The transition metal oxides or sulfides catalyze various reactions related to hydro-genation and hydrogenolysis, although at relatively high temperatures and pressures.
Compared to metallic catalysts, they are resistant to poisons and stable at high tem-peratures. Industrially, they are often used as mixed oxides or sulfides. For example, the most common catalyst used in the hydrodesulfurization process is a mixture of co-balt and molybdenum oxides supported on γ-alumina, which is sulfided before use.
Nickel–molybdenum and nickel–tungsten oxides are also known as effective catalyst systems for this process.213 Molybdenum sulfides are active for the hydrogenolysis of aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and carboxylic acids to the corresponding hydrocar-bons,214 and also effective for the hydrogenolysis of sulfur-containing compounds (see, e.g., eqs. 13.96, 13.97, and 13.99).
The sulfides of the platinum metals have been found to be active at lower tempera-tures than required for the base metal sulfides. They are insensitive to poisons and have proved particularly useful for hydrogenations in the presence of impurities, for the hydrogenation of sulfur-containing compounds, and for selective hydrogenation of halogen-containing aromatic nitro compounds (Section 9.3.2).215
Molybdenum Oxides. Molybdenum oxide catalysts are prepared by the addition of hydrochloric acid to an ammoniacal solution of molybdic acid or ammonium molybdate. By heating to 400–500°C the molybdate is decomposed to the oxide.216 MoO3 is reduced to MoO2 in a stream of hydrogen at 300–400°C.
Molybdenum Sulfides.217 MoS3: to a solution of 100 g (0.081 mol) of ammonium molybdate(VI), (NH4)6Mo7O24 ⋅ 4H2O, dissolved in 300 ml of distilled water, is added
1.7 THE OXIDE AND SULFIDE CATALYSTS OF TRANSITION METALS OTHER THAN RHENIUM 43
1 liter of aqueous solution of ammonia (d = 0.94), hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced into the solution until saturated under cooling, and the solution is left overnight. The crystals of ammonium thiomolybdate thus formed are collected. An aqueous solution of the thiomolybdate is acidified, with stirring, with a dilute sulfuric acid solution.
After further stirring for 1 h, the suspension is left overnight. The precipitate is well washed with water by decantation, filtered off under suction, and then dried at 70–80°C. MoS2 is obtained by reduction of MoS3 with hydrogen at 350–380°C and 6 MPa for 6 h.
Platinum Metal Sulfides. These are usually prepared by passing hydrogen sulfide gas into an acid solution of metal chlorides or by heating fine metals in a stream of hydrogen sulfide.218
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