Bornite, GUgFeS^
69,70 representative of the areas
69 ' '
Daly, J. W . , - Paragonssis of the mineral assemblages at Crestmore, Riverside, County, Calif. Am.
Mineralogist, vol. 80, pp. 658-59, 1958.
70
Tilley, C. E . ,,mid Harwood, H.F., - The dolerite-ohalk
^contact of Scawt Hill C o . , Antrim. The production of basic alkali rooks by assim
ilation of limestone by basaltic magma.
Mineralogy Hag., vol. 22, pp. 459-468, 1981.
In summary, the following reasons are given for suggesting rearrangement of materials already in the sedi
mentary beds to form the lime silicates. Pure limestone alters to marble, and impure limestone beds alter to
silicates. In all areas examined the lime silicate rocks retain the original bedding structures of the limestones.
Some beds are predominantly pyroxenes, others are predominantly garnets, others idoorase, and still others olivines. If the materials were introduced from igneous sources one would expect a more uniform distribution rather than a segregation of certain minerals in certain alternating beds.
There is a lack of metamorphio silicate minerals in the igneous rock near the contact. If the magma had
copious quantities of water, some reaction would be ex
pected that would cause dark silicates and garnets to replace the igneous rock near the contact.
Nearly all the minerals are lime-alumina silicates or magnesium-calcium silicates. The iron minerals epidote,
andradite, hedenbergite, and magnetite, so oharaeteristic of many contact zones, are nearly, or completely, lacking.
All the elements of the metamorphio silicates, therefore, are normal impurities of limestones, and no elements appear to have been added in large amounts.
The deposits furnish an excellent illustration of the simple heat effect of an intruded "body on adjacent rock as contrasted with other deposits where addition of material from the igneous source has been a large factor in the alteration.
The following publications include all those known that relate to the mineralogy of Tombstone mining district and a few that deal with the main features in the study
The identity of mottramite and
psittaeinite with cuprodescloizite.
Mineralogy Mag., vol. 23, pp. 376- 386, 1933.
The geology and veins of Tombstone, Arizona. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., VOl. 10, pp. 334-545, 1882. '
The halogen salts of silver and assoc
iated minerals at Tonopah, Hev. Beon.
Geology, vol. 6, pp* 113-121, 1911.
The halogen salts at Wonder, Hev.
Boon. Geology, vol. 12, pp. 689-593, 1917.
Geology and ore deposits of the San Francisco region, Utah. U. S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 80, pp. 103-105, 1913.
Thaumasite from Beaver County, Utah.
Am. Jour. Sol., 4th ser., vol. 51, pp. 131-134, 1911.
Concentration and smelting at Tombstone, Arizona. AM. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., Vol. 15, pp. 601—13, 1887.
The Tombstone, Arizona, mining district.
Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. 35, pp. 3-37, 1903.
1935.
On hetaerolite from Leadville, Colorado.
Am. Jour. Sol,, 4th ser., vol. 35, pp. 600-604, 1913.
Thaumasite (and spurrite) from Crestmore, Calif. Am. Mineralogist, vol. 5,
pp. 80-81, 1920.
Hessite from the West Side mine, Arizona.
Am. Phil. Soe., vol. 24, p. 36, 1887.
The occurrence and treatment of argent
iferous manganese ores of Tombstone dis
trict, Arizona. Am. Inst. M i n . Eng.
Trans., vol. 17, pp, 767-777, 1888-89.
vol. 18, pp. 910-912, 1889-90.
Geology and ore deposits of the Good- springs quadrangle, Nev. U. S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 162, 1931.
Occurrence and relations of alabandite.
Boon. Geology, vol. 25, pp. 36-56, 1930.
Manganese in western hydrothermal ore deposits. Ore deposits of the Western States. (Lindgren volume), Am. Inst. Kin.
Met. Eng., pp. 680-681, 1933.
A descriptive petrography of the igneous rooks, vol. 2, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1938.
The microscopic determination of the non
opaque minerals. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 848, 1934.
M n d g r e n , W . , - Suooession of minerals and temperature of formation in ore deposits of mag- matio affiliation. Am. Inst. Min. Met.
Eng. Teoh. Pub., 715, 1956.
Mallor, J. Vi., - A comprehensive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry, vol. 12, 1932.
Moses, A. J . , - Ettringite from Tombstone, Arizona, and a formula for ettringite. Am. Jour. Sol.
3rd ser., vol. 45, pp. 489-492, 1893.
Moses, A. J. and Luquer, L. Mel.,
- Alabandit® from Tombstone. School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 13, pp. 236-239,
1892.
Orcel, J . and Pavlovitch, St.,
- Les caraeteres microseopiques des oxydes de manganese et des manganites naturals.
Soc. frang mineralogic Bull. T. LIT,
tation of manganese. Boon. Geology, vol. 31, pp. 278-97,1936.
Schaller, W. T . , - Montioellite from San Bernardino Co.
Calif, and the montioellite series. Am.
Mineralogist, vol. 20, pp. 815-827, 1935.
Schwartz, G. M. and Park, C. F.,
Short, M. N . ,
Spurr, J. E. and Garrey, G. H . , Tilley, G. E, and Harwood, H. F . ,
Wright, F. E . ,
A miorosoopio study of ores from the Campbell mine, Biahee, Arizona. Boon.
Geology, y oI. 27, pp. 39-51, 1932.
Miorosoopio determination of the ore minerals. U. S. Geol, Survey Bull.
825, 1931.
Ore deposits of the Velardena district, Mexico. Bo cm. Geology, vol. 3,
pp. 680-725, 1908.
The doler1 te-ehalk contact of Soawt Hill, County Antrim. The production
of basic alkali rocks by the assimil
ation of limestone by basaltic magma.
Mineralogical Mag., vol. 22, pp. 489- 468, 1931.
On three contact minerals from Velar
dena, Durango, Mexico. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 26, pp. 545-554, 1908.
P / r s f S fa y e . jB .q c//e_____
_ F l u o r i t e ^___
C.n Ic .ife L
„ F l y i L t d______
_ Qd hQ.lttiJ'S ’ ■—
S e c o n d S f e f e . _ T jttx o /j e d riF s t_ 3 a u r n a n it e . _ E a W Q -flriits^.
C h a /c a o v r ffe . T h ir d . S fa y c .
---
z/i/-.:--- Q j j n r f z .
& ot! e*h a
F o u r ih 5/*ft
- A t a J i t a d l t e — -B u h y £ i l v t r J ? L .
_ tiS L B S U ’Q
F i r % i S ta fO Second S/»f* T h ird . 5 A? ye F o u rth S t o f o
F i g u r e . 1 . G e n e r a / p a r a g e n e f / C r e / a f / o n s o f th e h y p agent.
Vein
m m c r a / % .s
Galena and anglesite replaced by sulphur, Galena, white, anglesite, dark gray, sulphur, light gray. Plain light. En
larged 40 diameters.
Plate I - B
Same relations as above in A, but in addition, shows better the quartz walls that separate galena crystals. Upon complete oxidation, only the quartz box- work remains. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
Symbols gn - galena an - aaglesite s - sulphur q - quartz
Argentlte, ohaloooite, stromayerite re
lationships in iron oxide gangue. Minute blades of covellite replacing ohaloooite and stromeyerite. Two small fragments of gold are seen. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate II - B
Covellitization of ehaloo- oite in oxidized gangue.
Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
Plate II - C
Border replacement of ohaloooite by covellite.
Small particles of gold in limonltio gangue. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diam
eters.
Symbols
arg - argentlte o@ - ohaloooite str - stromeyerite au - gold
Mloroaeopio tetragonal-sphenoidal oryatala of ohalcopyrite oonoentrated near the bord
ers of alabandite crystals. Fissure in
alabandite is filled with quarts and calcite.
Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
Plate III - B
Remnants of galena and sphalerite surrounded by caloite in alabandite. Indicates the
scarcity of other sulphides and the possible source of gold and silver in the assays of alabandite. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diam
eters.
Symbols
al - alabandite q - quartz el - ealeite sp - sphalerite gn - galena
op - ohalcopyrite
Fractured ohaloopyrite, white mineral, re
placed by supergene bornite, dark gray.
Along same fractures, supergene ohalcocite, light gray mineral, replaces bornite and ohaloopyrite. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
Plate IV - B
Fractures in tetrahedrite, gray mineral, healed by quartz. Along the fractures, ohaloopyrite, white mineral, alters before tetrahedrite does. The alteration pro
ceeds as ohaloopyrite to bornite to ehalco- oite.
Symbols
td - tetrahedrite
©o - ohalcocite op - ohaloopyrite bn - bornite
Chaleocite replacing ohaloopyrite along fractures. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate V - B
Small grains of famatinite surrounded by a ring of quartz. Unidentified oxidation mineral replacing famatinite in reticulat
ing veinlets. Plain light. Enlarged ISO diameters.
Symbols
op - ohaloopyrite 00 - ohaloocit®
fa - famatinite q - quartz
01 - oalcite
Bournonite altering along small fissures to an unidentified mineral. The mineral is probably the first alteration of bournon
ite and is probably a complex sulphate of lead and antimony. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate VI - B
Bournonite from the same specimen as A with higher magnification. Alteration mineral replacing bournonite inwardly from
the boundaries of the crystal. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
I t
> : >J. *
S T
K'F
m
1
■
. ' - '. / '
i
IGalena, white mineral, replacing breeciated tetrahedrite, gray mineral. Dark veins filled with quartz. The section indicates movement during ore deposition. Plain light Enlarged 120 diameters.
Plate VII - B
Same specimen as above, but in different section. Shows the intense fracturing of tetrahedrite which continued with decreas
ing strength during deposition of galena.
Symbols
td - tetrahedrite gn - galena
sp - sphalerite op - ehalcopyrite
Specimen believed to contain romanachite(?), white mineral, that is barely separable from pyrolusite. Has a fibrous character. Small square and rectangular limonite pseudomorphs after pyrite are visible. Dark gray mineral
is quartz. Black mineral is barite. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate VIII - B
Magnified vein of crystal believed to be a limonite pseudomorph after pyrite.
There is indication of more than one mineral. Manganese oxides, probably psilomel- ane and quartz surround limonite crystal. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diam
eters.
Plate VIII - C
White mineral is polianite or pyrolusite being replaced by light gray mineral, tenta
tively identified as psilo- melane, but which contains antimony. The orystal X is a pseudomorph of the unknown mineral after polianite. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters
Symbols
Typical grain pattern of polianite. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate IX - B
+
Polianite, light gray, being replaces by mineral x, darker gray, similar to psilo melane along fractures. Few grains of quartz remain. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
V ■ \
-Heterogeneous mass of manganese oxides from, a hand specimen that appeared to be homogeneous, Manganite as.a long fibrous mineral replaced by stringers of pyro-
lusite, white mineral, and hetaerolite, gray mineral. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate X - B
Higher magnification of a small stringer.
Manganite is replaced by hetaerolite and a few stringers of pyrolusite. An unknown manganese oxide appears in some places to be replacing hetaerolite; in other places hetaerolite appears to be replacing (it. ) Manganite has not been found in contact with it. Plain light. Enlarged 75 diam-
e ters. >
Symbols
pr - pyrolusite het- hetaerolite man- manganite y - unknown
1 - - ' .
w-h fn*'1
:, <
BlCl l i; E B -
‘ •* *V-i f
M .
'
/>
B
Section showing the stringer-like char
acter of hetaerolite and the relationship between hetaerolite, manganite, and min
eral y. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diam
eters.
Plate XI - B
Enlargement of section shown in A. Hetaerol ite has high relief in comparison with man
ganite. Pyrolusite, as small blebs and stringers, in association with hetaerolite and manganite. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
Symbols
het - hetaerolite man - manganite pr - pyrolusite
y - unknown manganese oxide
Typical mlerostructure of psilomelane.
The different colors probably represent layers of varying hardness. Plain light.
Enlarged 40 diameters.
Plate XII - B
Enlarged view of the "boot" seen in A.
The photograph indicates more than one mineral, but since there are several var
ieties of psilomelane with varying water content, one may a s s u w that the white minerals with a higher degree of polish represent a less hydrous variety. Plain light. Enlarged 120 diameters.
«F 3
H
K
"?;■ :;'V'.1 w m & 1
P: nWSm'i ,- i ,
mlmmiI
Psilomelano showing contraction cracks ana filled wi Hi later psilomelane• Concen
tric structure of psilomelane is con
spicuously developed. Plain light. En
larged 40 diameters.
Plate XIII - B
Specimen of manganese ore from the Emer
ald mine. Small crystals of pyrolusite replacing quartz. Plain light. Enlarged 40 diameters.
View of Tombstone, looking southeast from Comstock Hill, with the mineralized belt outlined roughly in relation to the topo
graphy and townsite.
Plate XIV - B
White outcrops of rhyolite porphyry exposed in southeast part of the Tombstone area. The rhyolite porphyry intrudes as sills parallel
to the bedding of the Upper Naco limestone.
K H B
• : > V
•"' .>
Typical section of pre-Cambrian quartz diorite showing the idiomorphic crystal form of the nearly completely serioitiz- ed plagioolase, dark mineral. Later microcline and quartz, white mineral,
surround the plagioolase. Crossed niools.
Enlarged 24 diameters.
Plate XV - B
Zoning in hornblende phenocryst in andes
ite porphyry, six miles east of Tombstone.
Plain light. Enlarged 27 diameters.
Thin section of granodiorite from stock showing the cloudiness of tiie orthoolase, prismatic section of hornblende, the com
plete alteration of biotit® to fjhlorite which, in turn, is being replaced by epl- dote, the small grains of allanite (orthlte), and the arrangement-of plagioolase and
quartz. Plain light. Enlarged 96 diameters.
Plate XVI - B
Thin section of same granodiorite showing the tabular arrangement of the plagioolase feldspars with interstitial quartz. Feldspar shows no zoning or alteration. Grossed
nicols. Enlarged 24 diameters.
Symbols q - quartz
plagio - plagioolase or - orthoolase ch - chlorite hbl - hornblende
all - allanite ep - epidote
Plow banding in the groundmass of the quartz latite porphyry, quartz and feld
spar are fragmental as though broken by movement in the vieoous groundmass. Plain light. Enlarged 24 diameters.
Plate XVII - B
Enlarged view of flow banding showing the fragmental character of the feldspar and the corroded edges of quartz phenooryst.
Plain light. Enlarged 96 diameters.
View of the Three Brothers Hills in the dis
tance with Uncle Sam Hill at the base. These hills are all composed of quartz latite por
phyry.
Plate XVIII - B
Hill in the foreground composed of quartz latite porphyry. Its contact with the pre- Cambrian quartz diorite not seen in the
view. In the background is seen Boise quartz
ite resting on pre-Cambrian intrusive. On the farthest hill the relationships of the form
ations are complicated by faulting.
Typical topography of the weathered and erod
ed Tombstone granodiorite stock. The rounded boulders have been produced by granular dis
integration along joint planes. Photo taken near Sohieffelin's monument looking toward the Dragoon mountains.
Plate XIX - B
Close view of the disintegration of the grano
diorite to coarse soil.
Groundmass of monzoBite
porphyry composed of spheru- litic quartz and orthoolase.
Large crystal at the top is orthoolase. Grossed niools.
Enlarged 24 diameters.
Typical porphyritio texture of augite diorite porphyry. The feldspar crystals are andesine, exhibiting slight zonal struct
ures. Actinolite altered from augite is the main dark mineral filling in the interstices..
Plain light. Enlarged 24 diam
eters.
Plate XX - C
Photograph showing the spotted appearance of the platy and conehoidal slabs of basalt.
Typical ophitio texture of basalt dike east of Emerald mine • The lath shaped feldspars are labradorite. Grottodmass is magnetite and augite. Plain light. Enlarged 24 diam
eters.
Plate XXI - B
Fine grained texture of basalt northeast of Tombstone. Olivine grains surrounded by iddingsite. Feldspar is labradorite. Inter
stices are filled with augite and magnetite.
White mineral in right side of photograph possibly nephelite. Plain light. Enlarged 75 diameters.
■
m m
Photomicrograph of thin section of black oalcite showing the microscopic replacement of calcite by brown hydrated manganese oxide along cleavage cracks. Plain light. En
larged 24 diameters.
*
Plate XXII -
B-* . . .. .
Enlarged view of intersection of cleavage planes showing the concentration of feathery and spherulitic masses of brown hydrated manganese oxide. Plain light. Enlarged 320 diameters.
View of Comstock Hill from the northwest, where many unusual contact metamorphic min
erals may be found. The top and flanks of the hill are composed of steeply dipping metamorphosed limestone beds. Near the
center of the picture, granodiorite intrudes within 30 feet of the top.
Plate XXIII - B
Typical exposure of steeply dipping metamor
phosed limestone beds on Comistook Hill. Hard and soft beds alternate depending upon, their mineral composition.
■
Metamorphosed "blue limestone" from, the 4th level of the Toughnut mine showing bladed crystals of tremollte with residual grains of ealcite and quartz and interstitial grains of garnet. Plain light. Enlarged 24 diameters.
Plate XXIV - B
Metamorphosed white limestone frcsa the Silver Thread mine showing radiating fibers of wollas- tonite with few grains of residual quartz.
Galena replacing wollastonite in lower part of miorophotograph. Plain light. Enlarged 24 diameters.
Symbols
Te - tremollte q - quartz cal - ealcite
wo11 - wollastonite gn - galena
r*
Te
S
m
. ■
»v~i s
&
t- <.*
2?
^ s
^ < ;y/~/5*^11 W i ^2
I
V - ' u .
i-!-e" y /«
IBS:
Thin s@otion of silloate rook from 5th level of Lucky Cuss mine. Dark gray miner
al represents residual grains of oalcite.
White mineral probably represents serpentine peeudomorphs after montioellite. Plain
light. Enlarged 81 diameters.
Plate XXV - B
Same section as A, except under crossed niools.
White mineral is oalcite. Serpentinized monti
oellite shows dark centers. Crossed nicols.
Enlarged 81 diameters.