QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 1. Design

The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was established by undertaking a rigorous design and testing procedure (section 2.5.1). Before administering the questionnaire the questions were piloted to ensure that they would yield answers in a relevant and useable format.

142 4.2.2. Administration

The target population was defined as those who were addressing or researching the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage internationally. The respondents are listed alphabetically in table 4.1. The initial sample frame was the published literature and major research projects such as Noah’s Ark and Climate for Culture (CfC) (section 3.4).

This ‘judgemental’ sample was then added to by referrals from respondents, the

‘snowball sample’ (section 2.5.1). The process of making initial contact and arranging and conducting the interview was time consuming and often subject to delay (mainly due to scheduling problems). Where possible the questionnaire was conducted by phone, in ten cases the participants preferred to self-administer the questionnaire and this was facilitated (Appendix 4).

Table 4.1. Respondents to questionnaire listed alphabetically Name and Country Profile

Ashley-Smith J. (Dr) England

Freelance conservation consultant and partner within Climate for Culture (CfC).

Baker P. (Dr) Scotland

Research Fellow, Centre for Research on Indoor Climate and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University. Partner in Engineering Historic Futures and CfC.

Barr, S.

Norway

President ICOMOS International Polar Heritage Committee.

Blankholm, H. P. (Prof) Norway

Institute of Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Tromsø. Polar archaeology expert.

Broström, T. (Prof) Sweden

Professor in conservation, research area sustainable management of cultural heritage, Gotland University. Partner in CfC

143 Name and Country Profile

Burmester, A. (Prof Dr) Germany

Director, Doerner Institut Munich. Partner in CfC.

Camuffo, D. (Prof) Italy

Research Director at the National Research Council of Italy, Professor of “Environmental Physics” and “Physics for Conservation” at the University of Padua, the Polytechnic of Milan and the Cignaroli Academy, Verona. Partner in CfC.

Dawson T. (Dr) Scotland

Manager of SCAPE and Shorewatch community monitoring of coastal erosion.

Faylona, P.

Philippines

National Museum of the Philippines, Forum UNESCO Universities and Heritage member with declared interest in climate change.

Fjaestad, M.

Sweden

Member of steering group at Karlstad University for

Scandinavian network on climate change and cultural property.

Flatman, J. (Dr) England

County Archaeologist and Senior Lecturer, Surrey County Council and UCL. Author (Flatman, 2009) ‘A Climate of Fear:

Recent British Policy and Management of Coastal Heritage’

Public Archaeology Gronnow, B. (Prof)

Denmark

Research Professor, National Museum of Denmark. Polar archaeologist and researcher Qajaa monitoring project, Greenland.

Haefner, K.

Germany

Chief Conservator Bayern State Castles and Gardens. Partner in CfC.

Hurd, J.

England

ICOMOS President Advisory Committee. Author (Hurd, 2008)‘Preparing for climate change: the importance of

'maintenance' in defending the resilience of cultural heritage.’

Historic Environment 21 Hyslop, E. (Dr)

Scotland

Deputy Director of Conservation, Historic Scotland. Author A Climate Change Action Plan For Historic Scotland 2012–2017

144 Name and Country Profile

Martens, V.V.

Norway

Researcher, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage on project titled Archaeological Deposits in a Changing Climate.

In Situ Preservation of Farm Mounds in Northern Norway Matthiesen, H.

Denmark

Senior Researcher National Museum of Denmark. Expert on in situ monitoring, researcher on Qajaa monitoring project Greenland.

McIntyre-Tamwoy, S.

(Dr) Australia

Senior Research Fellow in archaeology and anthropology James Cook university, Cairns. Author (McIntyre-Tamwoy, 2008) ‘The impact of global climate change and cultural heritage: grasping the issues and defining the problem.’

Historic Environment 21 McNeary, R. and

Westley, K. (Dr) N. Ireland

Research Associates, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA). Principal investigators on Climate Change and Cultural Heritage in Northern Ireland NIEA project.

Morales, O.O.B. (Dr) Mexico

Head of Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Campeche Mexico. Research interest in climate change and microbiological growth on stone.

Murphy, P.

England

Historic Environment intelligence Officer (Climate Change) English Heritage. Author (Murphy et al., 2009) ‘Coastal Heritage and Climate Change in England: Assessing threats and priorities.’ Conservation and Management of

Archaeological Sites 11

145 Name and Country Profile

Pearson, M. (Dr.) Australia

Managing Director, Heritage Management Consultants Pty Ltd, and former Chair ACT Heritage Council, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Author (Pearson, 2008) ‘Climate change and its impacts on Australia's cultural heritage.’

Historic Environment 21 and co-author (Pearson et al., 1998) Environmental indicators for national state of the environment reporting - Natural and Cultural Heritage.

Pender, R. (Dr) England

English Heritage

Conservation Department, Building Conservation + Research Team. Researcher on English Heritage publication Climate Change and the Historic Environment (English Heritage, 2008)

Rajčić, V. (Prof) Croatia

Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb.

Partner with CfC.

Rockman, M. (Dr) USA

Climate Change Adaptation Coordinator for Cultural Heritage Resources, U.S. National Parks Service. Author (Rockman, 2012) “The Necessary Roles of Archaeology in Climate

Change Mitigation and Adaptation” in Archaeology in Society:

Its Relevance in the Modern World.

Roe, D. (Dr) Australia

Archaeology Manager, Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, Tasmania, Australia

Sabbioni, C. (Prof) Italy

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, CNR, Bologna.

Lead partner Noah’s Ark, TeACH, and Executive Board EU Joint Programme Initiative for cultural heritage

Broker Sales Director Ecclesiastical Insurance, partner in Engineering Historic Futures and Noah’s Ark

146 Name and Country Profile

Wu, P.S. (Prof) Taiwan

Assistant Professor, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.

Conducting research on climate change risks to cultural heritage.

4.2.3. Analysis

The analysis of the questionnaires was twofold. Firstly, the closed answers (yes/no/unsure) were tallied, a summary of the results are presented in table 4.2. Patterns were noted in the responses and along with additional explanatory comments provided by respondents these were collated into the accompanying text. Additional comments made by respondents (i.e. those not factually related to specific questions) were subjected to a thematic study. The themes identified were added to or refined as the data-set expanded (section 2.5.1.) and the number of respondents referring to each theme was noted (figure 4.1). The thematic analysis examines the conditions that frame and form the factual responses (constructivist paradigm), i.e. the social, economic and political context within which the respondents are operating.

147

Table 4.2. Nominal analysis of responses to international practice questionnaire Q1. Have you assessed

148

149

Figure 4.1. Number of respondents concerned with each identified theme.

4.3. ASSESSING VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: QUESTION 1 & 2