ICHS2016/AB_106
Status of the U.S. Floriculture Industry and Potential for Development in Pakistan John M. Dole1 and Iftikhar Ahmad2
1Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
2Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan Emails: [email protected] (J.M.D), [email protected] (I.A)
The United States floriculture industry is composed of bedding plants (intended for outdoor use), potted flowering plants (intended for temporary indoor use), foliage plants (intended for long term indoor use), cut flowers, and young plants (which producers use to grow crops). The industry is also categorized by market segmentation including producers, wholesalers/retails and suppliers. Cut flowers offer the highest potential for development in Pakistan, not only for the local market but also for export. In the U.S. the cut flower industry grows and markets an incredible diversity of species including flowers, foliage, branches, and fruits. These cuts may be marketed fresh, dried, or preserved.
Successful field-grown cut flowers are characterized by a number of characteristics including high productivity, long stems, first or second year flowering, attractive flowers, fruit or foliage, reliability, long harvest period, minimal insects and diseases, few or no thorns or spiny leaves, attractive foliage, and long postharvest life. Each year dozens of new cultivars and species are released commercially that appear to have potential as cut flowers, but most have not been evaluated. To assist producers with the selection of new cut flower species and cultivars, the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers in cooperation with North Carolina State University, commercial cut flower producers, and plant suppliers conduct national trial programs to evaluate new cut flower species and cultivars. Most promising cut flowers for Pakistan that can be grown outdoors or under protection, including annuals, perennials, woody species, will be presented for promotion of Pakistan floriculture industry.
ICHS2016/AB_107
Role of CAB International in Horticulture Research and Development in Pakistan Muhammad Sohail Mazhar and Babar Ehsan Bajwa
CAB International, Satellite Town, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Emails: [email protected] (M.S.M), [email protected] (B.E.B)
Horticulture is an important pillar of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Continuous research and development efforts of the relevant organizations are finding solutions to the production and postharvest issues of the horticultural supply chains. These efforts have resulted in more food of better quality available for local consumption as well as 1:2.3 fold increase in horticultural exports from Pakistan in last ~10 years. CAB International (CABI) is an international not-for-profit organization that improves people’s lives by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment. CABI has contributed in the research and development of horticulture industry of Pakistan by doing world class research in collaboration with leading national and international organizations. Plantwise, for example, is a global success of CABI. This program offers online diagnosis of plant pests and their respective control measures. This program has trained
~3500 plant doctors and has reached ~2 million farmers of fresh produce. Other areas of CABI’s
research and development include trade and market access, knowledge management and technology transfer, IPM and plant health, management of biodiversity and ecosystem service, climate smart agriculture, and cross cutting capacity building. CABI is implementing ongoing research and development projects on biocontrol and postharvest mitigation of pests of quarantine concern to comply the Sanitary and Phytosanitary requirements of importing countries of fresh produce from Pakistan and connecting small-scale fresh produce farmers to the domestic and export markets. In recent years, CABI has particularly included fresh produce quality and safety in its core working areas.
People at CABI believe that complex problems of fresh produce supply chains cannot be managed in isolation and thus it is following the whole of the supply chain approach to identify sustainable solutions of the problems. CABI offers global expertise for on-going collaboration to the potential research and development organizations.
ICHS2016/AB_108
Effect of calcium carbide based formulations on growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato Muhammad Yaseen1, Sumreen Siddiq2, Saeed Ahmad3, Muhammad Awais Khalid1, Sobia Noor1 and
Muhammad Zahir Aziz1
1Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
2Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab 38850, Pakistan
3Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan Emails: [email protected] (M.Y), [email protected] (S.S),
[email protected] (S.A), [email protected] (M.A.K), [email protected] (S.N), [email protected] (M.Z.Z)
Calcium carbide (CaC2) is potent source of acetylene and ethylene gases which inhibits nitrification and regulate plant growth, respectively. However, these gases should be released in controlled fashion, therefore CaC2 based formulations are prepared for these purposes. These formulations were tested under series of experiment from incubation to field studies. Results obtained from all experiments indicated that tomato crop responded well to soil applied calcium carbide for seed germination, early root growth, early flowering and fruiting and quality parameters. Early root growth stimulation by ethylene released from CaC2 fetched more nutrients from soil which in turn resulted in early flowering, plant expansion and healthy fruit formation and improved nitrogen use efficiency. All these factors contributed directly or indirectly to increase the yield obtained. In a nutshell, application of CaC2 effectively improved the fruit yield of tomato as well as its quality parameters. In the light of results on morphological parameters (more number of flowering clusters, total biomass, total fruit yield), physical and compositional parameters (color, firmness, pH, TSS, ascorbic acid and lycopene) of all trials suggest the application of polyethylene coated CaC2 formulation at the rate of 200 mg plant
-1, after two weeks of transplanting was found relatively better formulation. Overall results suggest that addition of calcium carbide along with recommended doses of fertilizers improved fruit yield more than 40% by improving yield contributing parameters and N use efficiency. Furthermore, quality parameters related to physical appearance and chemical composition of tomato fruits were also improved by the application of CaC2. These parameters are very much required for improvement in shelf life and processing of tomato products. In conclusion, results confirm the growth regulator role of CaC2 in improving the growth, yield and quality of tomato.
ICHS2016/AB_109
Assessment of atmospheric pollution of heavy metals with the help of ornamental plants under Faisalabad conditions
Tahir Saeed1, Muhammad N. Rasheed1, Abid Niaz2, Atif Mahmood2, Abid Mahmood3 and Muhammad N. Zouq4
1Horticultural Research Sub-station for Floriculture and Landscaping, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab 38850, Pakistan
2Institute of Soil Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab 38850, Pakistan
3Director General Parks and Horticulture Authority Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
4Directorate of Floriculture (Training and Research) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Email: [email protected] (T.S)
A study was carried out to evaluate different ornamental plants for the assessment of environmental pollution at different roads of Faisalabad having high traffic rush. The recently mature leaf samples of three ornamental plants namely Ficus benjamina, Bougainvillea glabra and Conocarpous erectus were collected from different locations of Jhang road, Jail road, Mall road and AARI campus (control) and were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. The analysis depicted that maximum concentration of Manganese (Mn) 91.17 ppm was found in leaves of Bougainvillea at Jhang road followed by conocarpous at AARI campus 55.7 ppm and the minimum at AARI campus 8.34 ppm by bougainvillea.
Maximum Iron (Fe) was found in the leaf samples of conocarpous 678 ppm at AARI campus while 647 ppm in bougainvillea at Jhang road and the minimum values were found in bougainvillea 217 ppm at mall road. Maximum Zinc (Zn) 22.01 ppm was found at Jhang road in leaf samples of conocarpous while minimum values 1.33 ppm were observed in Ficus at Jhang road also. Similarly Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) were also analyzed. The Lead (Pb) remained undetectable being very minute.
ICHS2016/AB_115
Potential of horticultural crops to ensure food security in Pakistan
Saba Hameed1, Muhammad Azher Nawaz1,2, Waqar Ahmed3, Fiaz Hussain2, Nigarish Munir4 and Faisal Hayat5
1College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
2Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
3Sector Advisor Horticulture, USAID, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
4College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, People's Republic of China
5Department of Pomology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agriculture University, Bejing, People's Republic of China
Emails: [email protected] (S.H), [email protected] (M.A.N),
[email protected] (W.A), [email protected] (F.H), [email protected] (N.M), [email protected] (F.H)
Food security exists when all people, at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe
and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for healthy and active life. In developing countries like Pakistan food security is an important concern to feed the ever increasing population. The current population of the country is more than 180 million, with an annual growth rate of 3 percent, so the food requirement is ever increasing. Food security analysis (FSA) of Pakistan shows an alarming situation that the residents of 56 districts have extremely low access to food. The staple food in the country comes from cereals, especially wheat; but at the same time the importance of horticultural crops like fruits and particularly vegetables cannot be denied to ensure food security and to overcome malnutrition problems. Currently only 6 percent of the total cultivated area (22 million ha) is under horticultural crops, and it need to be increased. Horticultural crops like vegetables are considered a cheaper source of natural supplementary food. Moreover, fruits and vegetables are rich source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins (A, C, E, K), minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe), fats, dietary fiber and water, so they can be used to ensure daily dietary needs, food security and to overcome malnutrition issues. The nutritional importance, high yield potential, short duration crop cycle, diversity in crops and varieties, suitability to protected cultivation system, home gardening, urban agriculture and vertical farming makes the vegetables cultivation a powerful tool to ensure food security, to improve the environmental conditions and at the same time these can also be exploited to uplift the economic status of small farmers.
ICHS2016/AB_116
Evaluation of Moringa olifera leaves extract on the development of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Nazir Javed1,Iqra Naeem1, Sajid Aleem Khan1, Huma Abbas1 and Muhammad Kamran2
1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
2Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
Emails: [email protected] (N.J), [email protected] (I.N), [email protected] (S.A.K), [email protected] (H.A), [email protected] (M.K).
The efficacy of different concentrations of moringa leaves extract (methanolic extracts, ethanolic extracts, water extracts) was evaluated on development of citrus nematode. In mortality experiment 5ml of different concentrations of moringa leaves extract was placed in plastic plate. Then 1ml nematode suspension carrying 25 freshly hatched J2 was added. Maximum J2 mortality (100%) was observed in methanolic extracts concentration. Invasion and development of citrus nematode were evaluated in citrus plants. Data was recorded after 1, 6 and 12 weeks to observe the penetration and development stages including vermiform, Swollen, Sausage stage, immature females and mature females of T. semipenetrans. Maximum reduction of T. semipenetrans was observed when soil was treated with methanolic extract of moringa leaves. Most effective concentration of moringa leaves extract determined by above experiments was used to assess its effect as protective and curative. The freshly hatched 1000 J2 per plant were used as inoculum. Moringa leaves extract was applied before inoculation as protective and after inoculation as curative effect. The plant growth parameters including plant height, root lenght and number of leaves and nematodes parameters including number of females/root system, no. of juveniles/root system and no of juveniles/100 ml3 soil were recorded after 60 days of growth. Results showed that population of citrus nematode was reduced when methanolic extracts of moringa leaves was applied as protective application. So, methanolic extracts were found to be more effective in protecting citrus plants from nematode infection.
ICHS2016/AB_120
The Global Cut Flower Industries and Ideas for Pakistan John M. Dole1 and Iftikhar Ahmad2
1Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
2Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan Email: [email protected] (J.M.D)
Cut flower production has spread around the world in response to increased demand for flowers both for domestic markets and for export markets. The major cut flower producing countries for export include the Netherlands, Colombia, Ecuador, and Kenya. However, cut flowers are grown commercially in many countries around the world. Producers range from highly mechanized facilities in the Netherlands, Canada, and the United States to small local producers around the world.
Production facilities vary from fully enclosed greenhouses with highly controlled environments to high (plastic) tunnels that protect the flowers from wind, rain and dust, but provide only modest environmental control. Field production is the least intensive, but is limited by climate. The world’s most popular flowers, such as roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, alstroemeria, and lilies, are produced in greenhouses in temperature zones or in high tunnels in areas with ideal environmental conditions such as high altitude areas of Colombia, Ecuador, and Kenya. Hundreds of annual, perennial and woody species are field grown. The field production season for peonies, one of the most popular field-grown flowers, moves around the world as the climates and seasons change: starting in Israel, Italy and France (late January – April), moving to northern Europe and the United States (late April – June), Alaska (June – August), and finally Chile and New Zealand (late October – December). A diverse array of production techniques and equipment have been developed around the world that could be adapted to Pakistan.
ICHS2016/AB_121
Effect of different pruning severities on light penetration and incidence of creasing in sweet oranges
Zahoor Hussain1, Zora Singh2, Faheem Khadija3, Raheel Anwar4
1University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
2Curtin University, Perth, 6845, WA, Australia
3Citrus research station, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
4University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan Emails: [email protected] (Z.H.), [email protected] (R.A.)
Creasing (albedo breakdown) is a physiological disorder with cracks on albedo tissues and groves on the surface of flavedo causes considerable economic losses to oranges growers in the world. We investigated the role of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) by using pruning severities on incidence of creasing and fruit quality in Navelina, Washington Navel and Lane Late sweet oranges. The pruning’s treatments including control (no pruning), light pruning (25% branches) and sever pruning (50%
branches) were applied after fruit harvest on 20th September, 2010 at Gingin, Western Australia. The experiment was laid down following a split plot design, with four replications where a single tree was
considered as an experimental unit. Thirty five ripe fruit per tree were harvested randomly around the tree canopy to determine the incidence of creasing and fruit quality. Results showed that severe pruning (43.57%) was more effective in reducing creasing in all cultivars than light pruning (48.75%) and control (55.95 %) due to higher level of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Over all severe pruning was more effective in improving rind textural properties (fruit compression force, rind hardiness and rind tensile strength), physical properties (fruit weight, diameter, rind, albedo and flavedo thickness) and chemical properties such as soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, total antioxidants, sugars and organic acids. It is concluded that severe pruning is the best pruning practice to improve the light penetration inside tree canopy to a substantial reduction increasing and to improve the fruit quality in sweet oranges.
ICHS2016/AB_122
Who gets what? Citrus marketing in Bunir district, Pakistan Raza Ullah1, Qaisar Shah Safi1 and Muhammad Asif Kamran2
1University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
2Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Emails: [email protected] (R.U), [email protected] (Q.S.S), [email protected]
(M.A.K)
Citrus is a perishable fruit and require good marketing practices, proper time and methods of harvesting, packaging, storage and processing. There are various middlemen (market intermediaries) involved in the marketing of citrus. This study is an attempt to examine the marketing margins of the intermediaries involve in the value chain of citrus. Three villages in Bunir district are randomly selected and a total of 120 sampled respondents are selected using proportional allocation method. The findings revealed that majority of the farmers sold their orchards to the pre-harvest contractors and as such the most widely used marketing channel was producer-pre-harvest contractor-commission agent-wholesaler-retailer-consumers. It was also observed that considerable marketing margins were taken by the marketing intermediaries in the citrus value chain. Main cost items in citrus production are market charges (commission), transportation cost and packaging cost. The pre harvest contractors’
share was the highest in terms of percent gross margins followed by the wholesalers. Marketing cost and margin indicated that the producers may pocket the share of the pre-harvest contractor by eliminating the pre-harvest contractor through initiation of self-marketing. It is recommended that the post-harvest management/marketing skills and market intelligence of the citrus growers should be developed to enable them practice self-marketing whereby they can easily pocket the market share of the pre-harvest contractors by eliminating him from the marketing chain. The study has policy ramifications for improving growers’ profit and consumers’ welfare.
ICHS2016/AB_124
Physico-chemical analysis of five selected varieties of apple (Pyrus malus) Muhammad Munir2, Muhammad Iqbal1, Haroon Rasheed1 and Mureed Abbass1
1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
2Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Email: [email protected]
Five cultivars of Apple viz Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Mashadi, Kulu, and Amri were collected from local fruits and vegetables market of Dera Ismail Khan and analyzed for organoleptic, physical and chemical characteristics during harvesting season 2014. From the results it is revealed that significant variation existed among the cultivars regarding all the physical and chemical characteristics.
Amongst cultivars Red Delicious surpassed all other cultivars with respect to taste, maximum fruit weight (185.33g), size (89.04 x 73.91cm), moisture 85.41%, highest total sugars (7.75%) and wider sugar/ acid ratio (21.01). While the highest pH of 4.21 and acidity of 0.44% were recorded in cv. Kulu.
Highest ascorbic acid content (11.51mg/100gm) were observed in Amri. From ongoing results it is concluded that Red Delicious was superior with respect to taste and overall acceptability, attractive colour and shape, heaviest fruits, more moisture content, highest sugars and sugar acid ratio is recommended for consumption. However, all the cultivars were found to be suitable for export except Mashadi, which possess inferior taste as compared to others, can be best utilized for preparation of squashes and food concentrates.
ICHS2016/AB_125
Physico-chemical and molecular diversity in pomegranate germplasm of Pakistan Muhammad Nafees1, Muhammad Jafar Jaskani2, Saeed Ahmad2, Faisal Saeed Awan3 and Moazzam
Jamil1
1University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
3Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab 38040, Pakistan
Email: [email protected] (M.N).
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a native minor fruit in Pakistan, is successfully grown in warm tropical to subtropical, arid to semiarid regions and desert zones of the world. India is the largest produce (828 thousand tons) followed by Iran with annual production of 670 thousand tons; however, Spain is the biggest exporter of pomegranates followed by Iran and India, respectively. Agro-climatic
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a native minor fruit in Pakistan, is successfully grown in warm tropical to subtropical, arid to semiarid regions and desert zones of the world. India is the largest produce (828 thousand tons) followed by Iran with annual production of 670 thousand tons; however, Spain is the biggest exporter of pomegranates followed by Iran and India, respectively. Agro-climatic