A lth ou g h we are all natural born liars, m ost o f us seem to take it fo r granted th a t lying (1 ) is__________ bad. However, psychologists argue th a t lying is ju st (2 ) as__________ im p o rta n t as any o ther social skill we possess.
We learn (3 )_________ the__________a rt of deception ve ry early in life; by the age of
five, we have not o nly becom e quite e ffic ie n t at lying, but we have also learnt how to read people's reactions and act accordingly.
(4 )_________ For__________ example, if som eone is avoiding d ire ct eye c o nta ct w ith us, this makes us th in k th a t w e’re being lied to so we m ig h t lie, too. A person's sm ile is also (5)__________ a__________ giveaway. A genuine sm ile makes the skin near the eyes crease, whereas a "p ut on” sm ile doesn't have the (6 )________ same_________ e ffe ct on the facial features (7 )__________ as__________ a real one.
Even th ou gh both w om en and men know how to watch ( 8 ) _________ out__________ fo r clues th a t som ebody is lying, it is a fa ct th a t w om en are ( 9 )_______far/much_______ m ore skilful liars (10)_________ than_________ men. Despite this, w om en are also m ore affected by o the r people's feelings, so th ey have m ore sym pathy (11)__________ for__________them . As a result, w om en tend to be (12)________ more_________ w illin g to have an honest conversation.
B C o m p le te th e s e c o n d s e n te n c e so t h a t i t h a s a s im ila r m e a n in g to th e f i r s t s e n te n c e , u s in g th e w o r d g iv e n u n c h a n g e d . Y o u m u s t u s e b e tw e e n tw o a n d f iv e w o rd s , in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 Sarah is a b etter sw im m er than Jessica.
sw im Jessica doesn’t __________________ swim as well as_______________________ Sarah.
2 Mark and Tony are equally tall.
h e ig h t Mark is _________________ the same height as_____________________ jo n y . 3 Jane is m ore enthusiastic about sports than Brendan is.
keen Brendan isn’t _________________ as keen on sports as____________________ Jane is.
4 The baby’s te m p era ture kept rising, so we to o k him to hospital.
h ig h e r The baby’s tem p era ture w a s _______________ getting higher and higher__________________ _ so we hjm t0 hospital.
5 Patrick doesn’t usually fo rg e t his appointm ents.
like It is _________________ not like Patrick to forget_________________ his appointm ents.
6 As it g o t darker, we had m ore d iffic u lty seeing.
h a rd e r The d a rk e r____________________ it got, the harder____________________ it was fo r us to see.
7 Daniel is the w o rst cook I’ve ever known.
co o k None o f the people I k n o w ____________________ cook as badly as____________________ Daniel.
8 I co u ld n ’t find a bigger house in the area.
th e This w a s ____________________the biggest house____________________I could fin d in the area.
9 The ch ild re n ’s perform ance made q uite an im pression on us.
ra th e r We w e re ___________________ rather impressed by___________________the ch ild re n ’s perform ance.
10 Jerem y doesn’t run as fast as Jonathan.
so Jerem y is n o t ____________________so fast a runner as____________________Jonathan.
unit 0 3
.Vords easily confused
: the correct form of the w ords in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may t ■ e som e of the w ords m ore than once. In some cases, more than one w ord may be correct.
rise raise arise lift
: -o u ld the n e e d .
2
'~ie ch a rity o rg a n is a tio n . : 'n e s u n ___________ r'ses41 r * 6
______
riselift
arise ________ we'll o rder m ore food fo r the extra guests.
raised_________enough m oney to build a shelter fo r the refugees.
in the East and sets in the West.
at seven every weekday to get ready fo r school.
____ the table so th at I can slide the rug underneath?
grow g ro w up bring up (be) born become
, 1i r ...■ , , ... ,n ... ... I, I -.nil, , ir 1ir- - r - r- . L- r , ■ - , - - , - , - - ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ ^
1 i the last six m onths Joe h a s _________grown___________ ta lle r by 15 centim etres.
; .Vhen Brett w a s _________ born____________ , he w eighed 3.8 kilogram s.
3 Most parents have fond m em ories of the years they w e re _______bringing up________ th e ir children.
* When Je a n ______ grows up__________ , she w ants t o __________ become_________a m echanical engineer.
educate learn teach s tu d y read in s tru c t
1 I a lw a ys__________ read___________ a book ju s t before I go to sleep.
2 John w a s ________ educated________ in France, so his French is very good.
3 Michelle w orks in the g y m _______ instructing________ people how to use the equ ip m en t properly.
4 In my final year I had t o __________ study__________ at least fo u r hours every day t o ___________learn___________
everythin g th a t was required fo r the exams.
5 I __________teach__________ Physics and Maths at the local high school.
6 The e x a m in e r_______ instructed________ us to pick up o ur pens once we h a d ___________ read___________ the questions carefully.
1 1 behaviour a ttitu d e te m p e r m ood m anner m anners
1 My parents had to see the headm aster because of m y b a d _______ behaviour________ in class.
2 A fter the argum ent, Jake was in a b a d _________m ood___________ and w o u ld n 't speak to anyone.
3 If Betty wants to keep her job, she m ust change h e r _________ attitude_________ tow ards her boss.
4 Where did you learn such excellent ta b le ________ manners_________ ?
unit 0 3
5 The children like him because o f his g e n tle ________ manner________ . 6 C liff is so calm th a t I have never seen him lose h is ________ tem per 7 What you're saying should be done in a p ro fe s s io n a l________ manner
E fa m ilia r accustom ed aware
1 I hope y o u 're _________ aware_________ o f the dangers involved in rock clim bing.
2 Is anyone in this c la s s ro o m ________ fam iliar________ w ith the w ord "incubator"?
3 That w om an lo o k s ________ fam iliar________ to me. I'm sure I've seen her before.
4 Paul is feeling tired because he's n o t ______ accustomed______ to w orking fo r so long w ith o u t a break.
r custom habit fashion trend rou tine
1 Going to w ork has becom e a d a ily ________ routine________ fo r m ost people.
2 The g e n e ra l_________trend_________ fo r men in the 1970s was to have long hair and sideburns.
3 In m any countries it is t h e ________ custom________ to roast tu rke y fo r Christmas.
4 Sandra has the b a d _________ habit_________ of b itin g her nails.
5 S lightly flared trousers are in ________ fashion________ this year so m any people are w earing them . 6 If you go shopping, d e fin ite ly go to Blare's. They’ve g o t all the la te s t________fashions________
G com m on o rd in a ry usual norm al regular
1 It is ________n o r m a l________ to feel weak w hen you are ill, even if y o u ’ve ju s t got a _________c o m m o n ___________co |<j 2 Regular________ exercise means w orking o u t fo r one hour at least tw ice a week.
3 It was a (n )________o r d i n a r y________weekend. We w en t to the cinema on Saturday evening and fo r a drive on Sunday m orning, a s _________u s u a l_________ .
4 I get on ve ry w ell w ith m y frien ds because we have m any th ing s in _______c o m m o n________
H eager keen enthusiastic interested w illin g
1 I a m ________willing__________to help you w ith yo ur hom ew ork if you make an e ffort.
2 He's re a lly __________ keen_________on heavy m etal music. That's all he listens to.
3 Please sit dow n as I'm _________ea9er_________ to s ta rt the m eeting.
4 Billy is a(n) enthusiastic / keen tennis player, so he plays tennis every afternoon.
5 Sheila is ________ interested______ jn taking up gardening this spring.
6 We w e re ______ enthusiastic______ about going to Ireland fo r Christmas.
unit 0 3 jTB
In this unit we will deal with more nouns, adjectives and adverbs deriving from nouns.
Noun Root Noun = Noun + - hood
Referring to a person These nouns describe the state o r period of being w hat
the noun roo t refers to.
adult adulthood
boy boyhood
• Some othe r com m on nouns th a t fo rm nouns in the same way are: child, man, m other, p a re n tand woman.
• Pay a tte n tio n to the fo llo w in g: n e ig h b o u r n e ig h b o u rh o o d
• Some o ther com m on nouns th a t fo rm adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: accident, addition, em otion, fate, intention, nation, nature, person, profession and trad ition .
• Note the changes in spelling:
com m erce com m ercial 4 co m m ercially finance 4 financial 4 fin a n c ia lly
p a rt 4 p a rtia l 4 p a rtia lly confidence 4 c o n fid e n tia l 4 c o n fid e n tia lly a rtific e 4 a rtific ia l 4 a rtific ia lly essence 4 essential 4 essentially
b e n e fit 4 b e n eficial 4 b en eficially
Noun Root Adjective = Noun + - y Adverb = Noun + - ily
luck lucky luckily
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t fo rm adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: ease, fun, health, noise and s/eep.
• Pay a tte n tio n to the fo llo w in g nouns th a t fo rm only adjectives: cloud, d irt, hair, rain, risk, snow, sun, wealth and worth.
• Note the changes in spelling: anger a n g ry a n g rily h u n g e r h u n g ry h u n g rily
Noun Root Adjective = Noun + - ous
Referring to a q uality or characteristic Having the q uality or characteristic of the noun root
danger dangerous
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t fo rm nouns in the same way are: adventure, fame, hum our, nerveand poison.
• Some nouns ending in -ion fo rm adjectives in -ious:
am b itio n 4 am b itio u s caution 4 cautious in fe c tio n 4 infectio us re lig io n 4 religio us suspicion -> suspicious
• Some nouns ending in -e fo rm adjectives in -eous: advantage advantageous courage courageous
• Note the fo llo w in g irregularities: a n xie ty anxious n u m b e r num erous p ric e + precious
Noun Root Adjective/adverb = Noun + -ly
day daily
• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t fo rm (both) adjectives and adverbs are: m onth, m other, w o rldand year, m o n th 4 m on thly: His m o n th ly salary is fa r above the average, (adjective)
He gets p a id m onthly, (adverb)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the w ords in capitals.
1 Four people died in a fatal .a c c id e n t due to the icy
road conditions. Local residents are angry . because numerous
accidents have occurred there and no measures have been taken yet.
2 If you r e q u ir e ________ additional_______ inform a tion , do n o t hesitate to co nta ct me.
3 I woke up this m ornin g feeling happy because it was a ________ delightful________ _
________sunr|y
_________ day. I realised th a t the m is e ra b le ___________ rainy_________ days were over and t h a t __________ luckily_________ sum m er was ju s t around the corner.I get p a id _________m onthly______ , w hich puts a lo t of pressure on m e ________financially at the end of the m onth. I am
tim e.
hopeless
daily 5 Phil crosses the main road on a ____ ____ _____
c ro s s ________cautiously_______by looking both ways.
at c o n tro llin g m y m oney over a long period of
___basis to get to school. He does, however,
Parenthood
are deciding to r e m a in ____
7 Eliza isn’t v e r y _________ friendly I d id n ’t say i t _______intentionally
can be an enjoyable experience. Yet, m ore and m ore couples these days childless
. lately. I hope she w asn't o ffended by m y com m ent.
to h u rt her.
8 My frie n d David liked going on bitten by a ________ poisonous
adventurous . holidays until last sum m er w hen he was . snake and nearly died.
FATE, ICE ANGER, NUME
ADDITION DELIGHT SUN, RAIN LUCK
MONTH, FINAI HOPE
DAY CAUTION PARENT CHILD FRIEND INTENTION ADVENTURE POISON
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.