Earlier United States intervention in Latin America had created ill will and suspicion. President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to undo these feelings. During the 1930s, Roosevelt began a program he called the Good Neighbor Policy.It stressed cooperation and noninterference by the United States in Latin American affairs.
In 1933 the Pan American Conference met in Montevideo. There the United States pledged not to interfere in the internal or external affairs of Latin American nations. It recalled army units that had occupied Haiti since 1915. It also surrendered its right to interfere in the affairs of Panama.
The Cuban test. That same year a situation in Cuba tested Roosevelt’s commitment to the Montevideo agreement. A group of radical reformers overthrew Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado. The new government declared a socialist revolution and nationalized some American-owned companies. In response the United States refused to give diplomatic recognition to the new government, but it did not intervene directly. When Cuban army sergeant Fulgencio Batistadecided to overthrow the reformers, however, the U.S. envoy to Cuba encouraged him.
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Social and political disorder spread throughout Cuba in 1933. Here citizens in Havana celebrating the rumor that President Machado has resigned react to police gunfire.
777 NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS AROUND THE WORLD Although the United States no longer directly intervened in Latin Amer-
ican affairs, it still held considerable influence. In Cuba, Batista remained the power in the background while a series of civilian governments ruled in name only. In 1934 the United States recognized the stability that Batista had brought to Cuba. It canceled the Platt Amendment, which had given the United States the right to interfere in Cuban affairs.
Economic nationalism. During the 1930s, most Latin American governments worked to make their countries more self-sufficient by encouraging industry. Given the dismal economic picture caused by the global depression of the 1930s, international markets for their goods were
weak. Imported goods, moreover, were generally costly. Countries therefore had no choice but to develop their own industries for manufactured goods. This economic nationalism joined with growing feelings of political nationalism. The middle class, in particular, no longer wanted to be dependent on the United States or Europe.
The most important example of economic nationalism occurred in Mexico in 1938. American- and British-owned oil companies in Mexico had become involved in a wage dispute with their workers. They refused to accept a Mexican Supreme Court ruling in favor of the workers. As a result, President Lázaro Cárdenasintervened and nationalized the oil industry.
The British angrily broke off diplomatic relations. The United States, however, tried to get Mexico to pay the oil companies what they claimed their holdings were worth. The two governments eventually reached a compromise. Mexicans regard March 13, 1938—the day when President Cárdenas nationalized the oil companies— as the birth date of Mexican economic independence.
READING CHECK: Making Generalizations How did Latin American countries gen- erally view the United States and Europe?
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SECTION 5REVIEW
SECTION 5REVIEW
1. Identifyand explain the significance: Diego Rivera Rafael Trujillo Molina Anastasio Somoza Good Neighbor Policy Fulgencio Batista Lázaro Cárdenas
2. Identifying Cause and EffectCopy the table below. Use it to show the causes or effects of each factor on Latin America.
3.
a. What caused a change in the economies of Latin American countries after World War I? b. How did authoritarian regimes come
to power in many Latin American countries?
c. How did the United States react to events in Latin American countries in the 1930s?
4.
Decision Making Use a decision- making process to determine whether President Roosevelt honored the Monte- video agreement when he supported Batista’s revolt in Cuba.
Consider:
• how United States economic interests were affected by socialist reforms • what the United States had agreed to
in the Montevideo agreement keyword: SP3 HP29
Cause Effect
Increase in exports and generation of electricity Industrialization Middle-class access to greater political power
The Good Neighbor Policy Economic nationalism
Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas, a revolutionary gen- eral and son of a poor family, carried out promises of eco- nomic reform and nationalized Mexico’s petroleum industry in the 1930s.
Review
Creating a Time Line
Copy the time line below onto a sheet of paper. Complete the time line by filling in the events, individuals, and dates from the chapter that you think were significant. Pick three events and explain why you think they were significant.
Writing a Summary
Using standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation, write an overview of the events in the chapter.
Identifying People and Ideas
Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:
1.Zionism 6. Chiang Kai-shek
2.Mohandas Gandhi 7. Mao Zedong
3.passive resistance 8. Long March
4.Mustafa Kemal 9. Treaty of Portsmouth
5.Open Door Policy 10. Good Neighbor Policy
Understanding Main Ideas
SECTION 1 (pp. 758–761)
The British Empire in the Postwar Era
1.What influence did Mohandas Gandhi have on the way the people of India sought independence?
SECTION 2 (pp. 762–764)
Turkey, Persia, and Africa
2.In what way did World War I change the attitude of Africans about colonial government?
SECTION 3 (pp. 765–769)
Unrest in China
3.Why was the United States concerned about the influence of imperialist powers in China?
4.What factors led to the development of communism in China?
SECTION 4 (pp. 770–773)
Imperialism in Japan
5.Why did Japan pursue a policy of expansionism after World War I?
SECTION 5 (pp. 774–777)
Latin America Between the Wars
6.How did the economies of Latin American countries change after World War I?
Reviewing Themes
1. Government How did the military affect Japan’s government?
2. Culture How did cultural issues affect nationalistic movements in Africa?
3. Economics How did economic issues influence political events in Latin America?
Thinking Critically
1. Contrasting Contrast the British reaction to demands for Indian independence with their reaction to similar demands from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
2. Evaluating How would you evaluate the effectiveness of Mustafa Kemal’s attempt to modernize Turkey?
3. Sequencing Trace the events leading to the rise of communism in China.
4. Identifying Cause and Effect What factors influenced the expansionist efforts of Japan after World War I?
Categorizing The United States has tried to influence the political and economic activities of other countries. Some argue that the United States must do this to protect its own interests, while others believe that every nation has the right to make its own decisions. Write an informative article presenting both sides of this issue. Use the following chart to organize your thoughts.
Writing About History
778 CHAPTER 29
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29
1898 1913 1938
U.S. action Effects——U.S. Effects—— other country Supporting revolution Imposing economic sanctions Conducting military action
779 NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS AROUND THE WORLD
Analyzing Statistical Data
Study the information provided below. Then use the informa- tion to answer the questions that follow.
The Population of Palestine in 1914 (Estimated)
1.Which of the following best describes the population of Palestine in 1914?
a. Muslims greatly outnumbered Christians and Jews in Palestine in 1914.
b. Most Christians in Palestine in 1914 were immigrant farmers from Europe.
c. Christians and Jews together slightly outnumbered Muslims in 1914 Palestine.
d. Farmers represented the largest segment of the Palestinian population in 1914.
2.Convert the statistics above into a pie graph on the population of Palestine. How might this information have influenced Palestinian views in 1914 on who should rule the area?
Problem Solving
Read the following quote from an essay by a commentator published in 1936. Then answer the questions.
“Negotiation between two Western states is the mutual attempt to approach common ground. Its essence is compromise. But the concept of compromise is quite foreign to the Japanese. To them, diplomatic negotiation means the effort of each national representative to put over his own plan intact, the end in view being that one shall win and the other shall lose. The Naval Conference this year has been an illustration of Japan’s attitude. Arriving at London with a fixed determination to obtain parity or nothing, the Japanese were not prepared to yield a single ton, regardless of what was proposed.”
3.Which of the following is the best statement of the problem described in the excerpt?
a. There was no word for “compromise” in the Japanese language.
b. All the Western countries had a common goal.
c. The Japanese thought of themselves as superior.
d. Japan and the West had very different understandings of the word “negotiate.”
4.In today’s world, Japan and the Western powers have become allies and active trading partners. How do you think the problem described in the quote was solved?
Alternative Assessment
Building Your Portfolio
Global Relations
Great Britain’s efforts to try to direct the future of Palestine led to increased tensions in the region after World War I. Use the Internet and other sources to identify how other countries, such as the United States, have tried to assist in recent disputes within this region. Using what you have learned from Britain’s example, evalu- ate the effectiveness of these efforts in bringing a peaceful resolution to conflict.
Internet Activity: go.hrw.com
KEYWORD: SP3 WH29
Choose a topic on Nationalist Movements Around the World to:
• write a biography of Mustafa Kemal.
• investigate the British Commonwealth of Nations and how the member nations interact.
• create a poster on wars of independence in the Philippines and Nicaragua.
• About 535,000 Muslims
• About 70,000 Christians (mostly Arabs) • About 85,000 Jews
1921 Business and Finance The German mark falls rapidly and inflation begins. 1922 Politics Benito Mussolini forms a fascist government in Italy. 1923 The Arts American composer George Gershwin writes “Rhapsody in Blue.”
1926 Science and Technology
American scientist Robert H. Goddard fires the first liquid fuel rocket.
1924 Daily Life
More than two million radios are in use in the United States. 1926 The Arts Ernest Hemingway publishes his novel The Sun Also Rises.
1928
Global Events
The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed, making war “illegal.”
1928 Science and Technology
American aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic.
1931
Global Events
The Japanese attack Manchuria.
1929
Business and Finance
A world economic crisis begins after the U.S. stock market crashes.
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