The earliest application of the inverse photonuclear
reaction technique to giant resonance studies in light nuclei
was nade by Gemmell et al. (Ge 59a, Ge 59b) using a proton beam
from a 7.7 MeV cyclotron, with energy variation obtained by the
use of aluminium absorbing foils. Of the target nuclei bombarded,
7 11
only Li and B had sufficiently high Q-values for radiative
proton capture (17.25 MeV and 12.13 MeV, respectively) for the
yield measurements to extend beyond the peak of the giant
resonance. The cross-section curve for the B (p,Y0)C
reaction suggested possible structure within the resonance. A
more recent and accurate measurement by Gove et al. (Go 6l) 12 confirmed that there was no pronounced splitting of the C
giant resonance.
T 8
A thick target (280 keV) Li (p,Y)Be yield curve was o
measured at 90 by Gemmell et al. and gave no indication of
structure, but resolution was considered to be no better than
300 keV. The combined yield of high energy Y-rays from this
reaction showed a broad resonance with a maximum at a bombarding
energy of 5.8 MeV, in agreement with the prediction by
Wilkinson (Wi 54).
Two other measurements have been reported for the
7, s 8
Li (p,Y)Be reaction yield at comparable energies. Bair et al.
(Ba 52), using a 20 keV target, showed that at a fixed angle the
high energy Y-ray yield increased smoothly beyond Ep = 3 MeV.
up to 10 MeV and claimed that broad and completely structureless
resonances in yield at 90° of Y-rays to the ground and first 0
excited states of Be displayed maxima at about 5 and 8 MeV
proton energy, respectively. Pew experimental details and no
graphical results were given but agreement with the work of
Gemmell et al. was considered to be "not good".
Remark has been made of the 2.6 MeV difference in 8
excitation corresponding to maxima of the Be Yq- and Y^-ray
yield curves, as quoted by Thomas et al. This is to be
0
compared with the 2.9 MeV energy difference between the Be 0+
i ' J. _V. V
ground state and 2+ first excited state (Aj 59)* Other workers
have offered evidence for giant resonances built upon excited
states of nuclei.
Penfold and Garwin (Pe 59a) extracted cross-sections for
the elastic and inelastic scattering of Y-rays out of a
16
bremsstrahlung beam incident on 0 . An interpretation of the
peaks at 22 MeV in the elastic scattering cross-section, and at
29 MeV in the inelastic cross-section, was given in terms of
strong resonance dipole absorption by the 0+ 0 ground state
and 0 + or 2+ excited state 6 or 7 MeV higher, respectively i.e.
16 16 16 16*
giant resonances for 0 (Y,y)0 and 0 (Y,Y*)0 were
t
suggested .
t
In fact, the data required that a number of isolated
resonances be involved in the elastic scattering cross-section. Absorption at 22 MeV was particularly strong, however.
27 28
The giant resonances obtained for A1 (p»YQ )Si and
Al2^(p,Y.
)si28*
cross-sections by Gardner and Gugelot (Ga 61)displayed a relative displacement of about 2 MeV, as did the
resonance envelopes from the work of Gove et al. (Go 6l). The
data of Gove also suggested an energy difference of about 4 MeV
*11 12 11 12*
in excitation for the maxima in the B (p,YQ)C and B (p>Y<|)C
yields*
Inspection of the yield curves presented by Gove et al.
illustrated how much detail had been obscured, for example, in
the B (p»y)C data of Gemmell et al. and the Al (p,Y)Si
data taken by Gardner et al* It seemed quite possible that the
cyclotron beam study of the Li (p,Y)Be reaction had smeared out
structure by poor resolution* The evidence given by copious
photonuclear data (To 60) for multiple splitting of the giant
dipole resonances in many light nuclei posed the question of 8
whether there really was no structure in the Be giant resonance,
as experimental results had suggested to that time.
In summary, it is pointed out that, in favourable cases,
proton radiative capture studies permit a precise investigation 8
of the giant dipole resonance region for light nuclei* The Be
nucleus is unstable and therefore cannot be used as a target for
photodisintegration studies* The Li (p,Y)Be reaction is favoured
by a high Q-value so that the giant resonance may be reached
comfortably with available proton energies. Since agreement
disputed and no structure in the curves had been found, a
clarification seemed worthwhile. More precise values were
desired than those tentatively quoted for the excitation
7/ n 8 7/ \ 8*
energies at which Li (p,YQ )Be and Li CP»7^;Be reactions
exhibited maximum yield in the giant resonance region.
The improved resolution in proton beam energy and the
much lower background offered by the Tandem Van de Graaff
machine encouraged a repetition and extension of the earlier
work of Gemmell et al. The experiment was undertaken,
therefore, to provide thin target excitation functions and
7 8
angular distributions for Y-rays from the Li (p,YQ )Be and
7, v 8* Li (p,Y-j)Be reactions. ) { ' {
:
,
2
r) X 3
-
$ \ 3.2 Experimental Procedure 3.2*1 Target Preparation. *TThin targets of natural Lithium (92.6$ L i f) were
evaporated from a tantalum boat onto 0.010” thick tantalum
backings and mounted on a frame located axially in a
cylindrical, perspex target chamber.
To confirm that excessive oxidation or nitrogenation of
the Lithium target did not occur during transfer from the
evaporator, the following test was performed*
A crude target chamber was constructed which could be
transferred from the evaporator unit to the beam line without
c o n d i t i o n s showed no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h i c k n e s s , a s m e a s u r e d by t h e ( p , Y ) y i e l d , b e f o r e and a f t e r a d e l i b e r a t e , s h o r t e x p o s u r e t o a i r , n o r was t h e u s e f u l l i f e o f a t a r g e t r e d u c e d n o t i c e a b l y . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e b u l k i e r s y s t e m was a ban do ne d i n f a v o u r o f t h e s i m p l e p e r s p e x a s s e m b l y . L i t h i u m was a l s o d e p o s i t e d on t h i n , s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g , c a r b o n f o i l s . No d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d be o b s e r v e d i n t h e Y-ra y s p e c t r a r e c o r d e d d u r i n g p r o t o n bombardment o f c a r b o n - and t a n t a l u m - b a c k e d t a r g e t s f o r beam e n e r g i e s up t o 9 MeV. Most n e u t r o n s were p r o d u c e d i n t h e l i t h i u m t a r g e t so t h a t t h e s m a l l r e d u c t i o n g a i n e d i n b a c k g r o u n d d i d n o t w a r r a n t t h e u s e o f t h e f r a g i l e , c a r b o n f o i l s , a t l e a s t i n t h e r a n g e 2 . 5 t o 9 MeV p r o t o n e n e r g y .
T a r g e t s were k e p t t h i n - a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 keV f o r 6 MeV p r o t o n s - t o e l i m i n a t e e x c e s s i v e p i l e - u p o f p u l s e s due t o n e u t r o n c a p t u r e i n t h e d e t e c t i n g c r y s t a l s . L i t t l e c o u l d be 7 7 done a b o u t t h e p r o l i f i c y i e l d o f n e u t r o n s fr om t h e L i ( p , n ) B e r e a c t i o n b u t a r e a l r e d u c t i o n c o u l d be a c h i e v e d i n t h e r e l a t i v e number o f h i g h e n e r g y n e u t r o n s p r o d u c e d i n t h e t w o - s t a g e r e a c t i o n L i ^ ( p , a ) H e ^ , L i ^ ( a , n ) B 1^ , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n 2 i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e o f t h e number o f t a r g e t n u c l e i / c m ' .
F r e s h t a r g e t s were mounted i n t h e c ha mbe r w h e n e v e r beam- s p o t m a r k i n g o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n e f f e c t s became a p p a r e n t .
3.2.2 The Detection Equipment.
Gamma-rays from the reaction were detected by two lead-
shielded 5” diameter by 4” long Nal(Tl) scintillation
spectrometers. One was free to rotate in a horizontal plane
about the target, while the other was fixed in position to act
as a monitor during angular distribution measurements.
Pulses from the DuMont 6363 photomultipliers were fed
through Franklin preamplifiers and non-overloading amplifiers
and displayed by a RIDL 400-channel and RCL 512-channel pulse-
height analyser.
3.2.3 Line-Shapes.
Gamma-ray line shapes for the purpose of spectrum
analysis were measured under conditions of identical geometry
using the proton beam of the 1.2 MeV Cockcroft-Walton
accelerator. The mono-energetic Y-rays from the T^(p,Y)He^
(Q = 19.8 MeY) reaction at Ep — 1 MeV and 16 MeV Y-rays from
11 12
the B (p,y)C ' reaction were detected and found to have similar line-shapes, confirming the findings of Mainsbridge (Ma 60a)
that Y-ray line-shape changes little with Y-ray energy above
about 16 MeV.
The Y-ray line-shape was considerably improved by
reducing the angle of acceptance for Y-rays entering the crystal,
about a factor of two reduction being observed in the low energy
cylinder housed in a 4” x 13” x 13” steel block, the whole
assembly being interposed in the 6-J- inches separating the
target spot from the front face of the movable crystal* The
o collimating aperture was tapered with a half-cone angle of 14 •
The improved tritium Y-ray line-shape was used as a
7 8
standard and fitted to the Y -line in the Li'(p,Y )Be
o o
(
q = 17.2 MeV) Y-spectrum obtained for Ep = 441 keV. Theresultant Y^ line-shape compared favourably with those obtained
at higher proton energies where Y^ radiation is dominant;
agreement with results obtained by Mainsbridge (Ma 60a) in an
earlier and similar work, was good.
3.2.4 Photomultiplier Gain Stability.
It was found that the photomultiplier gains were sensitive
to count rate i.e. to the Y-ray and particularly neutron flux.
The proton beam intensity was reduced, therefore, as reaction
yields increased, to minimize gain changes. A close check was
kept on gain drifts by frequent calibration with 2.62 MeV Y-rays
M
from the ThC source and high-energy proton capture Y-rays from
1 1 1 2 11 7 8
the B (p»Y)C ** reaction, using a B target. The Li (p,Y)Be