LIST OF TABLES
1.3 HOW TO USE THESE GUIDELINES
This introductory section of the guidelines has presented the EPRI Cycle Chemistry Program objectives and achievable goals, and has shown how recent research findings provide the direction for the revisions to the previous AVT guidelines. These chemistry guidelines are applicable to fossil units with drum and once-through boilers operating with AVT. As with prior versions, the guidelines represent the best practices for those units that should utilize AVT. This in no way implies that the guidelines, as presented, can be immediately applied to individual units. Additional guidance is provided to assist users of the guidelines to develop an optimized cycle chemistry program with customized limits and action levels. Further, it is important to understand that AVT is not an acceptable treatment for all units, and that the suitability and applicability of the cycle chemistry treatment approaches to a given unit may change over time. As described in Section 2, it is important to verify the suitability of AVT for use in a specific unit prior to initial operation with AVT and whenever significant changes in unit design and
operation occur. In the case of existing units operated on AVT for more than five years, users of these guidelines are strongly urged to use the road maps and supporting discussions of Section 2 to verify that the present AVT program is still optimum for the unit in question because the latest research findings have influenced the applicability of the available feedwater and boiler water treatment options.
Section 3 of the guidelines presents and discusses the new rationale used to develop these
guidelines to establish appropriate target values and action levels. This section is most important (a “must read”) as it will be noted that the approach to be followed is completely new and
different from previous EPRI guidelines, and differs with the system metallurgy. The Section 3 presentation also defines the preferred sample points, chemical feed points and required on-line instrumentation for all situations to which AVT is the desired cycle chemistry.
Sections 4 and 5 cover the revised AVT guidelines for drum boiler and once-through boiler units, respectively. As in prior guidelines, cycle diagrams are used to summarize the sample collection and chemical addition point, the basic (generic and uncustomized) chemistry target values and action levels, and the monitoring requirements. As explained in each of these sections, the instrumentation requirements now differ depending on whether an oxidizing or reducing chemistry is employed (AVT(O) or (AVT(R)). Guidance is given on how the guidelines should be used to establish unit-specific target values and action levels. Section 4 on drum boiler units includes a discussion of chemistry data requirements for using EPRI ChemExpert software. Also presented are discussions of best practices for unit shutdown, layup, startup and cycling service as well as makeup water requirements and the role of chemical cleaning in optimized AVT programs.
Section 6 addresses other aspects of optimized AVT programs. Primary attention is focused on prompt identification of chemistry excursions by plant personnel, accurate analysis of the cause or causes of the deviations from normal chemistry limits, and provision of corrective actions consistent with this analysis. In addition, this section considers the purity of treatment chemicals to be applied to units operated on AVT.
Sections 1-6 are followed by seven appendices, providing further details on important topics related to AVT usage. Appendix A describes ways to remove dissolved oxygen from treated makeup water, which is very beneficial when filling units for startup. Techniques for monitoring
feedwater ORP are presented in Appendix B. Condenser air in-leakage monitoring and control, necessary to ensure attainment of target values for dissolved oxygen in condensate, are presented in Appendix C. Appendix D provides information on the EPRI approach to cycle chemistry benchmarking. The importance of proper sampling and analysis practices as they relate to chemistry program management is reviewed in Appendix E. The contributions of staff training to the overall success of the program are also covered. Appendix F covers unit shutdown, layup, startup, cycling and peaking.
As indicated in Table 1-1, there are 11 key cycle chemistry guideline documents that all
personnel within the organizations supporting the EPRI Cycle Chemistry Program should have. However, these publications represent only a small part of the products created since program inception in 1984. Appendix G provides a listing of all currently available guidelines, technical reports, and conference proceedings.
1.4 REFERENCES
1. Interim Consensus Guidelines on Fossil Plant Water Chemistry, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: June 1986. CS-4629.
2. Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants: Phosphate Treatment for Drum Units, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: December 1994. TR-103665.
3. Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants: All Volatile Treatment, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: April 1996. TR-105041.
4. Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Fossil Plants: Oxygenated Treatment, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: December 1994. TR-102285.
5. Sodium Hydroxide for Conditioning the Boiler Water of Drum-Type Boilers, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: January 1995. TR-104007.
6. Selection and Optimization of Boiler Water and Feedwater Treatments for Fossil Plants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: March 1997. TR-105040.
7. Guidelines for Controlling Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Fossil Plants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 1997. TR-108859.
8. Cycling, Startup, Shutdown and Lay-up Fossil Plant Cycle Chemistry Guidelines for Operators and Chemists, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: August 1998. TR-107754.
9. Guidelines for Copper in Fossil Plants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2000. 1000457. 10. Revised Guidelines for Makeup Water Treatment, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: October 1999.
TR-113692.
11. Guidelines for Chemical Cleaning of Conventional Fossil Plant Equipment, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2001. 1003994.
12. Condensate Polishing Guidelines, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: September 1996. TR-104422. 13. Steam, Chemistry and Corrosion in the Phase Transition Zone of Steam Turbines, Volume 1:
Key Results, Summary, and Interpretation, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: February 1999. TR-108184-V1.
14. Steam, Chemistry and Corrosion in the Phase Transition Zone of Steam Turbines, Volume 2: Part 1: Individual Contributions of Participants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: February 1999. TR-108184-V2P1.
15. Steam, Chemistry and Corrosion in the Phase Transition Zone of Steam Turbines, Volume 2: Part 2: Individual Contributions of Participants, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: February 1999. TR-108184-V2P1.
16. Turbine Steam, Chemistry and Corrosion: Generation of Early Liquid Films in Turbines, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: September 1999. TR-113090.
17. Turbine Steam, Chemistry and Corrosion: Experimental Turbine Tests, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: September 1997. TR-108185.
18. Corrosion of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Components, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2000. 1000557.
19. Behavior of Ammonium Salts in Steam Cycles, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: December 1993. TR-102377.
20. Assessment of the Ray Diagram, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: August 1996. TR-106017. 21. Volatility of Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide, Bisulfate and Sulfate, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA:
February 1999. TR-105801.
22. Vapor-Liquid Partitioning of Sulfuric Acid and Ammonium Sulfate, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: February 1999. TR-112359.
23. Volatility of Aqueous Acetic Acid, Formic Acid, and Sodium Acetate, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: July 2000. TR-113089.
24. Behavior of Aqueous Electrolytes in Steam Cycles: The Solubility and Volatility of Cupric Oxide, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2000. 1000455.
25. The Volatility of Impurities in Steam/Water Cycles, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: September 2001. 1001042.
26. State-of-Knowledge of Copper in Fossil Plant Cycles, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: September 1997. TR-108460.
27. Corrosion of Cu-Ni-Zn Alloys in Water-Ammonia Power Plant Environments: Development of High Temperature Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 1999. TR-113697.
28. Copper Alloy Corrosion in High Purity Feedwater, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2000. 1000456.
29. Influence of Water Chemistry on Copper Alloy Corrosion in High Purity Feedwater, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: October 2001. 1004586.