VERBAL SECTION
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●A Advertisements for new prescription drugs are an important source of revenue for medical journals.
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●B Editors of medical journals are often unable to evaluate the claims made in advertise-ments for new prescription drugs.
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●C Doctors rely on the advertisements as a source of information about new prescrip-tion drugs.
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●D Advertisements for new prescription drugs are typically less accurate than medical journal articles evaluating those same drugs.
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●E The Food and Drug Administration, the government agency responsible for drug regulation, reviews advertisements for new drugs before the ads have been printed.
2. Uninformed about students’ experience in urban classrooms, critics often condemn schools’ per-formance gauged by an index, such as standard-ized test scores, that are called objective and can be quantified and overlook less measurable progress, such as that in higher-level reasoning.
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●A an index, such as standardized test scores, that are called objective and can be quanti-fied and overlook less measurable progress, such as that
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●B an index, such as standardized test scores, that are called objective and can be quanti-fied and overlook less measurable progress, such as what is made
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●C an index, such as standardized test scores, that is called objective and can be quanti-fied and overlook less measurable progress, such as what is made
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●D a so-called objective index, such as stan-dardized test scores, that can be quantified and overlook less measurable progress, such as what is made
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●E a so-called objective index, such as stan-dardized test scores, that can be quantified and overlook less measurable progress, such as that
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3.A common social problem in the workplace occurs when workers accept supervisory posi-tions, and it causes them to lose the trust of their former co-workers.
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●A when workers accept supervisory positions, and it causes them to lose
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●B by a worker accepting supervisory posi-tions, which causes him to lose
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●C when workers accept supervisory positions, and so lose
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●D when a worker who accepts a supervisory position, thereby losing
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●E if a worker accepts a supervisory position, he would lose
Questions 4–7 refer to the following passage.
An important feature of the labor market in recent years has been the increasing partici-pation of women, particularly married women. Many analysts suggest, however, that women comprise a secondary labor market where rates of pay and promotion prospects are inferior to those available to men. The principal reason is that women have, or are assumed to have, domestic responsibilities that compete with paid employment. Such domestic responsibilities are strongly influenced by social values that require women to give priority to home and family over paid employment.
The difficulties that women face in the labor market and in their ability to reach senior positions in organizations are accentuated with the arrival of children. In order to become full-time employees, women with children must overcome the problems of finding good, affordable childcare and the psychological barriers of workplace
margin-often the first laid off in a difficult economy. These workers are often referred to as the “reserve army”
of female labor.
One researcher has found that approximately 80 percent of women in their twenties who have children remain at home. Such women who later return to work represent another sector of the workforce facing difficulties. When the typ-ical houseworker returns to the labor market, she is unsure of herself in her new environment.
This doubt is accentuated by her recent immer-sion in housework, a very private form of work.
Without recent employment experience, these women confront a restricted range of opportu-nities and will almost certainly be offered low-status jobs with poor prospects.
Even women professionals who interrupt their careers to have children experience difficulties.
Their technical skills may become rusty or obso-lete, important networks of business contacts are broken, and their delayed return to work may mean that they are likely to come up for promo-tion well after the age that would be otherwise normal. Consequently, women, even those of high ability, may find themselves blocked in the lower echelons of an organization, overlooked, or even “invisible” to senior management.
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4.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
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●A advocating changes in employers’ practices towards women with children
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●B examining some of the reasons women rarely reach the higher echelons of paid labor
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●C describing the psychological consequences for women of working outside the home
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●D taking issue with those who believe women should not work outside the home
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●E analyzing the contribution of women to industry and business
5. The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about women workers?
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●A It is the responsibility of employers to pro-vide childcare accommodations for women workers with children.
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●B Women in high-status positions are easily able to integrate career and children.
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●C Conditions for working mothers are much better today than they were 20 years ago.
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●D The decision to work outside the home is often the source of considerable anxiety for women with children.
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●E With the expense of childcare, it is often not profitable for women with children to work.
6. The author’s discussion of women professionals in the last paragraph serves to
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●A show that the difficulties of integrating careers and motherhood can be overcome
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●B indicate that even women of higher profes-sional status are not exempt from the diffi-culties of integrating careers and children
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●C defend changes in the policies of employers towards working mothers
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●D modify a hypothesis regarding the increased labor force participation of women
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●E point out the lack of opportunities for women in business
7. According to the passage, men generally receive higher salaries and have a better chance of being promoted because women
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●A tend to work in industries that rely almost exclusively on part-time labor
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●B lack the technical and managerial experi-ence of their male counterparts
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●C have responsibilities outside of the work-place that demand considerable attention
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●D are the first to be laid off when the econo-my grows at a very slow pace
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●E suffer discrimination in the male-dominat-ed corporate environment
8.A state legislator argues that her state’s ban on casino gambling is inconsistent and impractical, since other forms of gambling such as bingo and the state lottery are legal. She claims that instead of vainly attempting to enforce the ban, the leg-islature should simply legalize all gambling, and that doing so would also have the positive effect of reducing the crime rate.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the legislator’s argument above?
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●A Since many people enjoy the thrill of par-ticipating in illegal practices, legalizing gambling would probably cause a decline rather than an increase in this activity.
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●B Because prosecutors rarely seek prison terms for illegal gamblers, legalizing gam-bling would not result in a significant sav-ings of money.
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●C Long-term studies have shown that the number of people who participate in the lottery is higher now than it was when the lottery was prohibited.
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●D Legalizing gambling would entice gamblers from states where it is still banned, and many of them are involved in other illegal activities such as drug smuggling.
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●E Many people who participate in illegal gambling claim that they would risk their money on the stock market if they had more disposable income.
9. A researcher studying cats discovered that during the dream state of sleep, the cerebral cortex of a cat’s brain fires messages to the cat’s body as rapidly as it does during wakefulness. In an effort to determine why the sleeping cat’s body does not respond to the messages being fired by the brain, the researcher removed a cluster of neurons from a sleeping cat’s brain stem, the part of the brain that connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. After he had done so, the still sleeping cat stood up, pounced as if it were chas-ing a mouse, and arched its back.
Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the sleeping cat was acting out its dreams?
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●A The neurons that were removed from the brain stem normally serve to trigger the dream state of sleep and the rapid brain activity that accompanies it.
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●B The cerebral cortex is able to receive and transmit sensory information even when the brain is in a sleeping state.
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●C The neurons that were removed from the brain stem are normally responsible for transmitting messages from the cerebral cortex.
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●D The neurons that were removed from the brain stem normally prevent messages fired by the cerebral cortex during sleep from being received by the spinal cord.
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●E The types of brain waves produced by the cerebral cortex during sleep have distinctly different properties from those produced during a wakeful state.
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10.Glaciologists believe that the frozen corpse recently found in a melting Alpine glacier, apparently the body of a shepherd who is thought to have lived about 4,600 years ago, was preserved uncrushed by snow and ice because of the body’s unique topographical position.
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●A apparently the body of a shepherd who is thought to have lived
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●B the body of a shepherd, apparently, who was thought to live
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●C the body of an apparent shepherd who was thought to live
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●D the body of a shepherd who is thought of as apparently living
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●E the body of a shepherd who was apparently thought to live
11. In contrast to Walt Whitman, Ezra Pound con-sidered that late nineteenth-century American poetry is not a distinct formal repertoire informed by its own ideology, and is essentially an outgrowth of the British poetic tradition.
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●A Ezra Pound considered that late nine-teenth-century American poetry is not a distinct formal repertoire informed by its own ideology, and is
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●B Ezra Pound considered late nineteenth-cen-tury American poetry not as a distinct for-mal repertoire informed by its own ideology, but
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●C Ezra Pound considered late nineteenth-cen-tury American poetry not a distinct formal repertoire informed by its own ideology, but
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●D it was considered by Ezra Pound that late nineteenth-century American poetry is not a distinct formal repertoire informed by its own ideology, but
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●E late nineteenth-century American poetry was considered by Ezra Pound not to be a distinct formal repertoire informed by its own ideology, and is
Questions 12–14 refer to the following passage.
A 1973 Supreme Court decision and related Senate hearings focused Congressional criticism on the 1966 Freedom of Information Act. Its unconditional exemption of any material stamped “classified”—i.e., containing informa-tion considered relevant to nainforma-tional security—
forced the Court to uphold non-disclosure in EPA v. Mink. Justice Potter Stewart explained that the Act provided “no means to question a decision to stamp a document ‘secret.’” Senate witnesses testified that the wording of certain articles in the Act permitted bureaucrats to dis-courage requests for newsworthy documents.
In response, a House committee drafted HR 12471, proposing several amendments to the Act. A provision was reworded to ensure release of documents to any applicant providing a “rea-sonable description”—exact titles and numbers were no longer to be mandatory. The courts were empowered to review classified documents and rule on their status. The Senate companion bill, S 2543, included these provisions as well as others: standardization of search and copy fees, sanctions against noncompliant Federal employ-ees, and a provision for nonexempt portions of a classified document to be released.
The Justice and Defense departments objected to the changes as “costly, burdensome, and inflexible.” They argued that the time limits imposed on response “might actually hamper access to information.” The Pentagon asserted that judicial review of exemptions could pose a threat to national security. President Ford, upon taking office in August 1974, concurred.
HR 12471 passed in March 1974; S 2543 was approved in May after the adoption of further amendments to reduce the number of
uncondi-invade personal privacy, or disclose an informer’s identity. This amendment provoked another Presidential objection: millions of pages of FBI records would be subject to public scrutiny, unless each individual section were proven exempt.
Before submitting the legislation to Ford, a joint conference of both houses amalgamated the two ver-sions of the bill, while making further changes to incorporate Ford’s criticisms. The administration of disciplinary sanctions was transferred from the courts to the executive branch; provisions were included to accord due weight to departmental expertise in the evaluation of “classified” exemptions. The identity of confidential sources was in all cases to be protected.
Ford nevertheless vetoed the bill, but was overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.
According to the passage, the Justice and Defense Departments opposed the proposed revision of the Freedom of Information Act on the grounds that it
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●A was an attempt to block public access to infor-mation
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●B would violate national security agreements
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●C would pose administrative problems
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●D was an attempt to curtail their own departmen-tal power
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●E would weaken the President’s authority
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13.Which of the following statements, if true, sup-ports the assertion that “judicial review of exemptions could pose a threat to national secu-rity” (lines 32–33)?
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●A Judges lack the expertise to evaluate the sig-nificance of military intelligence records.
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●B Many of the documents that are presently stamped “classified” contain information that is inaccurate or outdated.
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●C It would be time-consuming and expensive for judges to review millions of pages of classified records.
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●D Some judges are likely to rule on exemp-tions in accordance with vested interests of political action groups.
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●E The practice of judicial review of exemp-tions will succeed only if it meets with Presidential approval.
14. Which of the following statements is in accor-dance with President Ford’s position on disclo-sure of FBI records?
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●A FBI records should be exempt from the provisions of the Freedom of Information
● Act.
●B FBI records should only be withheld from release if such release constitutes a threat to national security.
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●C It would be too expensive and time-con-suming to identify exempt sections of FBI records.
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●D Protection of the identity of confidential sources is more important than the protec-tion of personal privacy or investigative secrecy.
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●E FBI records should not be reviewed section by section before being released to the public.
15. Local reporters investigating the labor dispute reported that only half of the workers in the plant were covered by the union health plan; at least as much as a hundred and more others had not any health insurance whatsoever.
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●A at least as much as a hundred and more others had not any
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●B at least as much as more than a hundred others had no
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●C more than a hundred others had not any
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●D more than a hundred others had no
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●E there was at least a hundred or more others without any
16.According to a commonly held archaeological theory, the Neanderthals of Europe, an archaic version of Homo sapiens, competed with and were eventually replaced by modern humans, with lit-tle or no interbreeding between the two popula-tions. A rival theory, developed more recently, suggests that Neanderthals were more similar to modern humans than previously supposed—
that, in fact, modern humans evolved from them and from other archaic versions of Homo sapiens.
Evidence that would strongly support the more recent theory concerning the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans would be
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●A DNA analyses indicating that modern humans appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago, before migrating to Europe and other continents
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●B archaeological evidence that Neanderthals and modern humans developed similar cul-tures, shared stone tools, and performed similar burial rituals
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●C skulls of early modern humans in central Europe that exhibit a bone near the mandibular nerve that is a typical Neanderthal characteristic
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●D evidence that the stone tools of Neanderthals remained unchanged for thousands of years, while the tools of modern humans in Europe were more specialized
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●E biological evidence that Neanderthals had unique physical traits that enabled them to survive ice-age temperatures in Europe
17. Archaeologists have shown that ingesting lead in drinking water was a significant health hazard for the ancient Romans, like that of modern Americans.
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●A like that of modern Americans
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●B as that for modern Americans
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●C just as modern Americans do
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●D as do modern Americans
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●E as it is for modern Americans
18. Born Nathan Weinstein in New York City on October 17, 1903, Nathanael West’s first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, was written during a stay in Paris and published when the author was 28.
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●A Nathanael West’s first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, was written during a stay in Paris and published when the author
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●B Nathanael West’s first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, written while he was stay-ing in Paris, was published when the author
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●C Nathanael West’s The Dream Life of Balso Snell, his first novel, was written while the author was staying in Paris and published when he
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●D Nathanael West wrote his first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, during a stay in Paris and published it when he
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●E when Nathanael West was staying in Paris, he wrote his first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, publishing it when he
19.Aggressive fertility treatments are not responsible for the rise in the incidence of twin births.
Rather, this increase can be attributed to the fact that women are waiting longer to become moth-ers. Statistically, women over 35 are more likely to conceive twins, and these women now com-prise a greater percentage of women giving birth than ever before.
The argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that
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●A many women over 35 who give birth to twins are not first-time mothers
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●B women over 35 are not the only women who give birth to twins
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●C the correlation between fertility treatments and the increased incidence of multiple births may be a coincidence
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●D on average, women over 35 are no more likely to conceive identical twins than other women are
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●E women over 35 are more likely to resort to the sorts of fertility treatments that tend to yield twin births
Questions 20–23 refer to the following passage.
Modern methods of predicting earthquakes rec-ognize that quakes, far from being geologic anomalies, are part of the periodic accumulation and discharge of seismic energy. As continents receive the horizontal thrust of seafloor plates, crustal strains develop. Accumulation of strain can take anywhere from 100 years in certain coastal locations to over a millennium in some inland regions before a critical point is reached and a rupture occurs. In both areas, the buildup of strain is accompanied by long- and short-range precursory phenomena that are crucial to earthquake prediction.
Quakes along active faults—like those along the Pacific coasts—are usually frequent; scientists designate such areas as quake-prone. However,
Quakes along active faults—like those along the Pacific coasts—are usually frequent; scientists designate such areas as quake-prone. However,