Characteristic category Characteristic of the action case
3. THE THEORETICAL LENS OF THIS WORK
3.2. Paradigm shift
What does the process of integrating gender‐knowledge imply then for the paradigm or paradigms in informatics? Drawing on Kuhn and the indication that there is limited integration of gender‐knowledge in Swedish informatics study programs, the integration process could be labeled as a desire for a paradigm shift. By integrating gender‐knowledge, informaticians are expected to achieve a new or different view of the context they are working in. By doing this, they will be able to address new phenomena or address existing phenomena differently. The existing paradigm with its normal science, however, does not focus on the identification of new phenomena at all. Instead the main goal is to solve anticipated problem and/or to achieve the anticipated result in new ways (Kuhn, 1992). Because gender‐ knowledge does not have an obvious position in the informatics paradigm, some sort of modification of the existing paradigm is necessary if gender‐knowledge is to be recognized and integrated.
In the process towards a paradigm shift, two concepts are important to know about: anomalies and crises (e.g. Kuhn, 1992). The first step towards a paradigm shift is the discovery of anomalies. Anomalies are discoveries or events that are unanticipated in the paradigm and hence not something the members of the community are trained to deal with. The anomaly is, according to Kuhn (1992),
paradigm to investigate and to integrate into the paradigm (Kuhn, 1992). I argue that this is the way gender‐knowledge must take to be integrated into informatics study programs. Issues that directly or indirectly can be related to gender‐ knowledge must become recognized as anomalies within the Swedish informatics paradigm, and as important to investigate, because it is in this process of addressing these issues that minor and major modifications to the existing paradigm are suggested. Sooner or later a crisis will emerge. This crisis can, according to Kuhn (1992), be solved in three different ways. Firstly, it can be solved within the normal science of the paradigm; secondly, it is decided within the paradigm that the anomaly cannot be solved using current knowledge and is then left for future generations of scientist to deal with; and thirdly, a new paradigm candidate emerges and a battle between the two paradigm candidates ensues. Which way the integration of gender‐knowledge will take is difficult to say but it is necessary to investigate the integration of gender‐knowledge so far.
By viewing the integration process as a challenge to the existing paradigm, the process can no longer be viewed as a neutral activity. Instead, the suggested integration of gender‐knowledge can be perceived as a threat to “the informatics way”. At the same time, an understanding of what the integration process really implies is gained. The integration of gender‐knowledge requires recognition from the scientific community of informatics as a potential anomaly that is important to address. A crisis might then emerge that causes a shift in the paradigm.
The identification of gender‐knowledge as a potential anomaly in informatics provides some understanding of why gender‐knowledge is more thoroughly integrated into social science and humanities than into technical science. The different paradigms found in, for example, social science subjects seem to be more open for gender‐knowledge, and have made this an integrated part of the training the students are undergoing. In technical science, on the other hand, the paradigms are not as open to gender‐knowledge. It has not been integrated into the paradigm and it is not part of the students’ training to the same extent as in social science. Gender‐knowledge therefore at best becomes an anomaly and at worst is not recognized at all.
The evaluation of informatics in Sweden referred to in Chapter 1 indicates a paradigm more closely related to those found in technical science than in social science. The perceived slow integration of gender‐knowledge into informatics can be the result of perceiving the desired integration of gender‐knowledge to be a
challenge to the existing paradigm and a suggestion that it needs to be modified. What is important to recognize is that, according to Kuhn, there can only be one paradigm residing in a certain context at a certain point in time. If there are two competing paradigms, only one can survive. The relevant questions to raise in the context of integrating gender‐knowledge into informatics are: When does such a paradigm battle occur? When is a paradigm viewed as so different from the existing one that a war becomes necessary? And is it possible that a paradigm might be altered without starting a war? So far, only a limited number of members in the informatics community have shown an interest in this potential anomaly. Hence there is no imminent upcoming paradigm war. It is also the case that integrating gender‐knowledge is not an overwhelming change. It is not about shifting to a completely new focus, researching new problems, and replacing the existing methods with new ones. Integrating gender‐knowledge into informatics study programs cannot be compared to, for example, the way different views on light as particles, waves or both have triggered paradigm shifts in physics. These different views on the property of light create different paradigms that cannot exist in parallel with one another. However, integrating gender‐knowledge into Swedish informatics study programs is not about constructing some parallel line of thought addressing new problems with new methods and existing side by side with the existing paradigm. Instead it is about opening up the existing views offered by the residing paradigm and making it possible to see new things within the problems already addressed. In time, a paradigm shift might be necessary but for now, gender‐knowledge might be viewed as manageable within the existing paradigm and its normal science.