Executive)Department!
REQUIRES!CONFIRMATION!
Such1as:1 1. Provided1by1Constitution:11
a. Heads1of1Executive1Departments1
• Except1Vice1President11
b. Ambassadors1or1other1public1 ministers1and1consuls1
c. Officers1of1the1armed1forces1 from1the1rank1or1colonel1or1naval1 captain1
• Not1applicable1to1PNP,1as1the1same1is1 under1the1DILG1
d. Those1other1officers1whose1 appointments1are1vested1in1him1 in1the1Constitution.1(Sarmiento1 vs.1Mison)K1Such1as:1
i. Members1of1the1 Constitutional1 Commission1 ii. 41regular1members1
of1the1JBC1
• Calderon1vs.1Carale1–1The1enumeration1 is1exclusive,1congress1may1not1amend1to1 add/1reduce.11
2. Officers1whose1appointments1are1not1 provided1by1law1
3. Vested1by1Congress11 1
Steps1in1appointing1process1
1. Nomination1by1the1President1
2. Confirmation1 by1 the1 Commission1 on1
3. Issuance1of1the1commission11 4. Acceptance1by1the1appointee1 1
Discretion1of1Appointing1Authority1
1Appointment1 is1 essentially1 a1 discretionary1 power1 and1must1be1performed1by1the1officer1in1which1it1is1 vested1 according1 to1 his1 best1 lights,1 the1 only1 condition1being1that1the1appointee1should1possess1 the1minimum1qualifications.11
1Discretion1 also1 includes1 determination1 of1 the1 nature1or1character1of1the1appointment.11
1
Special1 Constitutional1 Limitations1 on1 the1 President’s1appointing1power:1
1. Nepotism1K1May1not1appoint1his1spouse1and1 relatives1by1consanguinity1or1affinity1within1 the1 fourth1 civil1 degree1 as1 Members1 of1 the1 Constitutional1 Commissions,1 as1 ombudsman,1 or1 as1 Secretaries,1 undersecretaries,1 chairmen1 or1 heads1 or1 bureaus1or1offices,1including1GOCC1
2. Appointments1 by1 ACTING1 president1 shall1 remain1 effective1 unless1 revoked1 by1 the1 ELECTED1president1within1901days1from1his1 assumption1of1office1
3. 21 months1 immediately1 before1 the1 next1 presidential1elections,1and1up1to1the1end1of1 his1 term,1 a1 President1 or1 acting1 President1 shall1 NOT1 make1 appointments1 except!
temporary! appointments! to! executive!
positions! when! continued! vacancies! will!
prejudice!public!service!or!endanger!public!
safety!
• IN1 RE:1 Valenzuela/1 Vallerta1 –1 The1 prohibition1 is1 directed1 against1 21 appointments:1
1. Buying1 Votes1 –1 The1 soK called1 Midnight1 Appointments1
2. Partisan1 Consideration11 K1 preKempting1 the1
president1 of1
prerogative1of1incoming1 president1
• De1 Castro1 vs.1 JBC1 –1 Will1 not1 apply1 to1 Judicial1 Appointments.1 BUT1 take1 note,1 this1does1not1fall1under1the1EXCEPTIONS.1
!
3. The!power!of!removal!
1General1 Rule:1 Implied1 from1 the1 power1 of1 appointment.1 For1 cause1 and1 in1 accordance1 with1 prescribed1administrative1procedure.1
1Exception:1 When1 constitution1 prescribes1 certain1 methods1for1separation1of1such1officers1from1public1 service.1
1
4. The!power!of!control!
1Control1–1power1of1an1officer1to1alter1or1modify1or1 nullify1or1set1aside1what1a1subordinate1officer1had1 done1 in1 the1 performance1 of1 his1 duties1 and1 to1 substitute1his1judgement1for1that1of1the1latter’s.1 1Supervision1–1overseeing,1or1the1power1or1authority1 of1 an1 officer1 to1 see1 that1 subordinate1 officers1 perform1their1duties1and1if1the1latter1fail1or1neglect1 to1 fulfil1 them,1 then1 the1 former1 may1 take1 such1 action1or1steps1as1prescribed1by1law1to1make1them1 perform1these1duties.1
Power! of! General! Supervision! over! local!
governments!\!Can1only1interfere1in1the1affairs1and1 activities1 of1 a1 local1 government1 unit1 if1 he1 or1 she1 finds1that1the1latter1had1acted1contrary1to1law.1!
• Ganzon1 vs.1 CA1 –1 Investigation1 s1 not1 inconsistent1with1General1Supervision1 Alter!Ego!Principle!
• Headed!by!Cabinet!Secretaries!!
1“Doctrine1of1qualified1political1agency”1 1Recognizes:1
1. The1establishment1of1a1single1executive1 and1 administrative1 organizations1 are1 adjuncts1of1the1Executive1Department;1 2. The1 heads1 of1 the1 various1 executive1
departments1 are1 assistants1 and1 agents1 of1the1Chief1Executive1
3. Except1in1cases1where1Chief1executive1is1 required1 by1 the1 constitution1 or1 law1 to1 act1 in1 person1 or1 the1 exigencies1 of1 the1 situation1demand1that1he1act1personally,1 the1 administrative1 functions1 are1 performed1 by1 and1 through1 the1 executive1 departments1 and1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 Secretaries1 of1 such1 departments1 performed1 and1 promulgated1 in1 the1 regular1 course1 of1 business1 are,1 unless1 disapproved1or1reprobated1by1the1Chief1
Department1 Bureau1 Office1 Any1 Unit1 of1 Department /1Bureau1 Ex.1DILG1 Ex.1PNP1 Ex.1Regional1
Offices1 of1 PNP1
!
Appeal!
1Decisions1 of1 subordinate1 executive1 officers1 are1 appealable1 to1 the1 President.1 This1 completes1 the1 exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.11
1Except1 when1 the1 doctrine1 of1 qualified1 political1 agency1 applies1 in1 which1 case1 the1 decision1 of1 the1 cabinet1secretary1carries1the1presumptive1approval1 of1 the1 president1 then1 there1 is1 no1 need1 to1 appeal1 the1decision1to1the1president1in1order1to1complete1 exhaustion1of1administrative1remedies.1
1
5. Military!Powers!
1The1 President1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1 chief1 of1 all1armed1forces1of1the1Philippines1and1whenever1it1 becomes1 necessary,1 he1 may1 call1 out1 such1 armed1 forces1 to1 prevent1 or1 suppress1 lawless1 violence,1 invasion1 or1 rebellion.1 In1 cases1 of1 invasion1 or1 rebellion,1 when1 the1 public1 safety1 requires1 is,1 he1 may,1for1a1period1not1exceeding1601days,1suspend1 the1privilege1of1the1writ1of1habeas1corpus1or1palce1 the1 Philippines1 or1 any1 part1 thereof1 under1 martial1 law.1
Calling\out!
powers! Suspension! of!
the! Privilege!
of!the!Writ!of!
P1
Duration:1 601 days,1
following1 which,1 it1 shall1 be1 lifted1 by1 congress.11 1
Procedure:1 1. Presid
ent1Report s1 or1 in1 WRITI ss1 may1 revoke1 MAJORITY1 VOTE1 of1 ALL1 its1 shall1 be1 lifted1 by1 congress.11
1
Procedure:1 1. President1
Reports1 action1 to1 congress1 PERSONAL LY1 or1 in1 WRITING1 within1 481 hours.1 2. Congress1
may1
revoke1 or1 extend1 VOTE1 of1 ALL1 its1 members1 VOTING1 JOINTLY.1 3. SC1 may1
review1 in1 an1
appropriat e1
proceedin g1 filed1 by1 ANY1
citizen1 the1 sufficiency1 of1 the1 factual1
may1review1 in1 an1 appro ncy1 of1 the1 factual1 basis1 of1 the1 suspen
basis1 of1 the1
proclamati on1
4. SC1 must1 promulgat e1 decision1 within1 301 days1 from1 filing.1 5. Does1 not1
impair1 the1 right1 to1 bail1
6. Suspensio n1 applies11 to1 those1 JUDICIALLY1 or1 directly1 connected1 shall1 be1 judicially1 charged1 within1 31 days,1 otherwise1 released.1
JUDICI ALLY1 charge d1 for1 rebelli on1 or1 offens es1 inhere nt1 in1 or1 directl y1 connec ted1with1 invasio n.11 7. Any1
person1 arreste d1 shall1 be1
Question1 Justiciable1
Question1 Justiciable1 Question1 1
• Olaguer!Doctrine!–!Even1during1!Martial1 Law,1military1courts1cannot1try1civilians1 when1civil1courts1are1able1to1function.1!
Commander\in!chief!Clause!
1
a. The1 president1 shall1 be1 the1 commander1 in1
• Ability1 of1 the1 President1 to1 require1 a1 military1 official1 to1 secure1 prior1 consent1 before1appearing1in1congress1
• Most1 crucial1 to1 the1 democratic1 way1 of1 life,1to1civil1supremacy1over1the1military,1 and1 to1 the1 general1 stability1 of1 our1 representative1system1of1government.11 b. To1call1out1such1armed1forces1to1prevent1or1
suppress1 lawless1 violence,1 invasion1 or1 rebellion1
c. The1 power1 to1 organize1 courts1 martial1 for1 the1discipline1of1the1members1of1the1armed1 forces,1 create1 military1 commissions1 for1 the1 punishment1of1war1criminals.1
!
!
6. Pardoning!Power!
1Except1 in1 cases1 of1 impeachment,1 or1 as1 otherwise1 provided1 in1 the1 constitution,1 the1 president1 may1 grant1 reprieves,1 commutations,1 and1 pardons,1 and1 remit1fines1and1forfeitures,1after1conviction1by1final1 judgment.1 He1 shall1 also1 have1 the1 power1 to1 grant1 amnesty1 with1 the1 concurrence1 of1 a1 majority1 of1 all1 the1members1of1the1Congress.1
11
Pardon! Commu
tation! Reprieve! Parole! Amne sty!
Act1 of1 grace1 which1 exempts1 the1 individu al1 on1 whom1 it1 is1
bestowe d1 from1
Reducti on1 or1 Mitigati on1 of1 the1 n1 of1 the1 DEATH1 on1 of1 liberty.1 1
Act1 of1 grace1 ed1 to1 groups1
punishm ents11 1
Presiden t1 cannot1 grant1 on1 the1 power1 of1 the1 SC.11
Remit1
FInes1 of1 person s1 who1 commi n1 the1 offens
• Discretionary1 upon1 the1 president1 and1 may1not1be1controlled1by1the1legislature,1 reversed1by1the1courts1unless1there1is1a1 constitutional1violation.11
Limitations1on1Exercise1
1. Cannot1 be1 granted1 in1 cases1 of1 impeachment11
2. Cannot1be1granted1in1cases1of1violation1 of1election1laws1without1the1favourable1 recommendation1of1the1COMELEC1 3. Can1be1granted1only1after1conviction1by1
final1judgment1
4. Cannot1be1granted1in1cases1of1legislative1 contempt1or1civil1contemot1
5. Cannot1 absolve1 the1 convict1 of1 civil1 liability1
6. Cannot1restore1public1offices1forfeited1 1
Classifications1of1Pardon1 1. Plenary1or1Partial1 2. Absolute1or1Conditional1 Amnesty1
• Totally1extinguishes1criminal1liability1
• One1must1admit1his1guilt1of1the1offense1 covered1by1the1proclamation1
1
Amnesty! Pardon!
Political1Offenses1 Infractions1 of1 peace1 of1 the1State1
Classes1of1Persons1 Individuals1 No1need1for1distinct1acts1
of1acceptance1 Acceptance1necessary1 Requires1 concurrence1 of1
Congress1 Does1Not1
Public1 Act1 which1 the1 courts1 may1 take1 judicial!
notice!of!–!because!this!
is! the! official! act! of! the!
president1
Private1 Act1 which1 must1 be1pleaded1and1proved1
Looks1 backward1 and1 puts1 into1 oblivion1 the1 offense1
Looks1 forward1 and1 relieves1 the1 pardonee1 of1 the1 consequences1 of1 the1offense1
Monsanto! vs.! Factoran:1 Pardonee1 is1 not1 entitled1 to1 reinstatement/1 backwages1 because1 the1
pardon1 only1
extinguishes1the1penalty,1 but1she1is1still1a1convict.111
Llamas! vs.! Orbos:!
Pardon1 is1 also1 available1 to1 one1 1 guilty1 of1 administrative1 offense,1 there1 is1 no1 distinction1 by1the1constitution.11 1
!
7. Borrowing!Power!
1The1 president1 may1 contract1 or1 guarantee1 foreign1 loans1on1behalf1of1the1Republic.1
1. Prior1concurrence1of1Monetary1Board1 2. Subject1to1limitations1under1the1law1 3. MB1shall1within1301days1from1the1end1of1
every1quarter,1submit1to1the1congress1a1 complete1 report1 of1 its1 decisions1 on1 applications1for1loans1which1would1have1 the1effect1of1increasing1the1foreign1debt.1
8. Diplomatic!Power!
• Treaty\making!power.!
1No1treaty1or1international1agreement1shall1be1valid1 and1effective1unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1 all1the1members1of1the1SENATE.1
Treaty! International!
Agreement!
Involves1 political1 issues1 or1 changes1 of1 national1 policy11
Adjustment1 of1 details1 carrying1 out1 well1 established1 national1 policies1and1traditions11 Involving1 international1
agreements1 of1 a1 permanent1character1
Involving1 international1 agreements1of1a1more1or1 less1temporary1nature1 Formal1documents1
require1ratification1 Binding1 through1 executive1action1
Ratified1by1the1SENATE1 Not1 subject1 to1 concurrence1 of1 the1 SENATE1
Same1Binding1Effects1(BAYAN1vs.1ZAMORA)1
!
• Exchange!of!Notes!–!Form1of1Executive1 agreement.1So1it1is1binding1without1the1 need1of1the1vote1of1senate.11!
• BAYAN1vs.1Zamora1–1VFA1is1a1treaty1not1 a1mere1executive1agreement!
A1quagmire1was1faced1as1to1which1 constitutional1provision1should1govern:1
Art.1XVIII,1Sec.1251–1“1After1the1
expiraration1in119911of1the1Agreement1 between1the1RP1and1the1US1concerning1 military1bases,1foreign1military1troops,1 bases,1facilities1shall1not1be1allowed1in1 the1Philippines1except1under1a1treaty!
duly!concurred!in!by!the!senate1and1 when1the1congress!so!requires,!ratified!
by!a!majority!of!the!votes!cast!by!the!
people!in!a!national!referendum1held1 for1that1purpose,1and1recognized1as1 treaty1by1the1other1contracting1state.1 Art.1VII,1Sec.1211–1“No1treaty1or1international1 agreement1 shall1 be1 valid1 and1 effective1 unless1concurred1in1by1at1least12/31of1all1the1 members1of1the1SENATE.”!
Art.! XVIII,! Sec.! 25! is1 applicable1 as1 it1 is1 a1 special1 provision1 applicable1 to1 treaties1 involving1military1bases.1
!
9. Budgetary!Power!
1. President1 shall1 submit1 to1 congress1 within1 301 days1 from1 the1 opening1 of1 every1 regular1 session1 as1 the1 basis1 of1 General1Appropriations1Act1
2. A1 budget1 expenditures1 and1 sources1 of1 financing,1 including1 receipts1 from1 existing1 and1 proposed1 revenue1 measures1
!
• Congress1cannot1increase,1only1reduce1 budget.1!
10. Informing!Powers!
1The1 president1 shall1 address1 the1 congress1 at1 the1 opening1of1its1regular!session.1He1may1also1appear1 before1it1at1any!other!time.1
• SONA1–14th1Monday1of1July1
• Instances1when1the1congress1may1 convene1without1the1call1of1the1 president:!
1. Martial1Law!
2. Suspension1of1privilege1of1writ1of1 Habeas1Corpus!
3. Impeachment1cases!
4. Canvassing1elections1for1President1 and1Vice1President!
5. Schedule1Special1elections1for1 President1and1Vice1President.1!
!
Other!Powers!
1. Call1congress1to1a1special1session1 2. Power1to1approve1or1veto1bills1
3. Consent1 to1 deputation1 of1 government1 personnel1by1the1COMELEC1
4. Discipline1such1deputies1
5. Emergency1 powers,1 tariff1 powers1 delegated1by1the1Congress1
6. Genereal1 supervision1 over1 LGU1 and1 autonomous1regional1governments1 7. Unstated1 Residual1 Powers1 (Marcos1 vs.1
Manglapus)1
8. Power1of1Impoundment1–1refusal1of1the1 president1for1whatever1reason1to1spend1 funds1appropriated1by1congress.1
Vice+President+
1
Qualifications:11
1. NaturalKborn1citizen1of1the1Philippines1 2. Registered1voter1
3. Able1to1read1and1write1
4. At1least1401years1old1on1the1day1of1the1 election1
5. Resident1 of1 the1 Philippines1 for1 at1 least1 ten1 years1 immediately1 preceding1 such1 election1
1
Election1
a. Regular1 ElectionK1 Second1 Monday1 of1 May1
b. Congress1as1canvassing1board1
c. Supreme1 court1 as1 Presidential1 Electoral1 Tribunal1
Term1of1Office1
161 years.1 But1 no1 VP1 shall1 server1 for1 more1 than1 21 successive1terms.1
• In1 case1 of1 vacancy,1 President1 shall1 nominate1a1Vice1president1from1among1 the1members1of1the1Senate1and1the1HR1 who1 shall1 assume1 office1 upon1 confirmation1 by1 a1 majority1 vote1 of1 all1 the1 members1 of1 both1 Houses1 of1 Congress1voting1separately.1