filter 5: pump 6:
diode 7: pulsanalysator 8: size classifier 9-10: storage and readout of the signal
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Method/standard Scope/title Principle
NBN EN 13725 (2003) Air quality - Determination of
odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry
Dynamic olfactometry
NVN 2818 (2005) Odour quality - Sensory
determination of the hedonic tone of an odour using an olfactometer
Hedonic tone
ECA report N°20 (1999) Sensory evaluation of indoor
air quality
NF P 01-010 (2004) Qualité environnementale des
produits de construction - déclaration environnementale et sanitaire des produits de construction
Of importance for indoor air is section 7 ―Contribution du produit à l‘évaluation des risques sanitaires et de la qualité de vie à l‘intérieur du bâtiment‖ (section 7.3.4: ‖Confort olfactive‖) &
Apendix A: ―Données utiles à l‘évaluation des
caractéristiques sanitaires‖ VTT Reseach Note 2262
(2004)
Sensory evaluation method of building materials for
labelling purposes Danish Society of Indoor
Climate (ICL, 2003)
Standard Test Method For Determination of the Indoor-Relevant Time-Value by Chemical Analysis and Sensory Evaluation
Combination of chemical and sensory measurements
The Building Information Foundation RTS (2004)
Emission Classification of Building Materials: Protocol for Chemical and Sensory Testing of
Building Materials
Combination of chemical and sensory measurements
VDI 3882-Part2- Olfactometry Determination
of Hedonic Odour Tone
Hedonic tone
VDI 3882-Part1 Olfactometry Determination
of Odour Intensity
Odour Intensity
NF ISO 5492 Analyse sensorielle-
Vocabulaire
AFNOR NFX 43-101 (1986) Qualité de l‘air-méthode de
mesurage de l‘odeur d‘un effluent gazeux-détermination du facteur de dilution au seuil de perception.
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AFNOR NFX 43-104 Qualité de l‘air-Atmosphères
odorantes-méthodes de prélèvement.
AFNOR NFX 43-103 Mesurage olfactométrique-
Mesurage de l‘odeur d‘un effluent gazeux. Méthode supralaminaire.
Odour Intensity
NT BUILD 482 Building materials : emissions
testing using the climpaq
Austrian UZ 35 Österreichisches
Umweltzeichen-Textile Fußbodenbeläge
Natureplus label International label Ecological label for building
materials
VDA 270 Détermination du
comportement odoriférant des matériaux de l'équipement intérieur des voitures
Odour intensity
SNV 195 651 Standard No details found
VDI 3881 part 1 Odour threshold
determination: Fundamentals
VDI 3881 part 2 Odour threshold
determination: Sampling
VDI 3881 part 3 Odour threshold
determination: Olfactometers with gas jet dilution
VDI 3881 part 4 Odour threshold
determination: form and test report.
ASTM E544-76(1981) Standard Practices for
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
ASTM E544-75(1997) Standard Practices for
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
ASTM E544-99(2004) Standard Practices for
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
ISO 5725-1 Exactitude (justesse et fidélité)
des résultats et méthodes de mesure – Partie 1 : Principes généraux et définitions
ISO 5725-2 Exactitude (justesse et fidélité)
des résultats et méthodes de mesure – Partie 2 : Méthode
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de base pour la détermination de la répétabilité d'une méthode de mesure normalisée
ASTM E-18 (1968) Manual on sensory testing
methods.
prEN ISO 16000-9, Part 9 Détermination des émissions
de composés organiques volatils de produits de construction et d‘objets d‘équipement. Méthode de la chambre d'essai d'émission (ancienne prEN 13419-1) Table 9: Overview of available test methods for the odour determination
6.1. Sensory evaluation: overview
6.1.1. Why a sensory evaluation?
Measuring only chemical emissions does not provide enough information to characterize the impact of building materials on indoor quality. Statistical analysis between single VOC and sensory assessment values confirms that is not practical to try to evaluate the odour acceptability
of a building material on the basis of its emission profile115. Knudsen and al. also showed that
building products continue to affect the perceived air quality, even when the concentrations of
selected odour intensive primary VOCs were well below their respective odour thresholds116.
Our knowledge of the interaction of odours of single compounds is also very limited. Sensory evaluation must be performed separately using human subjects as detectors, since chemical measurements can not substitute for human olfactory system, which processes the chemical
stimulus resulting to a personal response115.
6.1.2. Odour components
From physiological response point of view, odour perception can be divided in four major components: detectability (which corresponding to the detection threshold), intensity, quality and hedonic tone. This perception varies largely with the person and is influenced by a lot of factors
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6.1.3. Selection of subjects
Some of the interlaboratory variations can be attributed to this panel differences. Therefore, European/National standardised panel selection procedures should be established. Important factors are: sensory sensitivity, representativeness to the target population and personality variables. Panels may become more comparable by training to meet common performance criteria.
Furthermore, panel members must be unbiased (occupants of problem buildings, family staff members… should not be used). The documentation of the panel should include: gender, age, smoking habits, criteria for why some subjects may have been excluded, measures of sensory sensitivity and its representativeness as to a specified population117.
The composition of the panel depends on the purpose of the test. This purpose should be displayed. Sometimes the test panel is recommended to comprise selected, sensitive persons, at other times naive subjects are preferred. In laboratory testing there should be at least 15 persons
in the panel117.
6.1.4. Limits and quality requirements of sensory evaluations
There is a great need for improving the level of measurement in sensory evaluations. For that purpose the discipline of psychophysics provides many techniques and testing procedures for obtaining sensory data from human subjects. In order to obtain comparability between sensory evaluations, they have to be calibrated or standardised. For calibration it is necessary to use references. A number of reference chemicals have been suggested for sensory investigations of
air quality (see chapter 6.7)117.
For design and control purposes, a reasonable assumption is that the perceived intensity of odours plays the major role in the generation of odour discomfort. In case another attribute than perceived odour intensity is being used, e.g. odour acceptability, its psychophysical exposure-
response data should be compared to perceived odour intensity data117.
All perceived intensity measures for odour or sensory irritation should be reported also as concentration equivalents of the reference chemical being used. Some methods require that a dilution series be made of the original air sample and therefore its odour/irritation must be fairly intense to start with. These methods include the method of limit and the method of constant stimulus (see chapter 7). Therefore, they are suitable only for laboratory testing117.
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6.2. Odour components and labels/standards
A lot of labels exist but few of them include sensory evaluation in their methodology. Odour assessment labels are described below, first of all in terms of major components of the odour (detectability, intensity, quality and hedonic tone), in the chapter 6.3 in terms of methodology principles and in the chapter 6.4 in terms of tool requirements.
6.2.1. Detectability/ Odour concentration/ Sensory threshold
The odour concentration definition refers to the concept of dilution factor firstly introduced by Zwaardemaker in 1888. The underlying idea is that the higher the odour concentration is, the more the sample has to be diluted to reach the olfactory threshold. So, the odour concentration corresponds to the dilution factor which must be applied to a sample to reach the level where it does not smell anymore. The following equation translates this dilution:
Vo Vi 1 Vo Vi Vo C Z