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No. Ushna Virya Drugs Sheeta Virya Drugs

EFFECT OF USHNA AND SHEETA VIRYA DRUGS ON FROG HEART

S. No. Ushna Virya Drugs Sheeta Virya Drugs

1. Apamarga Anantamoola(Sariba)

2. Ativisha Ashoka

3. Bakuchi Atibala

4. Chitraka Bhavya

5. Gambhari Brahmi

6. Haridra Gokshura

7. Jatiphala Jivanti

8. Kalamegha Kanchanara

9. Manjista Kutaj

10. Nagakeshar Lodhra

11. Parijata Musta

12. Pushkaramoola Raktachandan

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 136

13. Pippali Moola Satavari

14. Talispatra Ushira

15. Varahikanda Vasa

16. Vidanga Yastimadhu

Methods and Materials:

Drugs for the present study are selected at random. In the present experiments the aqueous extracts of sixteen Ushna and sixteen Sheeta Virya drugs were used.

Preparation of Aqueous extracts:

The aqueous extract of the experimental drugs was prepared by taking 10 gm of powdered material immersed in 100 ml distilled water with intermittent shaking and kept for 24 hours and then filtered. The filtration was carried out through whatman filter paper No.1 and at least two washes with distilled water were given. The volume was then made up to 100 ml by adding further quantity of distilled water.

Howell has mentioned in his text book of physiology that

“The heart is rather remarkably resistant to changes in the acid base composition of its perfusate, and beats have been reported to persist with perfusates as acid as pH 5.5 and as alkaline as pH 10.” However, the pH values of the 10 percent aqueous extracts used in our experiments recorded by a digital pH meter and are given below.

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 137 Table-3

pH Values of Ushna Virya Drugs

pH Values of Sheeta Virya Drug

Gambhari 5.88 Ashoka 4.95

Vidanga 4.83 Anantamoola 4.73

Bakuchi 6.37 Kanchanar 4.84

Manjista 5.00 Vasa 7.34

Pippalimoola 5.34 Brahmi 5.66

Citraka 5.22 Ushira 5.36

Varahikanda 5.85 Musta 5.59

Jatiphala 5.05 Satavari 5.20

Apamarga 6.45 Yastimadhu 5.65

Nagakesar 4.95 Lodhra 4.52

Kalamegha 7.94 Bhavya 5.17

Pushkaramoola 4.71 Gokshura 5.69

Ativisha 5.22 Jivanti 5.41

Parijata 6.10 Kutaja 5.23

Haridra 6.05 Atibala 6.10

Talisaptra 4.70 Raktachandan 5.89

Preparation of the experiment Model:

Conventional method was followed as suggested by Burn (1954) for this experiment.

Apparatus:

Needle, Forceps, Scissors, Syringes (Hyprodermic), perfusion apparatus with Sym’s cannula, Starlings heart lever etc.

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 138 Perfusion fluid was prepared as per the following formula:

1. Sodium Chloride (Nacl) 9.0 g 2. Potassium Chloride (Kcl) 0.42 g 3. Calcium Chloride (Ca Cl2) 0.24 g 4. Sodium bi-carbonate (NaH Co3) 0.5 g 5. Dextrose (Glucose) 1.0 g

Dissolved in 1.4 liters of distilled water. pH of the Ringer’s solution was 7.5.

Total 32 health frogs were used to screen the effect of Ushna and Sheeta Virya drugs.

Frog was Pithed and heart was exposed by removing skin and the sternum. The pericardium was removed and the liver was separated from the inferior vena cava as far as the hepatic veins. The right aorta was tied and loose ligature was placed under the inferior vena cava. The heart was held in the forward position by a swab of moist cotton wool. The perfusion fluid was kept ready and a cut was given in the vena cava at the level of hepatic veins and Sym’s cannula was inserted and tied in that position. Mean while the left aorta was given a cut for drainage of the perfusion fluid from the heart. The heart was isolated by separating the surrounding tissues very gently. Perfusion was kept at a constant level in the cannula and constant temperature of perfusion fluid was also maintained. Normal tracing of heart rate was recorded on the smoked drum for 5 minutes and the aqueous extracts in different doses were administered and the effect on the heart was recorded on the smoked paper itself.

Result

The effect of Ushna and Sheeta Virya drugs in different doses was

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 139 assessed on the basis of heart rate and force of contraction (Amplitude) of isolated frog heart during and after perfusion. Individual drug assessment in terms of chronotropic activity that is effect on heart rate and Inotropic activity that is effect on amplitude is stated below.

Ushna Virya Drugs

1. Talisapatra –In 0.2ml, 0.4ml and 0.6ml doses negative inotropic activity was observed which is in ascending order of dose level. No chronotropic activity was seen.

2. Parijata- Negative inotropic activity was observed in 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses. The effect was almost same in all the dose. No chronotropic activity was observed at the dose levels. No chronotropic activity was observed with 0.6 ml and 0.8ml doses.

3. Varahikanda – Negative inotropic activity was noted at the dose level of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, 0.6 ml and 0.8ml at the dose level of 0.2 ml, and 0.4 ml but negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.6 ml 0.8 ml doses.

4. Gambhari – Negative inotropic activity was observed at the dose level of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml. The effect was in ascending order of the dose levels. No chronotropic activity was observed at any dose level.

5. Pushkaramoola – Negative inotropic activity was observed at the dose level of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml and the effect was in ascending order of different doses. No chronotropic activity was observed at any of these dose levels.

6. Nagakeshara – Negative chronotropic activity was observed at the dose of 0.2 ml and negative inotropic activity was observed at the

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 140 dose level of 0.4 ml.

7. Chitrak – Positive inotropic activity was seen at the dose level of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml, and 0.6 ml and the effect was observed to be similar in all doses. Positive chronotropic activity was observed at the dose of 0.2 ml only.

8. Bakuchi – Negative inotropic activity was observed at 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml dose level and the effect was in ascending order of dose levels. Negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses.

9. Pippalimoola – Negative inotropic activity was seen with the dose of 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml and the effect was observed to be similar at all dose levels. Negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.4 ml dose.

10. Manjishta – No inotropic activity was noticed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses. Positive chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml dose and negative chronotropic activity with 0.4 ml.

11. Kalamegha – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses and the effect was in ascending order of dose levels.

No chronotropic activity was seen at 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml dose levels.

12. Apamarge – Negative inotropic activity was seen with doses of 0.2 ml and 0.4ml and the effect was in ascending order of dose levels.

Negative chronotropic activity in ascending order of dose level was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses.

13. Haridra – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml dose levels and the effect was found to be in ascending

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 141 order of dose levels.

14. Jatiphala – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses and the effect was in ascending order of dose levels. No chronotropic activity was observed at both these dose levels.

15. Vidanga – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses and the effect was in the ascending order of dose levels.

Negative chronotropic activity was seen with 0.2 ml dose only.

16. Ativisha – Negative inotropic activity was noticed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses and the effect was found to be similar at all dose levels. Positive chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses and similar effect was obtained.

Sheeta Virya Drugs

1. Vasa – Negative inotropic activity was seen at the dose level of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml and the effect was similar. Positive chronotropic activity was observed with the dose of 0.2 ml and negative chronotropic activity was noted with the dose of 0.4 ml. But slight positive chronotropic activity was observed with 0.6 ml dose.

2. Ushir – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.4 ml dose and no chrotropic activity was noticed at 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml dose levels.

3. Kanchanara – Negative inotropic activity was seen at the dose of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml and the effect was in ascending order of dose levels. No chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses.

4. Kutaja – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml dose but no chronotropic activity was observed at these dose

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 142 levels.

6. Gokshura – Complete heart block occurred with the dose of 0.2 ml, 0.6 ml and 0.8ml. The effect was in ascending order of dose levels.

Negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml, 0.6 ml and 0.8 ml doses.

5. Bhavya – Negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml doses. Positive inotropic activity was seen at 0.2 ml dose while negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.4 ml dose.

6. Stavari – Positive inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml dose and no chronotropic activity was seen with these doses.

7. Ashoka – positive inotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.6 ml doses and negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml dose.

8. Anantamoola – Negative inotropic and chronotropic activity was observed with 0.4 ml dose only.

9. Rakta Chandan – Negative inotropic activity was observed with 0.2ml and 0.4 ml dose and complete block occurred at the 0.6 ml dose. Positive chronotropic activity was seen with 0.2ml and 0.4 ml whereas at 0.6 ml dose level negative chronotropic activity was observed.

10. Brahmi – Negative chronotropic activity was observed at 0.2 ml, 0.6 ml and 0.8 ml dose levels but no inotropic activity was seen with these doses. No change was observed with 0.4 ml dose either in amplitude or heart rate.

11. Lodhra – Negative Inotropic and chronotropic activity was observed

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 143 with 0.4 ml dose while positive chronotropic activity was noticed with 0.2 ml dose.

12. Yastimadhu – Negative chronotropic activity was observed with 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses and negative inotropic activity was seen with 0.2 ml dose only.

13. Jatamansi – No inotropic or chronotropic activity was noticed at 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml dose levels.

14. Atibala – Positive chronotropic activity was observed at the 0.2 ml dose level and no effect was observed on amplitude or heart rate at this dose level.

15. Musta – Negative chronotropic activity was observed with the doses of 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml and the response was not corresponding to different dose levels. Negative inotropic activity was seen at 0.4 ml dose only.

The number of drugs which have shown positive as well as negative inotropic and chronotropic activity are given bellow in tables 7 and 8 respectively.

Table 7: Showing the number of drugs of positive and negative Inotropic activity. Table 8: Showing the Number of drugs of positive and Negative

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 144

The effect of Ushna and Sheeta Virya drugs on amplitude and heart rate was statistically analysed by applying paired “t” test and the results are given bellow.

Table 9: Showing the statistical analysis of the effect of Sheeta and Ushna Virya drugs on the amplitude of frog heart.

Valu

Table 10: Showing statistical analysis of the effect of Sheeta and Ushna Virya drugs on the heart rate of the frog.

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 145

The amplification was significantly decreased with Sheeta Virya drugs at the dose of 0.4 ml only while Ushna Virya group decrease of Heart rate with both the Sheeta and Ushna Virya drugs at 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses was observed.

It is evident from table 7 and 8 that both Sheeta and Ushna drugs have exhibited positive as well as negative inotropic and chronotropic activities. However, large number of drugs have shown positive chronotropic activity from Sheeta Virya group at 0.2 ml dose as compared to Ushna Virya drugs exhibited negative inotropic activity at the dose level of 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml as compared to Sheeta Virya drugs have decreased the heart rate (Negative chronotropic activity) at the doses level of 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml than those in Ushna Virya group. Since it was not possible to screen all the drugs at different dose levels the statistical analysis was given to the doses of 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml at which all the experimental drugs were screened. It has been shown in the table that both Sheeta and Ushna Virya drugs have exhibited depressant action on the amplitude (Negative Inotropic). Sheeta Virya group has shown significant decrease of amplitude

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 146 (P<0.05) at the dose of 0.4 ml while Ushna Virya drugs have shown highly significant depressant action at 0.2 ml and 0.4 ml doses (P<0.01). So one can safely conceive that the more depressant effect was exercised by Ushna Virya group in Comparison with Sheeta Virya group. As it is a preliminary study it is very difficult to explain these actions as cholinergic or anti androgenic (Parasympathomiometic or Sympatholytic). From table 10 lt. Is very explicit that the Sheeta and Ushna Virya drugs have shown insignificant decrease of the heart rate.

This experimental model has not been found to be very useful to clinch the extract nature or activity of Ushna and Sheeta Virya drugs. Hence it would be worth while to explore some other parameters for the elucidation of Ushna and Sheeta Virya actions at the level of Srotamsi.

Studies on Skeletal Muscle:

Some of the research workers at B.H.U have carried out the study of Virya on the smooth muscle of rat and rabbit for stimulation and depression activity (P. V. Sharma et al, Jr. Res. Ind. Med & Homeo 1968). In the present study skeletal muscle (frog rectus abdominis) has been taken to assess the effect of Ushna and Sheeta Viryas for their inhibition or potentiation of acetylcholine induced contractions. One can conceive that Sheeta Virya by its nature performs the contraction of the muscle thereby causing the potentiation of Ach induced contractions while Ushna Virya by its nature exercises the opposite action i.e relaxation resulting in inhibition of Ach induced contractions. To assess these activities total 24 drugs have been used in this experiment consisting of 12 Sheeta and 12 Ushna Virya drugs.

Basic concepts of Ayurvedic pharmacology 147 Table 8 Showing the number of drugs used in Skeletal Muscle Experiments.

Sheeta Virya Drugs Ushna Virya Drugs

Anantamoola Ativisha

Bhavya Chitraka

Babbul Gambhari Brahmi Jatiphala

Jatamansi Daru Haridra

Katuki Manjista Kutaja Parijata Musta Pippalimoola

Mahabala Pushkaramoola

Ushira Kantakari

Vasa Satptaparni

Yashtimadhu Varahikanda

EFFECT OF USHNA, SITA VIRYA DRUGS ON FROG