A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL, CLINICAL
AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF UNSTABLE
INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES MANAGED BY
PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING VERSUS DYNAMIC HIP
SCREW WITH TROCHANTERIC STABILISATION PLATE.
Submitted to
THE TAMILNADU Dr.M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-600032.
In partial fulfillment of the regulations
for the award of
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARITIVE
STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL, CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL
OUTCOME OF UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC
FRACTURES MANAGED BY PROXIMAL FEMORAL
NAILING VERSUS DYNAMIC HIP SCREW WITH
TROCHANTERIC STABILISATION PLATE” is a bonafide work
done by Dr.S.KAVIN KUMAR in M.S BRANCH-II
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY at Government Kilpauk Medical
College,Chennai-600010, to be submitted to The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R
Medical University, in partial fulfillment of the university rules and
regulations for the award of M.S. Degree Branch - II orthopaedic
surgery, under my supervision and guidance during the period from May
2015 to May 2018.
Prof.Dr.S.Senthil Kumar, Prof.Dr.S.Senthil Kumar, M.S.Ortho, D.Ortho, M.S.Ortho,D.Ortho,
UNIT CHIEF, Professor and Head of the Department, Dept. of Orthopaedics, Dept. of Orthopaedics,
Govt.Kilpauk Medical College, Govt.Kilpauk Medical College& Hospital,
Chennai-10. Chennai-10.
Govt.Kilpauk Medical College & Hospital, Chennai-10.
DECLARATION
I solemnly declare that this dissertation “A COMPARATIVE
STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL, CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL
OUTCOME OF UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC
FRACTURES MANAGED BY PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING
VERSUS DYNAMIC HIP SCREW WITH TROCHANTERIC
STABILISATION PLATE” was prepared by me at Govt.Kilpauk
Medical College and Hospital,Chennai-10 under the guidance &
supervision of Prof.Dr.S.Senthil Kumar, M.S.Ortho, D.Ortho.,
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Govt. Kilpauk Medical College and
Hospital,Chennai-10.
This dissertation is submitted to The Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R
Medical University, Chennai in partial fulfillment of the University
regulations for the award of the degree of M.S.Branch-II Orthopaedic
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my utmost gratitude to Prof.Dr.P.Vasanthamani, M.D, D.G.O, MNAMS, DCPSY, M.B.A, Dean, Government Kilpauk Medical College and Hospital for providing me an opportunity to conduct this study.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved Prof.Dr.S.Senthil Kumar, M.S.Ortho, D.Ortho, Professor and Head of the department for allowing me to choose this topic and his valuable suggestions and guiding me in every step of mine to make this study a successful one.
I would like to sincerely thank Prof.Dr.S.Veera Kumar, M.S.Ortho, Professor of Orthopaedics, for his excellent guidance and encouragement during this study.
I would like to express my gratitude and reverence to my respected Associate Prof.Dr.R.Prabhakar, M.S.Ortho, whose constant support helped to complete this study.
I would like to thank Prof.Dr.R.Balachandran, M.S.Ortho, D.Ortho, Dept of Orthopaedics, Govt.Royapettah Hospital, Chennai for his support.
I would like to thank all my Assistant Professors Dr.M.Arunmozhi Rajan, M.S.Ortho, Dr.R.Prabhakar Singh, M.S.Ortho, Dr.G.Mohan, M.S.Ortho, Dr.R.K.S.Karthikeyan M.S.Ortho, Dr.S.Prabhakar, M.S.Ortho, Dr.S.Maheshram, M.S.Ortho, Dr.A.Anandh, M.S.Ortho, Dr.R.Manoj Kumar, M.S.Ortho for their valuable advice and guidance.
I would like to thank all my colleagues and hospital staff for all the help they rendered.
CERTIFICATE - II
This is to certify that this dissertation work titled “A COMPARITIVE
STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL, CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL
OUTCOME OF UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES
MANAGED BY PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING VERSUS
DYNAMIC HIP SCREW WITH TROCHANTERIC STABILISATION
PLATE” of the candidate Dr.KAVIN KUMAR .S with registration Number
221512157 for the award of M.S in the branch of ORTHOPAEDIC
SURGERY. I personally verified the urkund.com website for the purpose of
plagiarism Check. I found that the uploaded thesis file contains from
introduction to conclusion pages and result shows 5 percentage of plagiarism
in the dissertation.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FUNCTIONAL,
CLINICAL & RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF
UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES
MANAGED BY PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAILING
VERSUS DYNAMIC HIP SCREW WITH
CONTENTS
SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 OBJECTIVE 4
3 OSTEOLOGY 5
4 ANATOMY 12
5 CLASSIFICATIONS 16
6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24
7 MATERIAL AND METHODS 28
8 INSTRUMENTATION 31
9 OPERATIVE PROCEDURE 34
10 OVERVIEW & ANALYSIS 46
11 COMPLICATIONS 55
12 CASE ILLUSTRATIONS 61
13 DISCUSSION 69
14 CONCLUSION 75
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Most frequent fractures of proximal femur are intertrochanteric
fractures which involve upper end of femur between both trochanters
with or without extending into the upper femoral shaft1 occuring commonly in geriatric patients.
Since general life expectancy of population has increased in the
past two decades incidence of fractures of proximal femur are also
increasing.
In 1990 of over all hip fractures 26% occurred in Asia. This is
expected to rise upto 37% in 2025 and 45% in 2050.2,3
Only moderate or minimal trauma is enough to cause proximal
femur fractures in gediatric patients. Simple self fall causes
intertrochanteric fractures in elderly people due to osteoporosis and
increased incidence of self fall with increasing age is due to decreased
muscle power, decreased reflexes, poor vision and labile blood pressure.
In younger patients it requires high energy trauma.
Intertrochanteric fracture line involves along extra capsular basilar
neck region to region along the lesser trochanter, undisplaced fractures
Unstable contribute to about 50%-60% of all intertrochanteric
fractures.5,6
There are five variables described by Kaufer which are found to
affect the biomechanical strength of the repair. Bone quality and fracture
pattern which are surgeon independent along with Implant choice, quality
of fracture reduction and positioning of implant which are surgeon
dependent.8
Main weight bearing bone of lower limb is femur. Intertrochanteric
fractures cause patients to be bedridden for prolonged period of time and
they are more prone for urinary tract infection, respiratory tract infection,
bed sores and joint stiffness etc.
To avoid these complications operative treatment is indicated.
In 1930 Jawett nail was introduced by Jawett to provide immediate
stability of fracture segments and early mobilisation and is failed due to
lack of controlled impaction.
Condylocephalic intramedullary devices were introduced in 1966
by kuntscher later by Ender in 1970.
Reconstruction intramedullary nail for peritrochanteric and
subtrochanteric fractures were introduced by Russell Taylor in 1984.
Parker first advocated the importance of lateral wall in preventing
varus collapse.
Trochanteric fractures are treated with dynamic hip screw and
intramedullary nailing. Dynamic compression screw permits proximal
fragment to collapse.
Failure rates of DHS in unstable fracture is as high as 50% and in
stable fractures the value drastically reduces to 5%.9,10.
The aim of fixation of intertrochanteric fractures is to prevent
morbidity and mortality. Early mobilisation depends on surgical
construct.
Trochanteric stablisation plate act as adjuvant to DHS plate by
providing lateral buttress.7,11,12.
With this aim of stable surgical reconstruct of intertrochanteric
fracture this study was done to evaluate functional, clinical and
radiological outcome of unstable intertrochanteric fracture operated with
dynamic hip screw with trochanteric stabilisation plate and proximal
OBJECTIVE
To compare the functional, clinical & radiological outcome of
unstable intertrochanteric fractures operated with proximal femoral
OSTEOLOGY
The longest and strongest bone of the body is femur. The parts of
proximal end of femur are head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser
Head of femur
Femoral head forms more than half of sphere, directed medially
upwards and forwards and forms hip joint by articulating with
acetabulam.
Neck of femur
Long axis of neck makes an angle of 125° to 135° with long axis of
the shaft and is termed as neck shaft angle and angle of 10°-30° with
frontal plane which is termed angle of femoral torsion/anteversion.
Calcar
Dense vertical plate of bone extending from the posteromedial
portion of the femoral shaft under the lesser trochanter and radiating
laterally to greater trochanter reinforcing the femoral neck
posteriomedialy. Calcar is thicker medially and thinner laterally.
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Conical eminence directed medially and backwards and gives
attachment to primary flexor of thigh, the ilopsoas.
Intertrochanteric line
Prominent roughed ridge begins at anterosuperior angle of greater
trochanter continues with spiral line below. It marks the junction of
anterior surface of neck with the shaft of femur.
Intertrochanteric crest
Smooth rounded ridge begins above the posterosuperior angle of
greater trochanter and ends at lesser trochanter.
Intertrochanteric region
Area between greater and lesser trochanter characterized by dense
Blood supply
Blood supply to proximal end of femur is described into three
major groups :
1. Extra capsular arterial ring at the base of neck of femur.
2. Reticular vessels by extra capsular arterial ring on the surface of
femoral neck.
3. Arteries of round ligament.
The extra capsular arterial ring is formed posteriorly and anteriorly
by branch of medial femoral circumflex artery and branch of lateral
These proximal vessels most vulnerable to injury in femoral neck
fracture. Ascending cervical vessels forms a less distinct ring called sub
synovial intra articular arterial ring, from this epiphyseal arteries
penetrate the femoral head.
Lateral epiphyseal arterial group being the most important supplies
lateral weight bearing portion of femoral head.
Trabecular system of proximal femur
In 1838 Ward described the trabecular system of proximal femur.
Trabeculations arise along the lines of force to which bone exposes
(Wolff’s law).
Tensile trabeculations and primary compressive trabeculations pass
via the neck of femur which is separated by sparse cancellous bone called
Trabecular groups
1. Principle compressive group.
2. Principle tensile group.
3. Greater trochanteric group.
4. Secondary compressive group.
5. Secondary tensile group.
Grades of trabecular system (Singh’s grading system)
Grade 6
All types trabecular groups are visible in grade 6.
Grade 5
Secondary tensile trabecular group are almost absent in grade 5.
Grade 4
Secondary compressive trabecular group are completely resorbed
in grade 4.
Grade 3
There is break in the continuity of principle tensile trabecular
group near greater trochanter.
Grade 2
Principle compressive trabecular group appears to stand out
prominently other have resorbed more or less completely.
Grade 1
Principle compressive trabecular group is markedly reduced and is
ANATOMY
Soft tissues of the hip joint:
Extensors
Gluteus maximus.
Origin: Posterior 1/3 rd of iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx.
ABDUCTORS
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Originates from entire wing of Ilium and inserted into greater
trochanter innervated by superior gluteal nerve
External rotators:
Piriformis
Originates from lateral margin of anterior aspect of sacrum and
greater sciatic foramen and inserted into tip of greater trochanter.
Obturator internus
Originates from obturator foramen and inserted into tip of greater
trochanter, innervated by sacral plexus.
Obturator externus
Originates from medial aspect of obturator foramen and inserted
into trochanteric fossa, innervated by obturator nerve.
Quadratus femoris
Originates from upper part of Ilium and inserted into
Flexors
Psoas major:
Originates from lumbar vertebrae and inserted into lesser
trochanter.
Iliacus:
Originates from iliac fossa and inserted into lesser trochanter.
Other flexors of hip joint are Sartorius, pectineus and gracilis (also
an adductor).
Adductors
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus originate from
ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity and obturator foramen. They insert
into linea aspera of femur and adductor tubercle, innervated by obturator
nerve.
Biomechanical contributions of muscle
Distal fragment: adduction with shortening and overrides fracture
fragments.
Screw has to be placed in posteroinferior or center of femoral
where bone density is high. The pull out strength of dynamic hip screw
is related to bone density of femoral head. Degree of comminution and
quality of the bone determines the fracture fixation stability.
Pathomechanics of fracture
If line of fracture is above the insertion of external rotators the
proximal segment is rotated internally so the fracture reduced by
internally rotating the distal fragment.
If fracture line is with subtrochanteric extension proximal fragment
will go for external rotation so fracture reduced by externally rotating the
distal fragment.
Angulations at fracture site
Load over the implant will be more and it cause fracture to collapse
and implant failure. Fracture collapse with implant failure occurs in
unstable intertrochanteric fracture with lack of posteromedial incongruity.
Intact lateral wall is must for controlled compression of proximal
fragment as it prevents the rotational and varus collapse of fracture
CLASSIFICATIONS
Various classification systems for intertrochanteric fractures are
Evan’s -1949.
Boyd and Griffin’s – 1949.
Ramadier’s – 1956.
Decoulx and Lavarde’s – 1969.
Enders’ – 1970.
Tronzo’s – 1973.
Jensen’s – 1975.
Deburge’s – 1976.
Briot’s – 1980.
Evans classification (1949)
Type I: Fracture line extends upwards and outwards from the
lesser trochanter (stable). Type I fractures can be further subdivided as:
Type Ia: Undisplaced two-fragment fracture
Type Ib: Displaced two-fragment fracture.
Type Ic: Three-fragment fracture without posterolateral support,
owing to displacement of greater trochanter fragment.
Type Id: Three-fragment fracture without medial support, owing
Type Ie: Four-fragment fracture without postero-lateral and medial
support (combination of Type III and Type IV).
Type II: Fracture line extends downwards and outwards from the
lesser trochanter (reversed obliquity/unstable). These fractures are
unstable and have a tendency to drift medially.
Jensen’s modification of Evan’s Classification :
Class 1-Stable two part fractures (Evan’s 1a and 1b).
Class 2-Unstable three part fractures (Evan’s Ic and Id).
Body and Griffin’s classification:
Type 1 : undisplaced,stable (two part).
Type 2 : unstable with posteromedial communition.
Type 3 : subtrochanteric extension into lateral shaft, extension of
the fracture distally at or just below the lesser trochanter.
Type 4 : subtrochanteric with intertrochanteric extension with
Kyle’s classification:
Type 1 : Undisplaced / uncomminuted.
Type 2 : Displaced, minimal communition, lesser trochanteric
fracture, varus.
Type 3 : Displaced, greater trochanteric fracture, comminuted,
OTA Classification
Orthopedic trauma association classification system classifies
intertrochanteric fracture as 3.1A femur, proximal trochanteric
A1 - simple peritrochanteric fracture.
A1.1 - fracture along intertrochanteric line.
A1.2 - fracture through greater trochanter.
A1.3 - fracture below lesser trochanter.
A2.1 - fracture with one intermediate fragment.
A2.2 - fracture with several intermediate fragments.
A2.3 - fracture extends more than 1 cm below lesser trochanter.
A3 - intertrochanteric fracture.
A3.1- simple oblique fracture.
A3.2 - simple transverse fracture.
Unstable fractures:
Posteromedial comminution -after reduction there is no medial
cortical continuity.
Fracture with comminuted lateral wall,
Four part fracture,
Displaced large fragment including lesser trochanter,
Reverse oblique- due to adductors distal fragment goes for medial
displacement,
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In 1949, Evan classified interochanteric fractures into stable and
unstable. Evans said that 72% of his fractures fixed in stable
configuration. In 28% stability wasn’t achieved.
14%-due to fracture pattern.
14%-reduction wasn’t achieved.
During 1960s-1970s unstable intertrochanteric fractures were
corrected by non-anatomic stable reduction techniques by medial
(Dimon&Hughston) valgus osteotomy or lateral (wayne- county)
displacement osteotomy. In Gargan, Bundle and Simpson study on 100
patients found more fixation failures hence they advocated that there is no
benefit from osteotomy and advised anatomic reduction.
Koval and Zuckerman studied the contribution of posteromedial
cortex for fracture stability and the need of fixing posteromedial fragment
with a lag screw or cerclage wire.
impaction they found that DHS fixation provided comparable
postoperative outcome in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.
In Lee et al. study outcome of cement augmentation technique in
unstable intertrochanteric fractures was studied and concluded that
PMMA cemented DHS reduced the complications of screw sliding,
femoral shortening and varus collapse.
Gotfried studied that lateral trochanteric wall a keystone in
stabilizing proximal femoral fractures.
Madsen et al. studied DHS with trochanteric stabilizing plate had
better outcome with lesser incidence of secondary fracture displacement
than gamma nail and compression hip screw.
Variety of implants are available for fixation of intertrochanteric
fractures with variable success rate.
1. Sliding Hip screw.
2. Cephalomedullary Femoral Nail (PFN A, PFN A2, Reconstruction
Nail, Gamma nail).
3. Trochanteric Stabilization Plate.
4. Proximal Femoral Locking Compression Plate.
5. Medoff Sliding Plate.
Disadvantages of Sliding hip screw in unstable intertrochanteric
fractures:
1. Significant medial displacement of the shaft.
2. Due to excessive sliding of hip screw increased chance of screw
cutout.
3. Excessive collapse leading to varus malpositioning.
4. Single point fixation leading to rotation of proximal fragment.
Role of DHS WITH TSP in Unstable Intertrochanteric fractures:
Advantages
1. Easy learning curve.
2. Lateral buttress effect
3. Controlled impaction in unstable Intertrochanteric fractures.
4. Prevents excessive collapse and shortening.6 5. Prevents varus malpositioning.6
6. Two point fixation leading to increased rotation stability.
Disadvantages
Role of PFN in unstable Intertrochanteric fractures:
Advantages
Less operating time.
Minimal blood loss.
Shortened lever arm.
Load sharing device.
Less chances of screw cut.
Prevents excessive collapse and neck shortening.
Prevents varus malpositioning.
Increased rotational stability.
Disadvantages
Increased duration of learing curve.
Costlier implant.
Chances of injury to abductor mechanism.
Chances of screw cut-out in osteoporotic head.
Indirect technique of reduction where provision for anchoring the fractured Greater trochanter using S.S wire is not available.
“Z effect”: Lag screw backs out and Antirotation screw penetrates the head.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study centre: Department of Orthopaedics,
Govt. Kilpauk Medical College Hospital,
Kilpauk, Chennai – 10.
Period of study: December 2016 to September 2017.
Study design:
PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRAIL.
Randomisation:
Block randamoisation with varying block sizes with 2 treatment
groups and allocation is done with the help of opaque envelope.
SAMPLE SIZE:
Using the sample size formula for difference in two means
{z(alpha)+z(beta)}^2*(S.D) ^2*2
n= _______________________________________.
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Clinical diagnosis of unstable trochanteric femur fracture.
(AO Type 31A2.1to 31A2.3)
2. Age >40 years and <75 years.
3. Both genders.
Exclusion criteria:
1. Compound fractures.
2. Pathological fractures.
3. Polytrauma patients.
4. Patients non ambulant before the fracture.
5. Previous surgery done on proximal femur.
6. Below 40 years of age.
7. Reverse oblique fractures and fractures with subtrochanteric
extension.
8. Patients with cognitive disorders, on steroids or
Investigations:
1. Radiological: Plain X-ray of the affected hip with femur in two
standard projections (AP & cross table lateral view).
2. Complete hemogram.
3. Renal function test.
4. Bleeding time & Clotting time.
5. Chest X-ray & Electrocardiogram.
DHS WITH TSP INSTRUMENTATION
a b
m j
n
h
i g
d
c e f
k l
a. tap, b. long barreled triple reamer, c. short
barreled triple reamer, d.trochanteric stabilization
plate, e.short barrel DHS plate, f.long barrel DHS
plate, g.shaftguide, h.angled guide, i.T-handle, j.6.5
mm cancellous screw, k.4.0 mm cancellous screw,
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
Patient prepared on the morning of day of surgery. Single dose
preoperative antibiotic given after test dose. Under suitable anaesthesia
patient was placed on fracture table with unaffected leg in flexion and
abduction attitude by using lithotomy post . Affected leg placed in
traction boot and fracture reduced by traction & internal rotation/external
rotation along with adduction or abduction. C arm checked and placed in
optimal position relative to patient’s position to ensure better
visualization of fracture reduction in both Anteroposterior and lateral
DHS WITH
TSP:-Reduction maneuver:
Closed reduction maneuver planned by using preoperative x-rays
and perioperative C arm image fracture pattern. Fracture reduced by
using traction and internal or external rotation.
Surgical approach:
Under aseptic precautions affected limb painted and draped in
standard fashion for hip surgery in supine position. Fracture site is
exposed by standard lateral approach to hip joint. Skin and subcutaneous
tissue incised, tensor fascia lata and vastus lateralis was split and
proximal part of femur exposed. Inadequate reduction corrected under C
arm guidance.
Approximately 2 cm below vastus ridge guide wire is inserted
under C arm guidance and it passed through CCD angle inferiorly in AP
view and central in lateral view. This allows correct placement of
anti-rotation screw. 5mm beneath subcondral bone guide wire is placed. Then
guide wire length measured and by using triple reamer, reaming done and
lag screw inserted.
To lag screw a 5 hole barrel plate fixed then it fixed to femoral
shaft using cortical screws in 2nd and 5th hole of plate. TSP fixed to Ist, 3rd and 4th hole using 4.5mm cortical screws. Guide wire inserted for 6.5 mm cancellous screw under C-arm guidance and Screw fixed after drilling
with appropriate drill bit. If necessary greater trochanter fixed by using
SS wire or 4mm cancellous screw. Drain inserted. By using vicryl vastus
lateralis, tensor fascia lata and subcutaneous tissue closed and skin closed
PROXIMAL FEMORAL
NAIL:-Skin incision made about 2-3cm over tip of greater trochanter
extending up to plumb line dropped from anterior superior iliac spine.
[image:48.612.182.443.115.339.2]Entry made through modified medial portal entry with patient in fracture
table and traction applied to ipsilateral leg.
Guide wire inserted and serial reaming done according to
intraoperative chattering. Appropriate sized nail inserted.
Guide wires inserted and checked in both AP and lateral
projections. First 8mm lag screw placed and 6.3mm. anti-rotationscrew of
size 15mm less than lag screw fixed proximally.2×4.9mm locking screws
POST OP PROTOCOL:
* Intravenous antibiotics given for 2 days.
* From day 3 oral antibiotics and analgesics given for another one
week.
* Drain removal done on 2nd post operative day.
* Dressing changed on 2nd, 5th and 8th post operative day
* Sutures removed on 12th post operative day
* Immediate weight bearing initiated depending on the stability of
the construct in either group.
* Patients followed up monthly once for 3 months with serial x-rays
and x-rays at the end of 6th month.
* Harris hip score, radiological union and neck shaft angle were
GRADING:
SCORE GRADE
90-100 Excellent
80-89 Good
70-79 Fair
OVERVIEW & ANALYSIS
The study was conducted in Government Kilpauk Medical College
& Hospital, Chennai from December 2016 to September 2017.
In 52 consecutive patients suffering from unstable intertrochanteric
fracture 26 were treated with DHS with trochanteric stabilization plate
and 26 were treated with proximal femoral nailing.
AO/OTA classification system used for patient selection. We
included AO31A2 fractures in our study.
The distribution of fractures
SL.NO TYPE OF
FRACTURE
NUMBER OF PATIENTS
DHS WITH TSP PFN
1 31A2.1 5 5
2 31A2.2 14 12
3 31A2.3 7 9
10 12 14 16
DHS WITH TSP
10 12 14
GENDER DISTRIBUTION
SIDE OF FRACTURE
13 13
PFN
MALE FEMALE 12 14DHS WITH TSP
MALE FEMALE 13 13
PFN
RIGHT LEFT 14 12DHS WITH TSP
Age wise distribution of patients is as follows:
SL.NO AGE GROUP (IN
YEARS)
NO.OF PATIENTS
DHS WITH TSP PFN
1 50 - 59 3 4
2 60 - 65 8 9
3 66 - 70 7 6
4 71 - 75 8 7
In our study 9 patients suffered from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 14
3
8
7 8
DHS WITH TSP
5
6 1
1 1
COMORBIDITIES /DHS WITH TSP
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
coronary artery disease
chronic kidney disease
primary pulmonary tuberculosis 4 8 2 1
COMORBIDITIES IN PFN
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
coronary artery disease
primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Operative details of intertrochanteric fractures treated by dynamic
hip screw with trochanteric stabilization plate and proximal femoral
nailing.
SL.
NO VARIABLES
DHS WITH
TSP PFN
1 Mean time of operation after
fracture in days
7.6 7.2
2 Mean duration of operation 88 minutes 62.5minutes
3 Mean blood loss in ml 172.6 58.26
4 Mean size of lag screw 85mm 85mm
5 Mean size of anti-rotation screw 75mm 70mm
6 Mean duration of hospital stay in
days
6.9 5.1
7 Average duration for full weight
bearing
Functional outcome by Harris hip score
COMPLICATIONS
Wound complications
2 patients in DHS with TSP and 1 patient in PFN had superficial
wound infection. These patients were diabetic. The infection controlled
with continuation of intravenous antibiotics and regular wound dressings.
4 patients (2 in each group) had fever on 4th postoperative day. These patients were diagnosed to have urinary tract infection which
subsided with course of antibiotics.
7 5 14 16 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
DHS WITH TSP PFN
Complications related to implants and union:
In DHS WITH TSP
2 patients suffered from loosing of greater trochanter screw loosing
at 13 weeks and they were followed up for another 8 weeks of duration
till radiological union to occur then the screw was removed under spinal
anaesthesia.
Due to varus collapse 2 patients had shortening of <2cm. one
patient had persistent hip and another had persistent thigh pain. Weight
In Proximal Femoral Nail:
One patient had self fall 1 month following surgery and sustained
peri implant fracture just distal to the end of nail. Non union was found in
2 cases with no progressive radiological union in subsequent monthly
follow up.
In that one patient lag screw was found to be backed out in 1st month post operative x-ray.
The case was operated with implant exit followed by cemented
hemiarthroplasty in single sitting after ruling out all markers of infection
COMPLICATIONS
SL.NO COMPLICATION DHS WITH TSP PFN
1 Superficial wound infection 2 1
2 Urinary tract infection 2 2
3 Varus collapse with shortening of >1cm
2 0
4 Persistent thigh pain 1 0
5 Persistent hip pain 1 2
6 Non union 0 2
7 Peri –implant fracture 0 1
Cross tables
Group * Gender(Cross tabulation)
Sex Total Male Female Group DHS with TSP
Count 14 9 23
% within group 60.9% 39.1% 100.0%
PFN
Count 12 11 23
% within group 52.2% 47.8% 100.0%
Total Count 26 20 46
Group Statistics(age)
Group N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Age
DHS with
TSP 23 65.65 5.757 1.200
PFN
Group * OTA
GROUP*OTA (Crosstab)
OTA Total
1 2 3
Grou
p
DHS
with TSP
Count 5 10 8 23
% within
group
21.7% 43.5% 34.8% 100.0%
PFN Count 5 10 8 23
% within
group
21.7% 43.5% 34.8% 100.0%
Total Count 10 20 16 46
% within
group
21.7% 43.5% 34.8% 100.0%
Group * R/L
GROUP*R/L (Crosstab)
R/L Total
Right Left
Group DHS
with TSP
Count 12 11 23
% within
group
52.2% 47.8% 100.0%
PFN Count 11 12 23
% within
group
47.8% 52.2% 100.0%
Total Count 23 23 46
% within
group
No Comorbids
cormobids
DM HTN CAD PTB CKD Total
Group DHS with TSP
Count 9 5 6 1 1 1 23
%with in group
39.130434 21.7391 26.0869 4.34782 4.34782 4.34782 100
PFN Count 8 4 8 0 2 1 23
%with in group
34.782608 17.3913 34.7826 0 8.69565 4.34782 100
Total Count 17 9 14 1 3 2 46
%with in group
36.95652 19.565 30.434 2.1739 6.52173 4.3478 100
Group * Radiologicalunion
GROUP*RADIOLOGICAL UNION(Crosstab)
Radiologicalunion Total P value
evidence of
progressive
callus
formation in
follow up x
rays
No
evidence of
callus
formation in
follow up x
rays
Group DHS with
TSP
Count 23 0 23 .244
% within
group
100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
Group * Neck shaft angle
GROUP*NECK SHAFT ANGLE (Cross tab)
Neckshaftangle Total P
value No Varus Varus Group DHS with TSP
Count 21 2 23 0.244
% within group 91.3% 8.7% 100.0
%
PFN Count 23 0 23
% within group 100.0
%
0.0% 100.0
%
Total Count 44 2 46
% within group 95.7% 4.3% 100.0
%
NPar Tests
Group Statistics
Group N Mean Std.
Deviation Std. Error Mean Duration surgery in minutes DHS with TSP
23 88.09 7.874 1.642
PFN 23 60.30 5.850 1.220
Blood loss in
(ml)
DHS with
TSP
23 172.61 16.846 3.513
PFN 23 58.26 7.777 1.622
Harris hip
function score
DHS with
TSP
23 85.74 5.336 1.113
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Group N Mean
Rank
P value
Harris hip
function score
DHS with TSP 23 25.80 0.243
PFN 23 21.20
Total 46
B/L ML DHS with TSP 23 35.00 .000
PFN 23 12.00
Total 46
Duration
surgery minutes
DHS with TSP 23 35.00 .000
PFN 23 12.00
Total 46
Full weight
bearing initiated
(weeks)
DHS with TSP 23 33.63 .000
PFN 23 13.37
CASE ILLUSTRATIONS
Case 1. A 48 year old male
Preoperative x-ray Postoperative x-ray
Active SLRT External rotation
Case 2: A 50 year old male
Preoperative x-ray Post operative x-ray
3rd month follow up 6th
Standing Active SLRT
Case 3: A 57 year old male
Preoperative x-ray Postoperative x-ray
Active SLRT External rotation
Case 4: A 68year old female
Preoperative x-ray Postoperative x-ray
Active SLRT External rotation
DISCUSSION
Intertrochanteric femoral fractures contribute to more than half of
total hip fractures in elderly osteoporotic patients ageing over 60 years.
With increasing life expectancy due to advancements in medical care, the
incidence of intertrochanteric fractures are also increasing.
Fall from standing height is the most common mode of injury in
these patients. Diminished vision, reduced reflexes, poor muscle tone and
balance also contribute to the increased incidence in elderly.
Various modalities of treatments are available which include
dynamic hip screw, cephalomedullary nail, dynamic condylar screw,
cemented hemiarthroplasty with or without augmented calcar
reconstruction, proximal femoral locking plate and trochanteric
stabilization plate.
The ultimate goal of the treatment being early mobilization of the
patients preventing the complications of fracture disease.
Sliding hip screw is still most widely used implant for these cases.
But in unstable fractures due to posteromedial and lateral wall
communition it has the disadvantage of recurring varus collapse and
screw cut out. It also has a disadvantage of having only a single point
Advantages of dynamic hip screw with trochanteric stabilization
plate and proximal femoral nailing in unstable fractures are as follows
SL.NO DHS with TSP PFN
1 Easy learning curve. Less operating time
and minimal blood loss.
2 Lateral butteress effect Load sharing device.
3 Controlled impaction in unstable Intertrochanteric
fractures.
Shortened lever arm there by less deforming forces at the fracture
site.
4
Prevents excessive collapse and shortening.
Prevents excessive varus collapse and neck shortening.
5 Two point fixation leading to increased rotation
stability.
Increased rotation stability and less chances of screw cut out in
osteoporotic head.
Our study was conducted in Govt. Kilpauk Medical College &
Hospital, Chennai. 52 consecutive patients of unstable itertrochanteric
fractures were treated with DHS with TSP and PFN in equal numbers by
random sampling the fractures were classified according to AO/OTA
classification and fractures of AO type 31A2.1 to 31A2.3 were included
in our study. All patients were followed up at least for a period of 6
months and were assessed for clinical, radiological and functional
outcome. The overall response rate was 88.46%.
The results were analyzed and observations of our study are as
follows,
1. Age : Most of patients in our study were in the age of >60 years of
age.
2. Gender : In DHS with TSP 12 male and 14 female patients. In PFN
13 male and 13 female patients.
3. Mode of injury : Fall from standing height (trivial fall) was most
common mode of injury.
4. Type of fracture : In DHS with TSP group 5 patients AO type
31A2.1, 14 patients of AO type 31A2.2 and 7 patients had AO type
31A2.3.
In PFN group 5 patients had AO type 31A2.1,12 patients had
5. Side of fracture : In DHS with TSP group 14 patients had right and
12 patients had left side fracture. In PFN group13 had right and 13
patients had left side fracture.
6. Comorbidities : In DHS with TSP group 5 patients had type 2
Diabetes Mellitus,6 patients were suffering from systemic
hypertension, 1 patient had coronary artery disease, 1 patient
suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis 10 years back and one
patient was suffering from chronic kidney disease.
In PFN group 4 patients had type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 8 were
suffering from systemic hypertension, 2 had pulmonary
tuberculosis in their past and one was suffering from chronic
kidney disease.
7. All patients had good pretrauma mobility and were ambulating
independently unassisted.
8. Patients were operated within 7.6 days in DHS with TSP group
11. Mean lag screw was 85 mm both in DHS with TSP and in PFN.
Mean anti-rotation screw size was 75mm in DHS with TSP and in
PFN was 70mm.
12. Mean hospital stay was 6.9 days in DHS with TSP and in PFN was
5.1 days.
13. On 3rd postoperative day partial weight bearing was allowed on the basis of construct stability and bone quality.
14. All patients treated with DHS with TSP allowed to full weight
bearing on an average of 13.27 weeks and patients treated with
PFN were allowed full weight bearing on an average of
10.15weeks.
15. On basis of Harris Hip Score the functional outcome of all patients
were assessed: In DHS with TSP group we had 7 excellent results,
14 good results and 2 fair results. In PFN group we had 5 excellent
results, 16 good results, 1 fair and 1 poor result.
16. Complications: 2 patients in DHS with TSP group one patient in
PFN group had superficial wound infection. 2 patients in each
group had urinary tract infection. 2 patients in PFN group and one
patient DHS with TSP group had persistent hip pain. One patient in
DHS with TSP group had persistent thigh pain. 2 patients had
with shortening <2cm (1.3cm & 1.5cm). In PFN group one patient
had peri-implant fracture. 2 patients in PFN we had difficulty in
placing anti-rotation screw of them lag screw was backed out in
one patient during follow up and she was operated with implant
exit with cemented hemiarthroplasty (all 3 cases weren’t included
in analyzing final outcome). Non-union at fracture site was found
in 2 cases operated with PFN and these patients denied any further
CONCLUSION
We conclude that there is no statistically significant difference
between patients operated with Dynamic Hip Screw with Trochanteric
Stabilization Plate and Proximal Femoral Nail in terms of radiological
union, varus collapse and functional outcome at six months follow up,
which is consistent with Rho et al study13 & Patil et al study15.
Statistically significant differences were noted with ‘P’ values less
than 0.05 in terms of duration of surgery, blood loss during surgery and
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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PROFORMA
Name :
Age/Sex :
IP Number :
Address :
Contact Number :
Occupation :
Education :
Socioeconomic Status :
Date of Admission :
Date of Surgery :
Date of Discharge :
History :
1. Mode of injury : Road traffic accident / self fall at home / fall from height / pedestrian struck injury.
2. Presenting complaints:
Pain –site/duration Swelling- site/extent Deformity
Disturbances in function of hip & knee-movements/sensations
3. Co morbid illnesses:
SL.NO COMORBIDS DETAILS
1 Diabetes mellitus 2 Hypertension 3 Coronary heart disease 4 Renal disorder 5 Seizures / neurological
disorder 6 Dyslipedemia 7 Bronchial asthma 8 Endocrine disorder 9 Chronic obstructive lung
diseases 10 Hepatic disorder 11 Tuberculosis 12 Neoplastic disorders
4. Drug history: steroids / disease modifying anti- rheumatoid drugs / immunosuppressant
PAST HISTORY:
Similar injuries
Previous surgeries or hospitalizations
PERSONAL HISTORY:
SL.NO
1 Diet Vegetarian / mixed
2 Marital status Married / single
3 Bowel and bladder habits Regular / altered
4 Habits Smoking / alcohol/ tobacco/drug addictions/others
OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGICAL HISTORY:
TREATMENT HISTORY: FAMILY HISTORY: CLINICAL EXAMINATION: GENERAL EXAMINATION: Appearance: Built: Pallor: Icterus: Cyanosis: Clubbing: Pedal edema: Lymphadenopathy: VITALS: 1. Pulse 2. BP
3. Respiratory Rate 4. Temperature
SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION:
Respiratory system :
Abdomen :
Central nervous system :
REGIONAL EXAMINATION:
RIGHT/LEFT HIP
OTHER INJURIES
X-RAY FINDINGS
3D CT RIGHT/LEFT HIP JOINT (IF NEEDED)
INVESTIGATIONS:
SL.NO INVESTIGATIONS RESULTS
1 HB%
2 TC
3 DC
4 P L B E M
5 ESR
6 BT/CT
7 RBS
8 UREA
9 S.CREATININE
10 ELECTROLYTES(Na , K )
11 HBsAg
12 VDRL
13 CXR
PROCEDURE NOTES:
POST OP PERIOD:
SL.NO FOLLOW UP
CLINICL FINDINGS
X-RAY FINDINGS
ADVICE
1 1ST MONTH
2 3RD MONTH
3 6TH MONTH
FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME:
INDEX FOR MASTER CHART
1. MOI – Mode of Injury.
1. Self Fall.
2. Road Traffic Accident.
2. OTA classification
31A2.1-1
31A2.2-2
31A2.3-3
3. R/L
R-Right
L-Left
4. COMORBIDS
5. TB
6. CKD
5. DOS mts- Duration of surgery in minutes
6. B/L ml- blood loss in ml
7. FWB (wks): full weight bearing in weeks
8. HHS- Harris hip function score
9. RA.UN: radiological union
1. Evidence of progressive callous formation in follow up x-rays
2. NoEvidence of progressive callous formation in follow up
x- rays
10. NSF- neck shaft angle
1. No varus
Master Chart for DHS WITH TSP
SL.NO NAME AGE/ SEX MOI OTA R/L COMORBID DOS
(Mts) (Ml)B/L (WKS)FWB HHS RU NSF
1 Rajendran 61/M 1 1 1 1 81 170 10.5 93 1 1
2 Devi 71/F 1 3 1 2 86 180 11.6 81 1 1
3 Kanthan 69/M 1 2 2 3 89 190 10.3 86 1 1
4 Muthu 53/M 2 3 2 2 93 200 12.6 82 1 1
5 Sekar 63/M 1 1 1 5 80 150 14.4 90 1 1
6 Chandra 70/F 1 2 2 1 97 150 11.3 82 1 1
7 Kaasinathan 55/M 2 3 1 2 101 160 12.3 75 1 2
8 Selvi 72/F 1 2 2 1 103 160 12.5 85 1 1
9 Siva 66/M 1 1 1 3 84 150 13.6 94 1 1
10 Mary 64/F 1 3 2 1 88 160 14.2 83 1 1
11 Chitra 63/F 1 2 1 2 87 180 15.2 90 1 1
12 Govindan 67/M 1 2 1 6 89 190 14.3 85 1 1
13 Neelakandan 67/M 1 3 2 1 90 200 13.6 81 1 1
14 Munusamy 65/M 1 3 2 2 84 180 14.2 77 1 2
15 Jeyaraj 75/M 1 2 1 1 82 170 12.6 86 1 1
16 Dhanalaksmi 62/F 1 1 1 4 81 160 14.3 92 1 1
96
Master Chart for PFN
SL.NO NAME AGE/ SEX MOI OTA R/L COMORBIDS DOS (Mts) B/L (Ml) FWB (WKS) HHS RU NSF
1 Ambika 61/F 1 1 1 2 52 50 8.2 92 1 1
2 Manoj 69/M 1 3 2 1 54 60 9.3 80 1 1
3 Saraswathy 70/F 1 2 1 3 53 50 9.0 86 1 1
4 Krishnan 63/M 1 1 2 1 57 50 10.4 93 1 1
5 Neela 71/F 1 3 1 6 62 60 11.6 81 1 1
6 Sabapathy 67/M 1 2 2 3 69 70 12.0 87 1 1
7 Alamelu 64/F 1 2 2 2 70 50 11.3 84 1 1
8 Jayavel 58/M 2 3 1 1 60 60 11.5 65 2 1
9 Kumar 73/M 1 3 2 5 69 60 11.2 80 1 1
10 Devan 69/M 1 2 2 3 56 60 9.2 85 1 1
11 Lakshmi 72/F 1 3 1 1 64 70 8.5 80 1 1
12 Nagammal 65/F 1 1 2 2 60 70 9.6 93 1 1
13 Rathnam 59/M 2 1 1 1 59 50 8.3 92 1 1
14 Senthamarai 68/F 1 2 2 3 58 60 9.4 86 1 1
15 Surya 73/M 1 3 1 1 63 50 8.6 80 1 1
16 Ashra 64/F 1 1 1 3 55 50 11.6 91 1 1
17 Naagarani 74/F 1 2 2 5 57 70 10.6 86 1 1
18 Mariyappan 65/M 1 2 1 2 66 50 11.3 84 1 1
19 Poongodi 53/F 1 3 2 1 59 60 10.4 80 1 1
20 Elumalai 61/M 1 2 1 3 67 60 12.2 71 2 1
21 Thirupathi 66/M 2 3 2 3 68 50 10.6 80 1 1
22 Jeya 64/F 1 2 2 1 59 70 10.3 84 1 1