2.5 Efficiency improvements in post-combustion CO 2 capture
2.5.4 Process intensification
Although implementation of advanced process configurations and enhanced heat integration in the system would result in energy savings, such configurations increase process complexity, and would be characterised by
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higher capital investment and operating cost (Rochelle, 2009). Moreover, their implementation may limit power plant flexibility (Kvamsdal et al., 2009). These challenges can be addressed using process intensification principles. Using the conventional equipment, such as packed columns and fluidised beds, the process is limited by the mass transfer rate of CO2 to the adsorbent/absorbent. This process can be improved by utilisation of enhanced acceleration.
Figure 2-25: Conceptual design of intensified chemical solvent CO2 capture plant
In gas-liquid systems, gravity enhancement, caused by centrifugal force due to high rotational speed of the rotating packed bed (Figure 2-25), results in greater interfacial area as the liquid is dispersed into droplets. This would result in reduction of the equipment volume by at least three orders of magnitude (Kang et al., 2014; Reay, 2008; Visscher et al., 2013). Although several models of the intensified amine scrubbing equipment have been recently published (Agarwal et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2014), neither the whole system nor impact of its integration to the power plant performance has been analysed.
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Figure 2-26: Conceptual design of intensified gas-solid reactor (Visscher et al., 2013)
Mass transfer in the solid-gas process can be intensified using a gas-solid vortex reactor in which the gas phase is injected tangentially into the reactor to generate centrifugal force acting on the solid particles (Figure 2-26). Application of such reactors was found to enhance the mass transfer rate ten times compared to the conventional fluidised bed during SO2/NOx adsorption (Ashcraft et al., 2013). In addition, heat transfer during fast biomass pyrolysis was found to be intensified by factor of 3–5 (Visscher et al., 2013). Nevertheless, no study has analysed application of the gas-solid vortex reactors for CO2 absorption using solid sorbents.
Based on experience gained in other applications, use of the process intensification technologies instead of the conventional CO2 capture equipment can yield not only reduced energy penalties, but also lower capital cost as intensified equipment would require smaller volumes to reach desired CO2 capture level.
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