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(1)

Principles of organic agriculture

– vision for a best sustainable

practice – standards for a best

sustainable practice

SOAAN Meeting

10th February 2015, Nuremberg, Germany

Prof Dr Urs Niggli

(2)

Contents

• Drivers of organic 3.0

• ‘Features’ of organic 3.0

• Culture of innovation

• On-going improvement towards best practice

• Transparent integrity

(3)

Drivers of organic 3.0

Weak growth of organic farms and organically managed

land.

Gap between principles and standards in terms of best

practice, innovation and claims.

Albeit of its many advantages in sustainability, organic

agriculture is not effective in mainstreaming.

As a tiny niche, organic agriculture is not contributing to

the global challenges of humanity.

Organic value chains are prone to fraud.

The organic movement is more inward-looking than

(4)

Weak growth of organic farms and land

(5)

295 366 480 574

654 793

932 1 056 1 152 1 188 1 185 1 204

1 298 1 444

1 545 1 668

1 739 1 832

2 053

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500

T

urnover in Million Swiss Francs

Growth of the Swiss organic market 1995-2013

(6)

A protective space* (niche) for innovations

or a method to become mainstreamed?

Willer et al., 2014

*«Within this protective space, niche actors can nurture the path-breaking innovation so it becomes more robust through perfor-mance improvements and ex-pansions in supportive

(7)

Mainstream

Niche

• Swiss alps: 63 % of land organically managed.

• State of Salzburg in Austria: 43 %.

Agronomically and socio-economically Adapted?

Technically immature? Economically not competitive? No true cost accounting?

Innovation

needed

!

(8)

www.fibl.org

Are the results formidable or modest?

12 percent organic farmers in Switzerland. Stagnating for

10 years.

7 % of all food sold is organic.

(9)

www.fibl.org

From LCA to sustainability assessment

IFOAM: SOAAN

(10)

www.fibl.org

Biodiversity on organic farms* (global

literature review of comparison studies)

Taxon

Positive

Negative

No

difference

Birds 7 2

Mammals 2

Butterflies 1 1

Spiders 7 3

Earthworms 7 2 4

Beetles 13 5 3

Other arthropods 7 1 2

Plants 13 2

Soil microbes 9 8

Total 66 8 25

Hole et al., 2005. Biological

(11)

www.fibl.org 0 50 100 150 Percolation stability Aggregate stability Bulk density APhysical BIODYN BIOORG CONFYM CONMIN 100 200 Microbial biomass Dehydro-genase Protease Phosphatase Saccharase Mycorrhiza

C Microbial

0 50 100 150pH Organic carbon Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium

B Chemical

0 0 100 200 Earthworm biomass Earthworm abundance Carabids Staphilinids Spiders

D Faunal

Mäder, Fliessbach, Niggli (2002), Science 296

Soil properties in the DOC experiment (year 24)

(12)

Different approaches to sustainability

Improved technologies like minimum/ no tillage

or GMO crops.

Integrated Production (IP, IPM).

Low Input Agriculture (LIA) or Precision

Farming.

Low External Input Sustainable

Agriculture (LEISA).

Organic Farming.

Organic Farming & reduced tillage.

Organic (successional) agroforestry

systems.

(13)

The competition of sustainability standards

Foods without

(14)

Note: this diagram is a strong simplification. Most studies address individual indicators (eg., soil, biodiversity only). Thus, the diagramm only shows that some environmental impacts occur. (See slide 50 for limitations).

Number

of studies

Number of studies indicating positive, negative or

varying/ inconclusive environmental impacts

14 What this diagram tells us:

- Most research by far was done on the environmental impacts of organic agriculture.

- At the same time, only for organic did we find a few studies that show negative results.

- We think that this is due to the fact that research evolved: The longer a research field is in existence, the more specific and critical it becomes. It moves beyond descriptive stages. Specific cases are identified where the general findings might not apply.

(15)

www.fibl.org

Areas in production for 8 commodities (2012)

0 200 400 600 800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

Organic (2011) UTZ Faitrade (2011) RA

Thousand

 

hect

ar

es

Bananas Cocoa Coffee Cotton Palm Oil Soybeans Sugarcane Tea

(16)

www.fibl.org

Innovation pathway

(17)

www.fibl.org

Organic farming is very heterogeneous

Subsistence farmers, pastoralists, agrosylvicultural farmers

Intensive small holder farmers with mixed farms

Family farms with specialisation

Big farm entreprises

(18)

www.fibl.org

Organic farming is very heterogeneous

Subsistence farmers, pastoralists, agrosylvicultural farmers

Intensive small holder farmers with mixed farms

Family farms with specialisation

Big farm entreprises

(19)

www.fibl.org

Organic farming is very heterogeneous

Subsistence farmers, pastoralists, agrosylvicultural farmers

Intensive small holder farmers with mixed farms

Family farms with specialisation

Big farm entreprises

Completely different research needs and knowledge creation

(20)

www.fibl.org Züchtung Herdenmanagement und Prävention Bäuerliches Erfahrungswissen Homöopathie Neue Futtermittel-zusätze basierend auf biologischer Kontrolle

Innovations-Pfade: Beispiel Tiergesundheit

Bäuerliche Hausmittel

108 Interviews mit 137 Landwirten.

1025 Hausrezepturen. Mehr als 100 Pflanzenarten. Wissenschaftliche Bewertung

durch Tierärzte und Pharmakologen.

Verfügbar auf Internet ab 2015. Umsetzungsprojekte Analyse der genetischen Variabilität der Schweizer Schafrasse bezüglich Wurmresistenz

(21)

www.fibl.org

Innovation pathways: Phytopathology

System approach:

Moniliophtora perniciosa "Witches' Broom Disease"

RNA Interferences:

Next generation of pesticides mimicking

nature (like humane insulin in medicine)

Modern diagnostic:

Nanowire sensors with protein, DNA and

RNA microchips

Breeding for resistence

Mildew of cereals

Completely novel plant extracts as bio-fungizides

(22)

www.fibl.org

Fingerprinting with stabile isotopes

Agroisolab, Bericht FiBL (2013)

(23)

www.fibl.org

European Space Agency (ESA), Satelliten

multi-spectral and hyper-multi-spectral photos or UAV

«80 to 100 % differentiation Pierre Ott, Ecocert

(24)

www.fibl.org

The system approach as the basis of OF

Diversity of species Diversity of species Diversity of landscapes Diversity of landscapes

Diversity of crops or varieties Diversity of crops or varieties Diversity of structures/habitats Diversity of structures/habitats

(25)

www.fibl.org

Chemical compounds used in organic plant

protection - system approach, naturalness?

Copper Sulphur

Phosphonate

Sodium hypochloride (NaClO)

Mineral Oil Metaldehyde Phyrethroids Iron phosphate

Potassium

permanga-nate (KMnO4)

Di-ammonium phos phate

Lime sulphur

(26)

www.fibl.org

Agroecology: Science, farm management

and social movement

Agro-ecological farming

Many excellent principles and recommendations, vaguely worded.

No mandatory standards. No bans and detailed restrictions.

Basically open to all technologies.

No inspection.

Social learning process.

Organic farming

4 principles of health, ecology, fairness and care, more

bindingly worded.

Mandatory standards.

Bans and detailed restrictions. General technology bans.

Inspection and certification (3rd

party, group certification, PGS).

Jump in, accept it or forget it

 Organic Farming and Agroecology are substantially apart

References

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