The four age segments were compared in pairs using multi-group analysis (MGA) to verify if there was significant difference existing between groups in relation to the hypothesised constructs. The MGA analysis generated a parametric test for each paired group and these was used to assess if there was any difference between the groups. The following provides details of the pairwise comparison conducted.
5.14.1 Pre-seniors versus young-old
Using MGA analysis, the pre-seniors group was compared with the young-old group to test for difference. The parametric test result indicated there was no significant difference between the pre-seniors and the young-old group for all the hypothesised constructs with all the derived p-values greater than 0.05. The result of this comparison is presented in table 38. Table 38: Test for difference between the Pre-seniors and the Young-old group
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors
vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO) ATT -> INT 0.135 1.321 0.187 NO COMP -> ATT 0.051 0.993 0.321 NO INT -> ACU 0.036 0.334 0.739 NO PBC -> INT 0.071 0.707 0.480 NO PEOU -> ATT 0.047 0.847 0.397 NO PU -> ATT 0.022 0.357 0.721 NO SN -> INT 0.132 1.181 0.238 NO TRUST -> ATT 0.078 1.091 0.276 NO TRUST -> INT 0.046 0.478 0.632 NO
Note: significance level for test is p< 0.05
5.14.2 Pre-seniors versus old-old group
showed that between the pre-seniors and the old-old, there was a significant difference in the way attitude impacted on the intention to use tablets with β=0.216, t=1.975 and p=0.049. This means that the behavioural intention to use tablets differs between the pre-seniors and old-old group depending on their attitude towards the device. For instance, the attitude towards a tablet device from the pre-seniors’ perspective might be based on its appropriateness for conducting work activities, which in turn leads to their intention to use or not use the tablet. On the other hand, the old-old group’s attitude formation might be based on the screen size of the tablet device, which in turn leads to their intention to use behaviour. Furthermore, the other hypothesised constructs indicated no significant difference. This implies that these other factors or constructs are likely to have similar impact on both the pre-seniors and the old-old group. Table 39 shows the details of the parametric test for difference between the pre-seniors and old-old group.
Table 39: Test for difference between the Pre-seniors and the Old-old group
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors
vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO)
ATT -> INT 0.216 1.975 0.049 YES
COMP -> ATT 0.087 1.271 0.204 NO INT -> ACU 0.160 1.088 0.277 NO PBC -> INT 0.028 0.210 0.834 NO PEOU -> ATT 0.008 0.102 0.918 NO PU -> ATT 0.021 0.247 0.805 NO SN -> INT 0.000 0.001 0.999 NO TRUST -> ATT 0.043 0.499 0.618 NO TRUST -> INT 0.135 1.055 0.292 NO
Note: significance level for test is p< 0.05
5.14.3 Pre-seniors group versus very-old group
In testing for difference between the pre-seniors group and the very-old group, result showed that three of the hypothesised constructs were significant.
Firstly, the result showed that between both groups, there was a significant difference in the impact attitude had on the intention to use with β= 0.508, t= 3.948 and p= 0.000. This implies that both groups’ intention to use or not use tablets is driven by their different
attitude formation.
In addition, there was a significant difference in the effect perceived behavioural control had on each of the group in relation to the intention to use tablet with β= 0.388, t= 2.662 and p= 0.008. This means that each group’s intention to use tablets is driven by how much control they perceive in terms of skill, knowledge and or resources.
Furthermore, trust also showed a significant difference in determining attitude between the pre-seniors and the very-old group with β= 0.261, t= 3.016 and p= 0.003. This implies that the attitude formation towards using tablets between both groups differ depending on their individual perception of trust. The result derived from this parametric test is presented in table 40.
Table 40: Parametric test for difference between the Pre-seniors and the Very-old group
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors
vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO)
ATT -> INT 0.508 3.948 0.000 YES
COMP -> ATT 0.024 0.263 0.793 NO INT -> ACU 0.179 0.809 0.419 NO PBC -> INT 0.388 2.662 0.008 YES PEOU -> ATT 0.065 0.675 0.500 NO PU -> ATT 0.200 1.760 0.079 NO SN -> INT 0.151 0.882 0.378 NO
TRUST -> ATT 0.261 3.016 0.003 YES
TRUST -> INT 0.165 1.326 0.186 NO
Note: significance level for test is p< 0.05
5.14.4 Young-old versus old-old group
To test for difference, the young-old group was also compared with the old-old group. The parametric test for this pair showed that there was a significant difference in the impact of intention on actual use with β= 0.196, t= 1.975 and p= 0.049. This means that the two groups had different views regarding their intention behaviour, which in turn impacted differently on their actual use of the tablet.
Further details of the parametric test for these two groups are presented in table 41.
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO) ATT -> INT 0.081 0.674 0.501 NO COMP -> ATT 0.036 0.576 0.565 NO
INT -> ACU 0.196 1.975 0.049 YES
PBC -> INT 0.042 0.376 0.707 NO PEOU -> ATT 0.054 0.717 0.473 NO PU -> ATT 0.001 0.007 0.994 NO SN -> INT 0.132 1.162 0.246 NO TRUST -> ATT 0.035 0.405 0.686 NO TRUST -> INT 0.088 0.752 0.452 NO
Note: significance level for test is p<0.05
5.14.5 Young-old versus very-old group
The young-old and very-old group were also compared with the aim of testing the difference between the two groups in relation to the hypothesised constructs.
Result indicated that the effect of attitude on intention to use was significantly different between both groups with β= 0.373, t= 2.655 and p= 0.008. This implies that the intention to use tablets differs between the young-old and the very-old group depending on each group’s attitude towards the tablet device.
Furthermore, result showed that there is a significant difference between both groups in terms of perceived behavioural control and its impact on the intention to use tablet devices with β= 0.459, t= 3.856 and p= 0.000. This implies that the intention to use tablet devices differs between both group depending on their individual standard for control whether in terms of skills, resources or knowledge.
Furthermore, the impact of trust on attitude was also found significantly different between both groups with β= 0.339, t= 3.726 and p= 0.000. This means that the young-old and the very-old group had different perceptions of trust with regards to the tablet device, which in turn impacted differently on their attitude towards the device.
Details of the parametric test for difference between the young-old group and the very-old group can be viewed in table 42.
Table 42: Parametric test for difference between the Young-old and the Very-old group
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors
vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO)
ATT -> INT 0.373 2.655 0.008 YES
COMP -> ATT 0.027 0.331 0.741 NO INT -> ACU 0.215 1.276 0.202 NO PBC -> INT 0.459 3.856 0.000 YES PEOU -> ATT 0.112 1.192 0.234 NO PU -> ATT 0.178 1.709 0.088 NO SN -> INT 0.019 0.138 0.890 NO
TRUST -> ATT 0.339 3.726 0.000 YES
TRUST -> INT 0.212 1.755 0.080 NO
Note: significance level for test is p<0.05
5.14.6 Old-old versus very-old
The old-old group was also compared with the very-old group to test whether there was a difference in relation to the hypothesised constructs. The result derived indicated that four of the hypotheses showed significance.
Firstly, the effect of attitude on intention was found significantly different between the old- old group and the very-old group with β= 0.291, t= 2.550 and p= 0.011. This means that old- old and the very-old group had different attitude towards tablets, which in turn impacted differently on their intention to use the device.
In addition, the effect of perceived behavioural control on intention was also significantly different between both groups with β= 0.416, t= 3.010 and p= 0.003. This implies that each group’s intention to use tablet is driven by their different perception of control in terms of skills, knowledge and or resources.
The effect of trust on attitude was also significantly different between the two groups with
β= 0.304, t= 3.596 and p= 0.000. This means that the attitude towards using tablets differs
between the old-old and the very-old group depending on each group’s perception of trust. Furthermore, there was also a significant difference in the effect of trust on intention between the old-old group and the very-old group with β= 0.300, t= 2.124 and p= 0.035. This means each group’s intention to use tablet is driven by their different perception of trust.
Table 43: Parametric test for difference between the Old-old and the Very-old group
Construct paths Path Coefficients-diff t-Value (Pre-seniors
vs. Young-old group) p-Value (Pre-seniors vs. Young-old group) Significantly different (YES / NO)
ATT -> INT 0.291 2.550 0.011 YES
COMP -> ATT 0.062 0.586 0.558 NO INT -> ACU 0.019 0.085 0.933 NO PBC -> INT 0.416 3.010 0.003 YES PEOU -> ATT 0.057 0.442 0.658 NO PU -> ATT 0.179 1.210 0.227 NO SN -> INT 0.151 1.032 0.303 NO
TRUST -> ATT 0.304 3.596 0.000 YES
TRUST -> INT 0.300 2.124 0.035 YES
Note: significance level for test is p<0.05
Overall, it was observed that for all the paired groups, subjective norm did not show any significant difference in its impact on the intention to use tablets. This means that, the impact of subjective norm on intention is almost similar for all the age groups.
In addition, for all the paired groups, compatibility, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness did not show significance in their impact on attitude. This implies that whatever the age group, these factors are likely to hinder or enhance the attitude towards tablet devices.