6 DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS Introduction
QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
1 Children in conflict with the law Number of children arrested during a 12 month periodper 100,000 child population 2 Children in detention Number of children in detention per 100,000 childpopulation 3 Children in pre-sentence detention Number of children in pre-sentence detention per100,000 child population 4 Duration of pre-sentence detention Time spent in detention by children before sentencing 5 Duration of sentenced detention Time spent in detention by children after sentencing 6 Child deaths in detention Number of child deaths in detention during a 12 monthperiod, per 1,000 children detained 7 Separation from adults Percentage of children in detention not wholly separa-ted from adults 8 Contact with parents and family Percentage of children in detention who have beenvisited by, or visited, parents, guardians or an adult
family member in the last 3 months
9 Custodial sentencing Percentage of children sentenced receiving a custodialsentence 10 Pre-sentence diversion Percentage of children diverted or sentenced who entera pre-sentence diversion scheme 11 Aftercare Percentage of children released from detentionreceiving aftercare
POLICY INDICATORS
12 Regular independent inspections
Existence of a system guaranteeing regular indepen- dent inspection of places of detention; Percentage of places of detention that have received an independent inspection visit in the last 12 months
13 Complaints mechanisms Existence of a complaints system for children in deten-tion; Percentage of places of detention operating a complaints system
14 Specialised juvenile justice system Existence of a specialised juvenile justice system 15 Prevention Existence of a national plan for the prevention of childinvolvement in crime
In the course of the research for this report, an attempt was made to measure the 15 juvenile justice indicators in Belgium (French Community), England and Wales, France and the Netherlands. The results can be found in the Annex.
Notes
1 All of the Committee’s concluding observations on State Parties reports can be found at www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/index.htm.
2 Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 10 Children’s rights in juvenile justice, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/10 (25 April 2007), para. 98.
3 See Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Guidelines regarding the form and content of periodic reports to be
submitted by States parties under article 44, paragraph 1(b), of the Convention , UN Doc. CRC/C/58/Rev.1 (29 November
2005). 4 Ibid., paras. 2-3.
5 Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Guidelines regarding the form and content of periodic reports to be submitted
by States parties under article 44, paragraph 1(b), of the Convention, UN Doc. CRC/C/58/Rev.1 (29 November 2005),
Annex, para. 23. 6 Ibid., para. 24. 7 Ibid.
8 See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, UN Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children, Geneva, 2006, p. 191. www.violencestudy.org. See also Cappelaere, G., Grandjean, A., Naqvi, Y., Children
Deprived of Liberty. Rights and Realities, Éditions Jeunesse de droit, Defence for Children International, 2005, pp. 44-45.
9 See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, note 8 above, p. 191. 10 Ibid., 213.
11 Ibid., p. 218.
12 Van Dijk, C., Dumortier, E. and Eliaerts C., “Survival of the Protection Model? Competing Goals in Belgian Juvenile Justice”, in: Junger-Tas, J. and Decker, S.H. (Eds.), International Handbook of Juvenile Justice, Springer, Dordrecht, 2006, pp. 187 - 223 at p. 188.
13 Committee on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.178, 13 June 2002. 14 Direction Générale de l’Aide à la Jeunesse.
15 Observatoire de l’enfance, de la jeunesse et de l’aide à la jeunesse.
16 See Hougardy, L., Institutions Publiques de Protection de la Jeunesse et Centre fermé provisoire d’Everberg. Rapport
statistique intégré 2006, Ministère de la Communauté Française, Direction Générale de l’Aide à la Jeunesse, service de
coordination des IPPJ, 2007. 17 Ibid.
18 KUL, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 19 Ulg, Université de Liège.
20 ULB, Université Libre de Bruxelles. 21 UCL, Université Catholique de Louvain.
22 See Youth Justice Board, Youth Justice Annual Statistics 2005/06, 2007. www.yjb.gov.uk. See also Chapter 2, section 2.2 England and Wales, above.
23 It is made up of the following core components:
• The National Offender Management Service: Administration of correctional services in England and Wales through Her Majesty’s Prison Service and the Probation Service, under the umbrella of the National Offender Management Service. • Youth justice: and sponsorship of the Youth Justice Board.
• Sponsorship of the Parole Board, HM Inspectorates of Prison and Probation, Independent Monitoring Boards, and the Prison and Probation Ombudsmen.
• Criminal, civil, family and administrative law: Criminal law and sentencing policy, including sponsorship of the Sentencing Guidelines Council and the Sentencing Advisory Panel and the Law Commission.
• The Office for Criminal Justice Reform, hosted by the Ministry of Justice but working trilaterally with the three CJS departments, the Ministry of Justice, Home Office and Office of the Attorney General.
• The Courts Service: Administration of the civil, family and criminal courts in England and Wales through Her Majesty’ Courts Service (HMCS).
• The Tribunals Service: Administration of tribunals across the United Kingdom Legal Aid, and the wider Community Legal Service, through the Legal Services Commission.
• Support for the Judiciary: Judicial appointments, via the newly created Judicial Appointments Commission; the Judicial Office and Judicial Communications Office.
• The Privy Council Secretariat and Office of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
• Constitutional affairs: electoral reform and democratic engagement; civil and human rights; freedom of information; management of the UK’s constitutional arrangements and relationships including with the devolved administrations and the Crown dependencies.
• A headquarters focused to shape overall strategy and drive performance and delivery.
24 Edgar, K., O’Donnell, I. and Martin, C., “Tracking the pathways to violence in prison”, in Lee, R. and Stanko, E. (Eds.),
Researching Violence, Routledge, London, 2005, p. 69.
25 See Liebling, A., “Prison officers, policing and the use of discretion”, 4 Theoretical Criminology 2000, pp. 333-357. 26 Closed Settings, Closed Minds? - Young People Who Self Harm, Interim Inquiry Report 3, www.selfharmuk.org. 27 See Liebling, A., Suicides in Prison, Routledge, London, 1992.
Researching Violence, Routledge, London, p. 70.
29 See Bottoms, A., “Interpersonal violence and social order in prisons.”, in: Tonry, M. (Ed.), Crime and Justice, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999.
30 Ireland, J., “Bullying among prisoners: the need for innovation.”, in: Ireland, J. (Ed.), Bullying Among Prisoners: Innovations
in Theory and Research, Willan, Devon, 2005.
31 The Howard League for Penal Reform, The Lord Carlile of Berriew QC: An Independent Inquiry Into the Use of Physical
Restraint, Solitary Confinement and Forcible Strip Searching of Children in Prisons, Secure Training Centres and Local Authority Secure Children’s Homes, London, The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2006
32 See Children’s Rights Alliance for England, State of Children’s Rights in England: Annual Review of UK Government Action
on 2002 Concluding Observations of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, London, 2005.
33 See also Chapter 2, section 2.3 France, above.
34 See The Annual Justice Statistics, Orientation des affaires par le Parquet dans le cadre de la procédure pénale en France, 2006 p. 103.
35 See also Chapter 2, section 2.3 France, above. 36 See e.g. Loi de programmation de la justice de 2002.
37 This report compiles statistical data over a period of five years, including the last year for which the data is available (2004 or 2005). See The Annual Justice Statistics, edition 2006, p. 3.
38 The data relating to children in pre-trial detention are included in the Police Statistic (écroués means to be entered on the prison register), in the statistics from the police records and in the penitentiary statistics. They are also available when the Judge of liberties and detention (Juge des libertés et de la détention) issues the committal order. These sources do not always make it possible to distinguish the type of committal order. The data from the examining judge (statistique issues du
repertoire de l’instruction) disaggregate between children and adults. The penitentiary statistics also disaggregate between
children and adults when presenting the number of detainees for each trimester. The minors taken into account are only the ones who are still under 18 at the date of registration. However, some adult detainees may have entered the facility when they were under 18. ‘The Annual Justice Statistics’ provide data concerning pre-trial detention of children ordered by the (juvenile) examining judge or the juvenile judge.
39 See Ministry of Justice, ‘The annual report of the commission that follows pre-trial detention’, edition 2006, pp. 151-153. 40 See Home Office, www.interieur.gouv.fr .
41 Part of the group of arrested persons for whom the public prosecutor chooses a procedure of formal trial. This legal category is vague because the entrance on the police register may be ordered by several types of mandates (e.g. summons, warrant for arrest, committal order).
42 In some courts, the public prosecutor decides which procedure to follow just by discussing over the phone with the police officer who heard the child alleged as having infringed the law. They go to trial based upon the information the police has at the time of the conversation, which often takes place shortly after arrest. It is impossible to determine how many cases are being dealt this way. It is impossible to know for how long the children are being detained because the centrally collected data on the length of police custody is not precise: less or more than 24 hours and not disaggregated according to age, meaning that no distinction is made between adults and children.
43 See Ministry of Justice, ‘The Annual report of the commission that follows preliminary detention’, edition 2006, p.151. 44 This data is established annually and is only released in part in ‘The Annual Justice Statistics’.
45 See Ministry of Justice, ‘The annual report of the commission that follows preliminary detention’, edition 2006, pp.151-152. 46 For example, La statistique dite des ‘cadres du parque’ and La Statistique issues du répertoire de l’instruction do not use the same definitions, and some of the differences between the two sources are difficult to explain. See Ministry of Justice, ‘The annual report of the commission that follows preliminary detention’, edition 2006, p. 152.
47 The police record does not provide information on acquittals and discharges, which are only taken into account in the statistics of the cadres du parquet, without referring to a prior placement in pre-trial detention. Cases of pre-trial detention followed by acquittal or discharge are not systematically listed. See Ministry of Justice, ‘The annual report of the commission that follows preliminary detention’, edition 2006, pp. 152-153.
48 The data relating to the procedure of comparution immédiate (immediate trial) is missing.
49 For example, pre-trial detention ordered during the examination process, detainee awaiting judgement after the examination process, detainee immediately tried and sentenced, detainee awaiting appeal (until the sentence is definitive, the detainee is still considered as being in pre-trial detention).
50 See Ministry of Justice, ‘The annual report of the commission that follows preliminary detention’, edition 2006, p. 154. 51 For example, Centre d’Analyse stratégique.
52 For example, Commission de suivi de la détention provisoire.
53 Institut National des Hautes Etudes de Sécurité (INHES, www.inhes.interieur.gouv.fr) and Observatoire National de la
Délinquance (OND).
54 Centre National de Formation et d’Etudes de la Protection Judiciaire de la Jeunesse (CNFE-PJJ).
55 Bruning, M.R., Liefaard, T., Volf, L.M.Z., Rechten in justitiële jeugdinrichtingen: evaluatie Beginselenwet justitiële
jeugdinrichtingen, WODC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdams Centrum voor Kinderstudies, 2004, p. 189.
56 Bruning, M.R., Liefaard, T., Volf, L.M.Z., Rechten in justitiële jeugdinrichtingen: evaluatie Beginselenwet justitiële
jeugdinrichtingen, WODC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdams Centrum voor Kinderstudies, 2004,
http://www.ack.vu.nl/htmls/onderzoek/samenvattingengels.pdf, p. 8.
57 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: The Kingdom of
the Netherlands (Netherlands & Aruba), UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.227 (26 February 2004), para. 25.
58 Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC) (Afdeling Statistische Informatievoorziening en
Beleidsanalyse (SIBa)).
59 See Public Prosecution Service, MEGAbestand OM2002-2006, Instroom, afdoeningen en doorlooptijden van rechtbank- en
kantonzaken over de jaren 2002 t/m 2006.
60 Private research bureaus include Stichting Alexander and the Van Montfoort Adviesbureau.
61 See Youth Care Inspectorate et al. Veiligheid in justitiële jeugdinrichtingen een opdracht met risico’s, September 2007. 62 See National Agency for Correctional Institutions (DJI), Planning & Control 2007, Handleiding justitiële jeugdinrichtingen,
pp. 126-138. 63 Ibid., pp. 126-138. 64 Ibid., pp. 139-141.
65 WOB: Wet Openbaarheid Bestuur (Government Information (Public Access) Act.) 66 See e.g. Politiemonitor bevolking 2006, Landelijke rapportage, Hilversum, 2006.
67 See Heide, W. van der, Eggen et al., “Criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving 2006: C&R 2006, WODC, Boom Juridische Uitgevers, The Hague, 2007.
68 See Staatsblad 2003, 516. 69 See www.statline.nl.
70 See art. 7 of the Youth Custodial Institutions Act.
71 See Law of 13 December 2000 (Wet van 13 december 2000, houdende tijdelijke instelling van de Raad voor strafrecht-
stoepassing en jeugdbescherming (Tijdelijke instellingswet Raad voor strafrechtstoepassing en jeugdbescherming)).
72 The advisory role of the RSJ is based on the 5th principle of the European Prison Rules. 73 See http://80.95.160.43/indexDB.html.
74 See www.nji.nl.
75 For the purposes of this research project, the following statistics were provided by the DJI upon request: total number of cases in which juveniles in each YCI used force or threatened to use force against another young person which led to the imposition of an order measure or a disciplinary sanction.
76 For the purposes of this research project, statistics were provided by the DJI upon request concerning the numbers of order measures and disciplinary sanctions imposed in each YCI.
77 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Unicef, Manual for the Measurement of juvenile justice indicators, United Nations, New York, 2007, p. 2
78 Ibid. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid.