Recommendation for future work

The LCA model in this work is based on gate-to-gate LCA approach, so it does not include a transportation and waste collection routes. These two factors are also important in the decision making process to help identify the most cost effective and environmentally friendly waste management system (Das and Bhattracharyya, 2015).

There are many researches related to the optimisation of MSW transportation and collection, e.g. Asefi and Lim (2017), Nguyen-Trong et al. (2017), Garibay-Rodriguez (2018), Louati et al. (2019) Kuznetsova et al. (2019) and Saif et al. (2019). However, all their works just focus on the optimisation of the route to the conventional waste treatment process such as the incineration and

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landfill. Therefore, the optimisation between the length of waste collection and transportation routes to the operating plant in the current study should also be added in the future.

Furthermore, there are some more processes on waste-to-chemicals such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which is also an interesting option. Although this technology has not been included in this work, but it is gaining more attraction among the researchers, so it is also worth investigating using both environmental effects and economic performance (Galadima and Muraza, 2015). There are many researchers who studied on the waste to liquid fuel process, for example, Niziolek et al. (2017) simulated and optimised their model for producing liquid fuels from MSW, but their scope just focused on the process cost minimisation without the environmental impacts included as described in chapter 2. Wang et al. (2013) also simulated a MINLP model on FT process. They optimised on both the environmental impacts (GW) and economic value (NPV), but their work employed biomass as feedstock. Therefore, this work would have been more complete if FT had been included in the research.

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