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EURATOM

PROGRESS REPORT

PROGRAMME

RADIATION PROTECTION

1980

EUR 7169 DE/EN/FR

he

Harwood Academic Publishers

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Programme 1976-1980

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KOMMISSIONEN FOR DE EUROPJEISKE FJELLESSKABER KOMMISSION DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES

COMMISSIONE DELLE COMUNITA EUROPEE COMMISSIE VAN EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN

EURATOM

Beretning

Program 1976-1980

STRALINGSBESKYTTELSE

Tatigkeitsbericht

Programm 1976-1980

STRAHLENSCHUTZ

Progress Report

Programme 1976-1980

RADIATION PROTECTION

Rapport d' Activite

Programme 1976-1980

RADIOPROTECTION

Rapporto d' Attivita

Programma 1976-1980

RADIOPROTEZIONE

Verslag van de Werkzaamheden

Programma 1976-1980

STRALINGSBESCHERMING

1980

he

harwood academic publishers

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submitted m this form

to

the Commission and Its contractual partners.

Publrcatron arranged by:

CommissiOn of the European Commumnes

Directorate General for Inform.ltlon M.uket and Inn m awm - Sc1ennhc and Tech-nical Communication

Brussels and Luxembourg

Publrshed under lrcense by:

Harwood Academic Publi,hers GmbH Poststrasse 22, 7000 Chur, Switzerland

Publrshers · edrtorral offrce for the U.K.:

Ham ood Academic Publishers Ltd. 61 Gray., Inn Road

London WCJX 8T6, England

Puhlrshers' edrtoral offrce for the U.S.A.:

Harwood Academic Publishers P.O. Box 786, Cooper Station New York, NY10276, U.S.A.

' (1 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels dnd Luxembourg, 19R 1.

EUR 7169 DE-EN-FR

Legal Notrce

Neither the CommissiOn ot the Europe.ln Communities nor any person actmg on behalf of the CommiSSion 1s responsible for the use wh1ch might be made of the followmg mtormatwn.

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INHALTSVERZEICHNIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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I.

II.

Einleitung/Introduction

Mitglieder des Beratenden Programmausschusses "Biologie-Gesundheitsschutz"

Members of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management "Biology-Health Protection"

Membres du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme "Biologie-Protection Sanitaire"

Seite/Page

XI

XXV

III. Forschungstatigkeit Strahlenschutz Research in Radiation Protection Recherches en Radioprotection

1. Dosimetrie/dosimetry/dosimetrie 3

199-BIO N 176-BIO 211-BIO D 170-BIO 210-BIO D 164-BIO UK 177-BIO F 215-BIO D 175-BIO I 208-BIO D 209-BIO D 184-BIO UK 178-BIO 229-BIO 181-BIO

c

103-PST I 106-PST D 102-PST F 098-PST uK~

109-PST 108-PST D 111-PST IJK

TNO, Rijswijk (Barendsen/Broerse) Univ. Toulouse (Blanc)

GSF, Neuherberg (Burger/Jacobi) Univ. Strasbourg <Rechenmann) Univ. Homburg (Muth/Grillmaier) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis)

CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Parmentier) KFA, Julich (Feinendegen)

CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Metalli) Univ. Wurzburg (Kellerer) PTB, Braunschweig (Rei eh) Univ. Dundee (Watt)

CEA, CEN Grenoble (de Choudens) CENDOS (Broerse et al.) ICRU <Wyckoff)

CNEN, Bologna <Busuoli)

GSF, Neuherberg (Burger/ Jacobi) Univ. Toulouse (Blanc)

AERE, Harwell (Peirson)

CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses <Portal) PTB, Braunschweig <Wagner)

NRPB, Harwell <White)

5 17 29 37 47 59 73 83 101 107 119 125 143 153 157 161 165 171 177 181 187 193

2. Radioaktive Kontamination der Umwelt

Radioactive contamination of the environment Contamination radioactive du milieu

197

172-BIO 219-BIO UK 254-BIO F 280-BIO DK 185-BIA N 258-BIO B 265-BIO B 268-BIO N 235-BIO 236-BIO B 237-BIO N 231 BIO 260 BIO D

CNEN, Fiascherino (Cigna) 199

MAFF, Lowestoft <Mitchell) 217

Univ. Nantes/CEA La Hague (Pieri) 223

Ris~ Nat. Lab., Roskilde (Aarkrog) 229

!TAL, Wageningen (de Zeeuw/Ringoet) 233 Inst. Hygiene et Epidem. Bxl. <Cantillon) 277 Univ. Namur (Micha/Detollenaere) 281 Delta Inst., Yerseke (Duursma) 285 CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Bovard) 291

CEN, Mol (Kirchmann) 295

Landbouw Hogeschool, Wageningen <van den Hoek) 303

CEA, CEN Cadarache (Grauby) 307

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3.

269-BIO DK 255-BIO D 187-BIO UK 234-BIO 8 275-BIO B

R. Vet. & Agric. Univ. Copenhagen <Nielsen) Bundesgesundheitsamt, Berlin (Stieve) AERE, Harwell (Chamberlain)

Univ. Louvain CMyttenaere) Rijksuniv. Gent CDeruytter)

Genetische Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Hereditary effects of ionizing radiations Effets hereditaires des rayonnements ionisants

204-8IO.DK 262-BIO OK 194-BIO N 195-BIO N 193-8IO N 248-BIO N 156-BIO 8 190-BIO EIR 189-BIO EIR 247-8IO EIR 196-8IO N 192-BIO N 200-BIO N 166-BIO UK 163-BIO UK 153-BIO I 155-BIO F 171-8IO UK 167-BIO UK 165-BIO I 272-BIO F 273-BIO F 274-8IO 8 202-BIO DK 203-BIO DK 160-BIO I 168-BIO UK 183-8IO EIR 224-BIO B 152-BIO I 223-8IO F 225-8IO F 150-BIO I 206-810 D 205-8IO D 157-BIO 8 261-BIO D Biology Group

Univ. Aarhus (Westergaard) Univ. Aarhus (Celis)

Univ. Leiden (Rorsch/van de Putte) Univ. Leiden (Sobels)

Univ. Leiden (van der Eb) Univ. Leiden (van der Eb) Univ. 8ruxelles CBrachet) Univ. Dublin (Winder) Univ. Galway (Houghton) Univ. GaLway (Houghton) Univ. Rotterdam (8ootsma) Univ. Leiden (Simons) TNO, Rijswijk (Lohman) MRC, Brighton <Bridges) Univ. Swansea (Parry) Univ. Milano (Magni)

Fond. Curie, Paris (Latarjet) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith) AERE, Harwell (Peirson) Univ. Pavia <Fraccaro) INRA, Dijon <Dalebroux) Univ. Toulouse (Delpoux) CEN, Mol <Leonard)

Carlsberg Lab., Copenhagen (von Wettstein> Finsen Institute, Copenhagen (Faber) Univ; Roma (Fasellal

PCL, London (Holt) Techno. Dublin (Malone) Univ. 8ruxelles <Radman) Univ. Pavia <Falaschi)

CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette CDevoret)

CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette CAnagnostopoulos> Univ. Roma (Olivieri)

Univ. Gottingen (Hansmann) GSF, Frankfurt (Pohlit) Univ. Louvain (Goffeau) Univ. Giessen (Kiefer) CEC, Ispra (Devreux)

**

*

Bericht noch nicht verfugbar/ Report not yet available/ Rapport pas encore disponible.

**

Biology Group of the Commission of the European Communities DG XII, Biology, Radiation Protection and Medical Research, at the Ispra Establishment of the Joint Research Centre.

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4.

5.

*

Seite/Page

Kurzzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Short-term effects of ionizing radiations Effets

a

court terme des rayonnements ionisants

727

220-BIO F 221-BIO I 222-BIO D 198-BIO N 161-BIO B 217-BIA D 159-BIO 173-BIO 263-BIO B 230-BIO B 250-BIO B 257-BIO I 212-BIO D 270-BIO D 214-BIO D 226-BIO UK 158-BIO F 271-BIO UK 227-BIO C

Cl. Bernard, Paris (Mathe) 729

M. Negri, Milano <Garattini/Spreafico) 775

Univ. Ulm <Fliedner) 781

TNO, Rijswijk (van Bekkum) 815

Univ. Bruxelles (Stryckmans) 833

GSF, Munchen <Thierfelder) 843

Univ. Napoli (Peschle) 863

CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Doria) 867

Univ. Bruxelles <Hamers) 873

Univ. Bruxelles <Dumont) 879

Univ. Louvain <Bazin) 887

Univ. Firenze (Becciolini) 891

Univ. Regensburg <Huttermann) 897

H.M.I., Berlin (Schnabel) 903

MPI, Mulheim <Schulte-Frohlinde/von Sonntag) 907

Univ. Newcastle (Scholes) 915

CEA, CEN Grenoble (Teoule) 919

Kennedy Inst., London <Harris) 923 Primary effects (Kohnlein/Cramp et al.) 925

Langzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Long-term effects of ionizing radiations Effets

a

long terme des rayonnements ionisants

929

201-BIO C 232-BIO B 218-BIA D 1 00-PST D 266-BIO UK 264-BIO EIR 179-BIO UK 182-BIO UK 105-PST UK 174-BIO 104-PST UK 252-BIO UK 243-BIO UK 249-BIO UK 267-BIO UK 278-BIO UK 277-BIO 101-PST 242-BIO F 241-BIO B 256-BIO DK

EULEP (Duplan et al.) CEN, Mol (Maisin)

GSF, Neuherberg <Gossner) DKFZ, Heidelberg (Scheer) Univ. Oxford (Hopewell/Wiernik)

Call. Technology, Dublin (Malone/Cullen) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith)

NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith) AERE, Harwell (Chamberlain) CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Clemente) AERE, Harwell (Morgan) Univ. London (Lindop) PCL, London (Simmons) MRC, Harwell (Vennart) MRC, Harwell (Vennart)

UKAEA Winfrith, Dorchester (Ramsden) CEA, CEN Pierrelatte <Chalabreysse) ENEL, Torino (Farulla)

Fond. Bergonie, Bordeaux (Duplan) CEN, Mol (Maisin)

Univ. Copenhagen (Dane)

Bericht noch nicht verfugbar/ Report not yet available/ Rapport pas encore disponible.

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IV.

V.

VI.

VI I.

6.

251-BIO DK Univ. Copenhagen (Ebbesen) 253-BIO N TNO, Rijswijk (Broerse) 207-BIO GSF, Neuherberg (Kriegell 233-BIO D CEN, Mol (Vanderborght) 151-BIO UK MRC, London (Jones) 228-BIO Univ. Pi sa (Donato) 216-BIO D Univ. Erlangen (Pauly) 244-BIO D GSF, Neuherberg (Drexler) 245-BIO UK AERE, Harwell CPeirson)

Abschatzung des Strahlenrisikos Evaluation of radiation risks Evaluation des risques d'irradiation

099-PSA F CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Uzzan)

se

BC-1939 UK Imperial College, London (Goddard)

se

002 EIR Trinity College, Dublin (Allwright)

se

008 F CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Lafuma)

se

010 N Univ. Leiden (Sankaranarayanan)

se

016 Ist. Mario Negri, Milano CTognoni)

se

017 EIR The r1edi cal Research Board, Dubl1n (Dean)

se

018 C.E.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnani)

se

019 Assoc. Wi llerme, Rennes (Masse)

se

020 UK St.George' s Hospital, London (Bennett!

se

021 C.C.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnam)

se

023

c. c.

p. ~1. , Fontenay-aux-Roses C Fagnani)

se

024 C.C.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnani)

se

025 Hopi tal Necker, Paris (Funck-Brentano)

se

026 CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses (Regnaud)

se

027 CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses (Caput)

se

028 CEDHYS, Avignon CChalabreysse)

se

029 UK Univ. Oxford (Gray)

180-BIO ICRP (Lindell/Sowby)

Liste der vor 1980 beendeten Vertrage List of contracts terminated before 1980 Liste des contrats termines avant 1980.

Koordinierungstat1gkeit C1980) Coordination (1980)

Activites de coordination (1980)

Auswahl ein1ger auf Veranlassung der Kommiss1on erschienener Veroffentlichungen (1976-1980)

Selection of publications issued on the initiative of the Comm1ssion (1976-1980)

Choix de publications editees a l'initiative de la Commission (1976-1980)

Verzeichnis der Forschungsgruppeleiter C1980) List of research group leaders (1980)

Index des chefs de groupes de recherche C1980)

Seite/Page

11 <:7 1131 1135 1143 11 ':1 1111 12C1 1 ?[8 1?15 1219 1221 1221 1221 1L21 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1 ~ 21

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EINLEITUNG

INTRODUCTION

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DE

I. EINLEITUNG

Einer der im Vertrag zur Grundung der Europaischen Atomgemeinschaft

vor-gesehenen Forschungsbereiche umfasst Untersuchungen uber schadliche

Strahlenwirkungen auf Lebewesen, uber die Verhutung und den angemessenen

Schutz sowie die entsprechenden Sicherheitsnormen, den Nachweis und die

Messung der Strahlungen sowie die Entwicklung therapeutischer Massnahmen

gegen Strahlenwirkungen.

Seit 1960 sind unter dem Patronat der Kommission vier mehrjahrige

Forschungs-programme auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes durchgefuhrt worden. Das

Programm, das 1980 abgeschlossen wurde, kann wegen seines integrierten

Charakters, der Aktualitat der behandelten Themen, der praktischen Bedeutung

der erzielten Fortschritte und Ergebnisse und der Eingliederung der Arbeiten

in einen echten Gemeinschaftsrahmen als besonders wichtig angesehen werden.

Deshalb hat die Kommission in dem vorliegenden Bericht die im Zeitraum 1976/1980

erzielten Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten zusammengest~Llt. Der Bericht

er-Laubt im Einzelfall die Tendenzen der Forschung, ihre Orientierung und ihre

Prioritaten zu erkennen. Es handelt sich, wie bei den fruheren Programmen,

um ein Programm der indirekten Aktion, das im Rahmen von Vertragen mit

Institutionen der Mitgliedstaaten, wie nationalen Forschungszentren und

Hochschulen, durchgefuhrt wurde; der Etat betrug 39 MioECU fur den

Referenz-zeitraum.

Es wird allgemein anerkannt, dass die von der Kommission herbeigefuhrte

Zusammenarbeit in der Gemeinschaft auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes

exemplarisch ist, wofur sowohl der Umfang und der Wert der wissenschaftlichen

Veroffentlichungen (uber 600 jahrlich) als auch die Zahl der unmittelbar an

den Forschungsvertragen mitwirkenden Wissenschaftler (uber 500) sprechen.

Die engen Beziehungen zwischen den Dienststellen der Kommission und den

Forschern zeigen sich in immer starkerem Masse in der gemeinsamen Arbeit

in den Studiengruppen. Die Kommission hat jedes Jahr rund 40 solcher Sitzungen

veranstaltet, die ausser Studiengruppen auch noch Konferenzen und Symposien

umfassten; uber 1.000 Wissenschaftler aus den Mitgliedstaaten und aus

Dritt-Landern nahmen daran teil. Diese Koordinierungsmassnahmen haben auf indirekte

Weise einen beachtlichen Einfluss auf fast die gesamte Strahlenschutzforschung

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DE

Auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes und der Strahlenbiologie gibt es

tatsächlich eine europäische Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft, in der die

Kommission Impulse gibt und Fördermassnahmen trifft, deren Notwendigkeit

und Effizienz unbestritten sind. Aus der Gesamtheit der Arbeiten dieser

Gemeinschaft bezieht die Kommission ferner die unerlässliche Unterstützung

bei ihrer im Vertrag vorgesehenen normativen Aktion, in deren Rahmen sie

1959 erstmalig europäische Strahlenschutznormen festgelegt und damit eine

gemeinsame Gesundheitspolitik eingeleitet hat. Diese Normen, die sich

weitgehend auf internationale Empfehlungen stützen, werden durch die

europäische Forschung untermauert und gegebenenfaLLs auf praktischer Ebene

durch biologische und technologische Daten aus dem Programm vervollständigt.

Während die Forschungsaktionen der sechziger Jahre noch punktuellen Charakter

hatten, kam es in der Folge~eit zu einer zunehmenden Kohärenz der verschiedenen

Programmthemen und zu einer engen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Instituten mit

ähnlichen Forschungsaufgaben. Diese Integration kennzeichnet das

Fünfjahres-programme 1976-1980. Auf ihr bauen die Leitlinien des 1981 angelaufenen

neuen Programms auf und gewährleisten damit die Kontinuität der Arbeiten und

ihrer sozialen und humanen Motivierung.

Obwohl die Nutzung des Atoms bei der Offentlichkeit weiterhin auf Skepsis

und bisweilen übertriebene Befürchtungen stösst, hat die Energiekrise von

1973 einige europäische Länder bewogen, verstärkt die Kernenergie zur

Elektrizitätserzeugung heranzuziehen. Die Befürchtungen ergeben sich zum

grossen Teil aus Zweifeln und aus Lücken in der tatsächlichen Kenntnis der

Langzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlungen bei schwacher Dosis. Diese

Lücken zu füllen ist Zukunftsaufgabe der Strahlenschutzforschung.

Die ionisierenden Strahlungen sind von allen durch den Menschen verursachten

Umweltbelastungen wahrscheinlich diejenigen, die am besten bekannt sind und

- am eingehendsten untersucht werden~ dessen ungeachtet muss sich die

Ab-schätzung des Strahlenrisikos auf möglichst genaue Beziehungen zwischen

einer bestimmten Strahlenexposition und ihrer Auswirkung auf die Bevölkerung

abstützen Lassen. Mit den vorhandenen Modellen konnte das Risiko anhand

von wissenschaftlichen Hypothesen beurteilt werden, die beim gegenwärtigen

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DE

nachgepruft werden. Darurn rnussen fur erfolgversprechende epiderniologische

Untersuchungen Langfristig personelle und finanzielle Mittel eingesetzt

werden.

Das Ziel des Forschungsprograrnrns "Strahlenschutz" ist es, das Mass an

Gewissheit und an Sicherheit zu erh6hen. Die Bernuhungen, ~ie bisher

unter-nornrnen wurden, urn Klarheit uber die Strahlenwirkungen zu erlangen, rnussen

rnit Ausdauer und Ideenreichturn fortgesetzt werden, urn Ergebnisse zu gewinnen,

die weniger zweideutig und weniger widerspruchlich sind.

Zu den Grundsatzen des Strahlenschutzes geh6rt die Notwendigkeit der

Optirnierung, d.h. die Suche nach einern Gleichgewicht zwischen den Vor- und

Nachteilen einer nuklearen Tatigkeit. Die Optirnierung ist nur rn6glich,

wenn der Strahlenschaden bewertet werden kann; diese Bewertung rnuss sich

auf ein vergleichsweise kornplexes,rnultidisziplinares wissenschaftliches

Verfahren stutzen, fur das irn Rahrnen des soeben abgeschlossenen Prograrnrns

die ersten Entwicklungsschritte getan werden konnten. Von den bereits

vor-liegenden Ergebnissen ausgehend, sieht das neue Forschungsprograrnrn fur diesen

Bereich einen nennenswerten Ausbau vor.

Die kanzerogene Wirkung der ionisierenden Strahlungen steht irn Vordergrund

der Besorgnisse. Die in diesern Bericht behandelten Arbeiten lassen die

e1ngeschlagenen Wege erkennen, urn den Mechanisrnus der induzierten Mutagenese

und der Karzinogenese zu klaren. Eine solche Untersuchung erfordert

epide-rniologische Forschungen, tierexperirnentelle Forschungen sowie Untersuchungen

irn zellularen und rnolekularen Bereich. Wenn diese verschiedenen Ansatze

Gegenstand systernatischer und koordinierter Bernuhungen sind, wird es eines

Tages wahrscheinlich rn6glich sein, die noch offenen Fragen hinsichtlich der

strahleninduzierten Karzinogenese und der Abschatzung des Krebsrisikos zu

zu beantworten. Die Virologie und die Irnrnunologie werden dazu einen wichtigen

Beitrag leisten. Bis dahin bleiben noch zahlreiche Lucken zu schliessen bei

so wichtigen Faktoren wie den rnolekularen Vorgangen der Reparation

strahlen-induzierter Schaden, der imrnunologischen Reaktion und der Wechselwirkung

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DE

Die Bestrahlungen zu medizinischen Zwecken haben den grössten Anteil an der künstlichen Strahlenbelastung der Bevölkerung. Da diese Bestrahlungen in den Industriestaaten ständig zunehmen, muss unbedingt untersucht werden, wie sie - allerdings ohne jede Beeinträchtigung der Diagnostik - begrenzt werden können. Dieses Problem wird im Rahmen des folgenden Programms zweifellos verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit finden.

Ein vollständiger Oberblick über die Ergebnisse kann in dieser kurzen Einleitung nicht gegeben werden. Die allgemeinen Leistungen der Kommission auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes lassen sich schematisch etwa folgender-massen zusammenfassen:

Entwicklung langfristiger Forschungsprogramme,

Intensivierung der Forschung auf Gebieten mit besonderer Wichtigkeit für die Offentlichkeit,

Förderung der Dbertragung wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse in die praktische Anwendung, z.B. Entwicklung von Personendosimetern, Diagnose von akuten Strahlenschäden und ihre Behandlung, (z.B. durch Knochenmarktransplantation), Durchführung von Vergleichsprogrammen,

Aufstellung langfristiger Prognosen, z.B. hinsichtlich der Toxizität von Tritium für den Organismus,

Förderung der Einbeziehung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in politische Entscheidungsprozesse, z.B. Erstellung von Strahlenschutz-Grundnormen, Erarbeitung von Kriterien fur die Standortwahl, vergleichende Untersuchung der Risiken, die mit den verschiedenen Energieerzeugungsanlagen verbunden sind.

Wir denken, dass diese Veröffentlichung eine Vorstellung von dem Umfang der einzelstaatlichen und der gemeinschaftlichen Bemühungen zur Förderung der Forschung im Bereich Strahlenschutz vermittelt. Diese Forschung ist bestrebt, die Forderungen des Strahlenschutzes zu erfüllen; sie steht nach wie vor in enger Verbindung mit der normativen Tätigkeit der EG-Kommission. Sie ist auf die globale Erfassung des Radioaktivitätsrisikos ausgerichtet, denn sie beschäftigt sich mit der Gesamtheit der schädlichen Wirkungen und trägt zur Entwicklung der Grundsätze für die Optimierung der nuklearen Tätigkeiten bei.

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EN

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the research areas covered by the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community is the study of the harmful effects of radiation on Living beings as well as of adequate prevention and protection measures and corresponding safety standards, radiation detection and measurement and therapy to counteract the effects of radiation.

Four multiannual research programmes relating to radiation protection have been implemented since 1960 under the auspices of the Commission; the programme which was completed in 1980 seems particularly important because of its integrated nature, the topicality of the subjects studied, the practical importance of the progress achieved, of the results obtained, and

the integration of the work into a genuine Community effort.

This is why the Commission has grouped together in these volumes the results of the work conducted by the contractors during the period 1976-80 and pre-sented in a general overview which gives a clearer picture of the trends in research and the patterns followed by policies and priorities in each field. As in the case of preceding programmes, the present one consists in indirect action implemented through contracts with organizations in the Member States

such as national research centres and universities; it was allocated a budget of 39 million ECU for the period under consideration.

It is generally recognized that t~e Community cooperation established by the Commission in the field of radiation protection is exemplary both in terms of the importance and value of the scientific publications (in excess of some 600 per year) and because of the number of researchers <nearly 500) directly involved in the research contracts. Furthermore, the existence of special Lines of communication between the researchers and the Commission departments is becoming increasingly evident in the study groups. The Commission has held on average some 40 meetings each year, which have not been merely study groups but have also taken the form of conferences and symposia; such meetings have been attended by more than a thousand scientists from Member States and non-member countries. These coordination activities exert a considerable

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EN

There exists today in the radiation protection and radiobiology field

a genuine European scientific community w1thin which the Commission

plays a stimulation and promotion role whose need and effectiveness

are beyond question. The body of work conducted by this community

also provides the essential scientific support for the legislative

activities that the Commission is developing 1n accordance with the

Treaty and in pursuance of which it drew up for the first time in 1959

the Community's Basic Safety Standards for radiation protection, which

constituted the initiation of a com~on health policy.

These standards, wh1ch der1ve to a considerable extent from internat1onal

recommendations, are thus confirmed by European research and supplemented

if necessary 1n pract1cal terms by the biological and technological data

that result from the programme.

The research projects carried out during the s1xties were of a fragmentary

nature, which gradually gave way to a greater coherence between the varous

topics in the programme and the establishment of closer collaborat1on

between inst1tutions pursuing similar research objectives. This more

advanced integration is a sal1ent feature of the 1976-80 programme; it has

greatly influenced the policy lines incorporated in the new programme which

started in 1981 and has provided continuity in the conduct of the research

and ensured the stability of its social and human mot1vations.

While the use of ~he atom continues to arouse cons1derable anxiety and

often exaggerated fears among the general public, the 1973 energy crisis

prompted a number of European countr1es to opt for nuclear energy as a

means of generating electricity. Many of these fears are based on doubt

and insuff1cient actual knowledge of the seriousness of the long-term

effects of 10nizing radiation in low doses. In order to provide the

answers to these questions, rad1ation protection research has to be

further developed.

Although ion1zing radiation 1s doubtless the best known and most thoroughly

researched of all the different types of pollution caused by man, the r1sks

must nevertheless be quantif1ed on the basis of as accurate as poss1ble

relationships between exposure at a given Level and the probab1lity of the

occurrence of an effect among the general public. Currently avaiLable

models have made it possible to perform risk evaluation by adopting

sclen-tific assumptions that in the present state of knowledge are checked through

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EN

Epidemiological studies in particular require considerable Long-term

investment in terms of both staff and financial resources. The aim of any research programme is to provide even greater certainty and safety. It is essential that the efforts made hitherto in order to ascertain the effects of radiation be continued with the patience and imagination that are needed for the results to be clearer and Les contradictory.

One of the principles underlying radiation protection is the need to optimize, in other words, to attempt to strike a balance between the advantages and the disadvantages of a nuclear activity. Optimization is only possible if an evaluation of radiological damage can be carried out, and this evaluation must be based on a relatively complex, multi-disciplinary scientific activity whose initial developments have been rendered possible by the programme th~t has just been completed. Building on the results that have already been obtained, the new programme has considerably enlarged this area.

The risk that give the greatest grounds for anxiety include the carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiation. The work described in this publication shows inter alia how knowledge of the process of induced mutagenicity and carcino-genicity has been envisaged. This study combines epidemiological research, experimental research conducted on animals and cellular and molecular research. If a systematic, coordinated effort is made to advance along these different Lines of approach, it is probable that one day answers will be found to the remaining unknowns in the field of radiation-induced carcinogenicity and the estimation of cancer risk. Virology and immunology also provide signi-ficant contribution to the study of this problem. Nevertheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge of questions as fundamental as the molecular processes whereby radiation-induced damage is repaired, and whereby immunological response and the interaction between cancerous cells and the immunizing system are governed.

Irradiation for medical purposes is the Largest source of man-made irra-diation of the general public, moreover, this form of irrairra-diation is steadily increasing in the industrialized countries and it is extremely important to investigate methods of reducing it while in no way hindering diagnosis. The effrrt devoted to this ornh[~m will 11ithout ~rubt be intensified during the

(21)

EN

It is not possible in this short introduction to give an exhaustive

summary of the results. The Commission's general achievements in

the field of radiation protection san, however, be outlined as follows

the preparation of Long-term research projects;

- the intensification of research activities in fields that are of crucial

importance to the general public;

-the promotion of practical applications of the results of scientific

research for example, the development of personal dosimeters, the

diagnosis and treatment Cin particular by means of bone-marrow transplants)

of major radiation-induced Lesions, and the implementation of

intercompari-son programmes;

- the formulation of Longer-term forecasts for example, as regards the

toxicity of trit1um on th~ body;

- assistance in the integration of the results of scientific research

into the political decislon-making process for example, the establishment

of Basic Safety Standards in the radiation protection field, the drafting

of criteria for the siting of nuclear plants; and the compilat1on of a

comparative study of the hazards from the various energy-producing

industries.

We therefore consider that this publication w1ll demonstrate the importance

of the work performed by the Member States and the Community in promoting

research in the radiation protection field. This research is attempting to

provide solutions to the essential problems met by radiation protection, and it

remains closely Linked with the European Commission's Legislative activity.

It sets out to adopt an overall approach towards the radioactive hazard,

considering all damaging effects and contributing to the development of the

principles on which nuclear activ1ties are optimized.

(22)

FR

I. INTRODUCTION

Un des domaines de recherche prevus par le Traite instituant la Communaute europeenne de l'Energie atomique est l'etude des effets nocifs des radiations sur les etres vivants, de la prevention et de la protection adequates et des normes de securite correspondantes, la detection et la mesure des radiations, ainsi que l'etude de la therapeutique contre les effets des radiations.

Quatre programmes de recherches multiannuels en matiere de radioprotection ont

ete

mis en oeuvre depuis 1960, sous l'egide de la Commission; celui qui s'est acheve en 1980 appara,t comme particulierement important en raison de son caractere integre, de l'actualite des sujets traites, de la signification pratique des progres realises et des resultats obtenus et de ['integration des travaux en un veritable effort communautaire.

C'est pourquoi la Commission a regroupe dans les presents volumes les resultats des travaux des contractants obtenus pendant la periode 1976/1980 et presentes dans une revue d'ensemble qui permet de mieux percevoir, pour chacun d'eux, les tendances de la recherche et l'evolution des orientations et des priorites. Il s'agit, comme pour les programmes precedents, d'un programme d'actions indirectes execute par voie de contrats avec des organismes des Etats membres, tels que centres nationaux de recherche et universites; le budget afferent

a

cette action etant de 39 MioECU pour la periode consideree.

Il est generalement reconnu qu'en radioprotection la cooperation communautaire etablie par la Commission appara,t comme exemplaire, et cela tant par L'importance et la valeur des publications scientifiques (plus de 600 environ par annee), que par le nombre de chercheurs directement impliques (pres de 500) dans les contrats ·de recherche. Par ailleurs, l'existence de liens privilegies entre les chercheurs

(23)

FR

IL existe actuellement en radioprotection et radiobiologie une véritable

commu-nauté scientifique européenne au sein de laquelle la Commission joue un rôle

d'animation et de promotion dont la nécessité et l'efficacité sont incontestables.

L'ensemble des travaux de cette communauté constitue en outre le support

scien-tifique indispensable à l'action normative que La Commission développe par

aiLleurs, conformément au traité, et qui L'a conduite à établir en 1959 pour la

première fois Les normes européennes de radioprotection, amorce d'une politique

sanitaire commune. Ces normes, qui découlent Largement de recommandations

internationales, sont ainsi affermies par La recherche européenne et complétées,

s'il y a lieu, sur le plan pratique, par des données biologiques et technologiques

émanant du programme.

Les actions de recherche des années 60 avaient un caractère ponctuel qui a

pro-gressivement fait place à une meilleure cohérence entre Les différents thèmes

du programme et à L'instauration d'une collaboration plus étroite entre des

instituts poursuivant des objectifs de recherche analogues. Cette intégration

plus poussée caractérise Le programme quinquennal 1976-1980 ; elle a fortement

influencé les lignes directrices du nouveau programme qui a débuté en 1981 et

assuré une continuité dans la conduite des études et La permanence de Leurs

inspirations sociales et humaines.

Alors que l'usage de l'atome continue à susciter dans l'opinion publique une

appréhension certaine et des craintes souvent exagérées, la crise de L'énergie

de 1973 a conduit un certain nombre de pays européens à choisir L'énergie nucléaire

pour la production d'électricité. Une grande partie des craintes repose sur Les

doutes et Les lacunes dans la connaissance réelle de la gravité des effets des radiations ionisantes, à faible dose et à long terme. Pour répondre à ces ques-tions, La recherche en radioprotection doit encore se développer.

Certes, de toutes Les pollutions d'origine humaine, Les radiations ionisantes

sont vraisemblablement les mieux connues et les plus étudiées. Il n'en demeure pas moins que La quantification des risques doit @tre fondée sur· les

relations les plus précises possible entre l'exposition à un niveau déterminé

et La probabilité d'apparition d'un effet dans la population. Les modèles

qui existent actuellement ont permis une évaluation du risque en adoptant des

hypothèses scientifiques qui, dans l'état actuel des connaissances, sont

(24)

FR

Les etudes epidemiologiques notamment demandent un important investissement a long term~ en moyens humains et financiers. L'objectif de tout programme de recherche est d'assurer davantage de certitude et de securite. Il est essen-tiel que les efforts entrepris jusqu'a present pour connaitre les effets soient poursuivis avec la patience et l'imagination necessaires pour que les resultats comportent moins d'ambiguite et moins de contradiction.

Un des principes de la radioprotection est la necessite de l'optimisation,

c'est-a-dire de la recherche d'un equilibre entre les avantages et Les desavantage d'une activite nucleaire. L'optimisation n'est realisable que s'il est possible d'effectuer une evaluation du dommage radiologique ; cette derniere doit reposer sur une demarche scientifique relativement complexe a caractere multidisciplinaire et dont le programme qui vient de s'achever a permis Les premiers developpements. C'est en partant des resultats deja obtenus que Le nouveau programme de recherche a donne a ce chapitre une particuliere extension.

Parmi Les effets dommageables Les plus preoccupants figure L'action cancerogene des radiations ionisantes. Les travaux repris dans La presente publication permettent notamment d'apprecier de quelle maniere a

ete

envisagee La connaissance du mecanisme de La mutagenese et de La carcinogenese induites. Cette etude solli-cite a La fois des recherches epidemiologiques, des recherches experimentales effectuees chez L'animal et des recherches au niveau cellulaire et moleculaire. Si ces differente~ approches font L'objet d'un effort systematique et coordonne, il est probable qu'un jour il sera possible de fournir une reponse aux inconnues qui subsistent toujours en ce qui concerne La carcinogenese radioinduite et

(25)

FR

Les irradiations d'origine medicaLe constituent la source la plus importante

d'irradiation artificieLLe des populat1ons. De plus, dans les pays industrialises,

ces irradiations sent en augmentation constante et il est tres important d'etudier

les moyens de les reduire en n'apportant toutefo1s aucune entrave au diagnostic.

L'attention accordee

a

ce probleme sera sans aucun doute intens1fiee au cours du

prochain programme.

Il n'est pas possible dans cette breve introduct1on de presenter une synthese

complete des resultats. Les realisations generales de la Comm1ssion en mat1ere

de radioprotection peuvent etre schematisees de la man1ere suivante :

- elaboratlon de projets de recherche

a

long terme,

- intensification de la recherche dans des domaines part1culierement 1mportants

pour la populat1on,

-promotion des applications pratiques des resultats de la recherche sc1ent1f1que

(par exem~le, mise au point de dosimetres individueLs, diagnostic et tra1tement

de lesions radioinduites graves, notamment par transplantat1on de moelle

osseuse, execut1on de programmes d'lntercomparaison),

etablissement de pronostics

a

plus long terme (par exemple en ce qui concerne

La tcxicite du tritium pour l'organlsme),

-aide

a

L'integration des resultats de la recherche scientifique dans le

pro-cessus de decision politique (par exemple, etablissement de normes de base dans

le domaine de la protection radiologique, elaboration de criteres de choix de sites d'implantation, etude comparative des risques emanant des diverses

lndus-tries productrices d'energie).

Nous pensons done que la presente publication permettra de juger de l'importance

des efforts nationaux et communautaires dans La promotion de la recherche en

rarlioprotection. Cette recherche tente de reponare aux imoeratits

de la protection radiologique ; elle reste etroitement l iee

a

L'activ1te

norma-tive de la Commission europeenne. Elle s'est orientee vers l'approche globale

du risque radioactif, en env1sageant l'ensemble des effets dommageables et en

contribuant au developpement des principes d'optimisation des activ1tes nuclea1res.

(26)

! I

Mitglieder im Jahr 1980 des Beratenden Programmausschusses

"BIOLOGIE - GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ"

Members in 1980 of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management

"BIOLOGY - HEALTH PROTECTION"

Membres en 1980 du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme

(27)

I I . Mitglieder im Jahr 1980 des Beratenden Programmausschusses

"BIOLOGIE - GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ"

Members in 1980 of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management

"BIOLOGY- HEALTH PROTECTION"

Membres en 1980 du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme

"BIOLOGIE - PROTECTION SANITAIRE"

BELGIQUE - BELGIE

A. LAFONTAINE J. MAISIN 0. VANDERBORGHT

BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND

W. GCISSNER A. KELLERER

J. MEHL H. MUTH

w.

PR INZ

DANMARK

M. FABER N.O. KJELDGAARD

FRANCE

L. FITOUSSI M. GRAS H. JAMMET

IRELAND

J.D. CUNNINGHAM A.\L MOORE J. SCOTT

Beobachter/Observers/Observateurs

ELLINIKI DIMOKRATIA

R. BINOPOULOS H BORG-TSANTEKIDOU

IT ALIA

M. BELLI

A. CIGNA (Chairman) G.F. CLEMENTE L.V. POZZI

LUXEMBOURG

P. KAYSER

NEDERLAND

F.H. SOBELS L. STRACKEE D.fl. van BEKKUM G. WANSINK

UNITED KINGDOM

J.A. DENNIS Sir Edward POCHIN A.N.B. STOTT

COMMISSION

A.J. BERTINCHAMPS P. RECHT

F. VAN HOECK

H. EBERT

(28)

III

FORSCHUNGSTATIGKEIT STRAHLENSCHUTZ

RESEARCH IN RADIATION PROTECTION

(29)
(30)

I l l . 1.

STRAHLENMESSUNGEN UNO IHRE INTERPRETATION (DOSIMETR!E)

MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF RADIATION (DOSIMETRY)

(31)

Weitere Forschungsarbeiten zu d1esem Thema werden auch in folgenden ratigkeitsbericht beschrieben *

Further research work on these su~)ects w1ll also be described in the following progress reports

D'autres travaux sur ce theme de recherche sont egalement decrits dans les rapports suivants :

*

*

185-BIA N

167-BIO UK

205-BIO D 201-BIO

182-BIO UK

243-BIO UK

249-BIO UK

216-BIO D

244-BIO

245-BIO UK

Siehe auch Punkt IV,

See also section IV,

Voir aussi point IV,

ITAL, Wageningen (de Zeeuw/Ringoetl

AERE, Harwell CPe-irsonl

GSF, Frankfurt C Pohl it l

EULEP, CDuplan et al.)

NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smithl

PCL, London CSimmons)

MRC, Harwell (Vennartl

Un1v. Erlangen CPaulyl

GSF, Neuherberg (Drexler)

(32)

Contractor

Contract no.

Head of Research Team General subject of contract

Project no. 1.

Radiobiological Institute TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

199-76-1 BIO N

G.W. Barendsen and J.J. Broerse

Evaluation of the biological effectiveness of various types of radiation for different types of damage in mammalian cells and mea-surements of absorbed dose, dose distribu-tion patterns and radiadistribu-tion quality for energy deposition by fast neutron beams.

G.W. Barendsen, J.J. Broerse and J. Zoetelief

Measurements of the biological effectiveness of fast neutrons of different energies for cell reproductive death and for chromosome aberrations in dif-ferent types of cultured mammalian cells.

The relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons with different energies has been studied for the induction of cell reproductive death and of chromosome aberrations in different types of cultured mammalian cells. The aim of these studies is to obtain insight in the variability of RBE values for these endpoints among different types of cells and the correla-tion of the dependence of this RBE on neutron energy. It is further of in-terest to compare these values with the RBE for tumour induction obtaine~

in other investigations with the same neutron energies. From a review of data in the literature i t could be shown that RBE values for chromosome aberrations exhibit a stronger dependence on neutron energy than correspon-ding values for induction of cell reproductive death, especially at low ra-diation doses.

In a first series of experiments for a large number of types of expo-nentially growing mammalian cells, survival curves were measured for irra-diations with fast neutrons with energies of 15 and 0.5 MeV and with 300 kV X rays. The absolute sensitivity of the cell lines investigated varied by a factor of 4 for X-rays and by a factor of 3 for 15 MeV neutrons. RBE values derived from these experiments showed that a wide range is obtained namely between 1.8 and 3.3 for 15 MeV neutrons and between 4.8 and 9 for 0.5 MeV neutrons.

(33)

R-l,M, RUC-2 and V-79. The percentages of dicentrics and centric rings have

been measured as a function of total absorbed dose for 137cs gamma rays,

300 kV X rays and fast neutrons with energies of 0.5, 4.2 and 15 MeV. The

RBE values derlved at two levels of induced chromosome aberrations are shown

in Table 1. Also given in thls table are the doses of X rays necessary for

the lnduction of 10 and 30 percent of aberrations in the different cell

lines, which indicate the differences in absolute sensitivity of the

differ-ent cell lines.

For the studies on induction of chromosome aberrations plateau phase

cell cultures have been used, since these cultures have a large fraction of

cells in the G

1 phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, studies on cell

repro-ductive death had also to be carrled out for these types of cultures. The

preliminary RBE values of various types of radiation at two levels of cell

survival are given in Table 2 for the three cell lines employed. As a measure

for the absolute sensitivlty of the cells, the doses of X rays for 50 and 10

per cent survival are indicated. The following concluslons have been made.

The different cell lines show a considerable variation in sensitivity

to induction of cell inactivation and chromosome aberrations. Wlth regard

to cell inactlvation, R-1,M cells show the highest sensitivity to all types

of radlation but, for lnduction of dicentrlcs and centric rings, V-79 cells

show the hlghest susceptibllity for irradiatlons with neutrons. The

effecti-veness for induction of both types of effect is highest for 0.5 MeV neutrons,

intermediate for 4.2 and 15 MeV neutrons and lowest for photons. Differences

in the effectiveness of 4.2 and 15 MeV neutrons for induction of both types

of effect are observed for V-79 cells, but for R-1,M and RUC-2 cells 4.2 and

15 MeV neutrons show approximately equal effectiveness for both types of

effect. Dlfferences in effectiveness between 137cs gamma rays and 300 kV

X rays were observed only for RUC-2 cells for both types of effect and for

lnduction of chromosome aberrations in V-79 cells at dose levels in excess

of about 3.5 Gy. At the same levels of effect for 300 kV X rays for all cell

types, somewhat higher RBE values are observed for induction of cell

repro-ductive death than for lnduction of dicentrics and centric rings. At 50

per-cent survival, maximum RBE values of abcut 10 are found for V-79 and RUC-2

cells lrradiated with 0.5 MeV neutrons. Dicentrics and centric rings can

explaln only about a fractlon of 0.2 to 0.4 of the impairment of clonogenlc

capacity for the different cell lines. More extensive information has to be

obtalned to allow a more detailed analysis in terms of, e.g., linear-quadratic

(34)

interest. In future studies the cause for the different sensitivities of the

different cell lines to ionizing radiation might be investigated with regard to differences in production or repair of initial damage, relevant for the

effects of fractionated or protracted irradiations at low doses and low dose

rates.

RBE VALUES OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS AT TWO LEVELS OF INDUCED CHROMOSOME

ABERRATIONS FOR THREE CELL LINES

R-I,M cells RUC-2 cells V-79 cells

RBE at RBE at RBE at RBE at RBE at

Type of rafiatian 10% of 10% of 30% of 10% of 30% of

aberrations aberrations aberrations aberrations aberrations

137 Cs y-rays

0.9+0.2 0.7+0.2 0.7 + 0.2 1.1 +0.3 0.9+0.2

15 Me V neutrons 1.9+0.4 2.9+0.7 2.4+0.4 3.0 + 0.7 1.8 + 0.4

4.2 Me V neutrons 1.9+0.4 2.6 + 0.7 4.3 + 0.9 3.3+0.6

0.5 MeV neutrons 4.4 + 0.8 5.0 + 1.3 3.7 + 0.7 7.0 + 1.4 5.1 + 0.9

corresponding dose

levels of 300 kV 1.6 Gy 2.7 Gy 6.0 Gy 2.6 Gy 5.2 Gy

X-rays

RBE VALUES OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS AT TWO LEVELS OF CELL SURVIVAL FOR THREE CELL LINES

R-l,M cells RUC-2 cells V-79 cells

RBE at 50% RBE ot 10% RBE at 50% RBE at 10% RBE at 50% RBE at 10%

Type of radiation survival survival survival survival survival survival

137 Cs y-ra ys I .0 + 0.2

1 .0 + 0.2 0.8+0.2 0.8 + 0.2 1.0+0.2 1.0+0.2

15 MeV neutrons 2.0 + 0.4 1.7 + 0.4 3.0+0.5 1.7 + 0.3 2.8 + 0.4 2.0+0.3

4.2 MeV neutrons 4.8 + 0.9 2.8 + 0.6

0.5 MeV neutrons 6+1 4.4+0.9 9 + 2 5.1 + 0.9 12 + 2 5.3+0.9

correspqnding dose

level of 300 kV 2.1 Gy 5.3 Gy

(35)

ProJect no. 2.

J. Zoetel1ef and J.J. Broerse

Measurements of absorbed dose and radiat1on quality 1nside a human phantom.

New regulations in rad1at1on protection necessitate the knowledge of organ doses for relevant standardized exposure cond1tions. The dose distri-bution 1n anthropomorphic phantoms has been determined w1th a number of different detectors includ1ng t1ssue equivalent (TE) and Mg-Ar 10n1zat1on chambers, pulse fiss1on counters and Geiger-Muller counters. For measure-ments w1th TE 1onizat1on chambers, 1t is further of importance to ascerta1n the effective point of measurement for neutron beams of different energies.

When ionization chambers are used under free-1n-a1r condit1ons, the geometrical centre of the chamber 1s the effective po1nt of measurement, if the d1stance to the source 1s in excess of five t1mes the diameter of the chamber. For measurements 1n a phantom, the effective point of measurement can be displaced from the geometr1cal centre due to the replacement of phantom material by the gas filled cav1ty of the ion chamber. A correction has to be applied for changes in attenuation and scattering of the radiation under these different cond1tions.

Three spherical tissue-equivalent (TE) ion chambers with internal d1a-meters of 8, 16 and 32 mm and wall th1ckness of 2.2 mm were used. The central electrodes consisted of a TE sphere (radius 2 mm) on a TE stem

(radius 1 mm). The TE chambers were flushed w1th TE gas; all measurements were performed at both polarit1es of the ion1zing potent1al and corrected for incomplete 1on collection and leakage current.

The studies on effective measuring point have been performed with X rays,

137

(36)

The linear relationship between the displacement of the effective point

of measurement, d, and the chamber radius, r, can be presented as d

=

(0.23~

0.06)r and d

=

(0.30~0.06)r for d+T neutrons at Rijswijk and Amsterdam,

res-pectively, which are significantly smaller than the displacement for 60co

gamma rays of (0.58~0.06)r. Displacement correction factors, 6, can be

calcu-lated as the ratio of the actual dose (for an infinitesimally small cavity)

to the dose measured. For both d+T neutron beams, the same displacement cor--2

rection factor of 1-(0.25~0.06) .10 .r is observed when r is expressed in mm,

which suggests that the correction factor is independent of SSD or field

size. This finding indicates a serious drawback in the concept of radial

dis-placement, which is dependent on SSD. Therefore, further evaluation of the

results have been made in terms of displacement correction factors, 6 • A summary of 6 values for photons and neutrons of different energies is given in Table 3. The displacement correction factor for spherical ion

chambers in a water phantom for 60co gamma rays is smaller than that for 137

cs gamma rays while, for X rays, no displacement is found. The derived

displacement correction factors, 6 , for in-phantom measurements show a de-creased displacement with decreasing photon energy. For neutrons also a

dependence of 6 on neutron energy is observed. For relatively low energy neutrons, no displacement was found, whereas, for neutrons with energies

in excess of 5.3 MeV, 6 shows an almost constant value.

The correction for displacement in a neutron or photon field should

preferably be made in terms of a correction factor which is dependent on

the chamber dimensions and shape and neutron or photon energy and

indepen-dent of depth in phantom, field size and SSD. This correction factor will

most probably not vary much with phantom size and density of the phantom

material. It should be realized that this factor should be applied only for

depths in excess of that of the dose maximum. For most neutron and photon

beams this will not lead to severe difficulties, since the dose maximum is

generally located at depths less than 1 cm. The results indicate that the

correction for displacement of the effective point of measurement is not a

geometrical problem depending only on chamber shape, but results from the

complex balance between differences in attenuation and scattering of the

various radiation qualities caused by the introduction of a gas filled

(37)

E E

-o c

.~

-:;

~

0 V -.:: 4 ~

E

~

V

..2

.%

-o

0

5 10 15

cavity radius, r ( mm )

"·1.gure 1.

Radial d1.splacement, d, versus cav1.ty radius, r, for spherical TE 1.on chambers.

DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION FACTORS,

6, OF SPHERICAL IONIZATION

CHAMBERS FOR MEASUREMENTS IN PHANTOMS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES

OF RADIATION

type of rod iation

150, 200 and 300 k V X -rays 137c s y rays

60 Co y rays

fission neutrons

(E

= 1 MeV)

n

d(2.3)+D neutrons (E = 5.3 MeV)

n

d(0.25)+T neutrons (En= 14.2 MeV) d(0.5)+T neutrons (En= 14.8 MeV) d (50)+Be neutrons

(E

= 21 MeV)

n

1.000+0.05.10-2.r -2 1-(0.22! 0.05).10 .r

-2 1-(0.37! 0.04).10 .r 1 . 000 + 0. 1 . 10-2. r

-2 1-(0.25! 0.09).10 .r

-2 1-(0.25! 0.06).10 .r

-2 1-(0.25! 0.06).10 .r

(38)

Project no. 3

J.J. Broerse, B. Hogeweg, B.J. Mijnheer and G.W. Barendsen

Determination of biologically effective dose at various positions in a human

phantom.

studies have been made to determine changes in RBE values of different

types of radiation as a function of the location in the human body for a

variety of exposure conditions. In many types of exposure, inhomogeneous

irradiation of persons will occur whereby parts of the body receive doses

of different quality due to scattering and abso~ption of the primary radia-tion. For the assessment of the distribution of the biologically effective

dose a number of studies have been carried out concerning microdosimetric

parameters and responses of biological systems.

Studies on the effectiveness for reproductive death of cells have been

carried out for different positions inside a human phantom employing

differ-ent types of radiation. Cell irradiations at differdiffer-ent depths in a human

phantom have been performed with 600 MeV alpha particles at Saclay (in

co-operation with Drs. A. and J. Dutreix) and with fast neutrons produced by

the d+T and the d+Be reaction. The latter experiments have been performed in

cooperation with Dr. A. Wambersie with the neutron beam produced by the CSF

isochronous cyclotron Cyclone at Louvain-la-Neuve.

Perturbations of charged particle equilibrium at interfaces of materials

of different atomic compositions can lead to considerable differences in the

energy deposition by photons and neutrons. Specific examples of these

inter-face perturbations are encountered during irradiations of body cavities and

soft tissue adjacent to or enclosed by bone, and irradiations of cells in

monolayer on the bottom of culture dishes.

The survival curves of cultured T-1 cells of human origin were measured

for 14.5 MeV neutron irradiation in two geometries whereby the incident

neu-trons passed through medium or through bottoms of the dishes. AS indicated in

Figure 2 for a given tissue kerma, a higher level of survival is observed

for the irradiations through the polystyrene bottom of the flasks. This

indi-cates that a smaller amount of energy is absorbed in the cells in this

situ-ation. The relative absorbed doses in tissue layers irradiated through water

or through polystyrene differ by a factor of 1.16. Cell irradiations with

15 MeV neutrons are generally performed with the neutron beam reaching the

eells through the medium. Under these conditions we account for the slight

increase in neutron dose by applying a correction of 5 per cent relative to

soft tissue. It should be realized, however, that large correction factors

(39)

To estimate the changes in radiation quality using microdosimetry,

linear energy spectra were determined for positions in and outside collimated

beams of 15, 6.5 and 0.51 MeV neutrons. The different energy neutrons were

produced, respectively, by the d(.28)+T, d(3.5)+D and p(1.34)+T reactions

and were collimated with an exper~ental arrangement at the Radiobiological

Institute TNO. The size of the exit field, def~ned by the tapered steel

in-sert, is 6 x 8 cm2. The distributions of the lineal energy (y) were measured

w~th a t~ssue-equivalent cylindrical proportional counter at three different

positions behind the collimator: at the centre of the beam, at the

geometri-cal edge (as def~ned by the ~nsert) and behind the shielding at a distance

of 4 cm from the longest boundary s~de (equivalent to 7 cm from the center) .

The fractional dose distr~butions derived for center position and the

geometrical edge were almost identical for the three neutron energies used.

As a result of the neutron scattering on the inner duct, the distr~but~on

for a boundary showed only a slight increase of events with y values around

1000 MeV cm-1. For

posit~ons

outside the beam behind the

shield~ng,

the

fract~onal dose distributions for 15 and 6.5 MeV neutrons showed ~ncreasing

contribut~ons of gamma rays and attenuated and scattered neutrons.

Changes in quality w~th position were also determined by a biological

dos~etry method employing cell survival as the quantitat~ve endpoint.

Mammalian cells were irradiated in flasks and tubes at various positions

in a cubical water phantom (side lengths 30 cm) w~th d~fferent doses of

6.5 and 15 MeV collimated neutrons. As a typical example, survival data

derived for cells irradiated at different depths w~th 15 MeV neutrons are

presented in Figure 3. Similar survival data have been derived for cells

irradiated in positions perpendicular to the beam ax~s. From these results

i t can be concluded that the RBE did not vary sign~ficantly in and outside

the beam region. For posit~ons in the beam, th~s is in agreement with the

small changes which were observed in the lineal energy spectra. The absence

of a RBE change for positions behind the shield is in contrast with the large

increase ~n events hav~ng h~gh y values in the fract~onal dose distribut~on,

but can be explained by the counterbalancing effects of the increasing contr~­

but~on of gamma rays at these positions.

It can generally be concluded that microdosimetry provides a suitable

basis for rad~ation qual~ty specification but that a pragmatic approach has

to be adopted. Possible differences ~n the radiation quality of different

fast neutron beams can be assessed by microdosimetric techniques, but should

be supported by comparison of the response of biological dosimeters ~n the

(40)

10

<

irradiation through medium

.

u

.

..

2 irradiation through polystyrene

~

'\\

..

<

·;:

-~

~~

0

<

'\-:~

~

101

~

·~~

\\

10°

\

Figure 2. soft tiuue kerma ( Gy )

Survival curves of cells ~rradiated with d+T neutrons through the medium or through the polystyrene bottom of the culture flasks.

<

~ u

a

.::

data points :

• at o depth of 4 cm

o 7 3 cm

10

13.8

17 cm

Figure 3 • toto I ( n + y ) absorbed dose ( G y )

(41)

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Contract no. 199-76-1 BIO N

Barendsen, G.W. {1976). The effectiveness of small doses of ionizing radia-tions for the induction of cell reproductive death, chromosomal changes and malignant transformation. p. 557. In: Proc. Fifth Symp. on Microdosi-metry, EUR 5452, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Barendsen, G.W. {1978). RBE-LET relations for induction of reproduct~ve death

and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. p. 55. In: Proc. s~xth Symp.

on Microdos~metry, EUR 6064, Harwood Academic Publishers, London.

Barendsen, G.W. {1978). Fundamental aspects of cancer induction in relations to the effectiveness of small doses of radiation. p. 263. In: Late Biologi-cal Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Barendsen, G.W. {1979). Influence of radiation quality on the effect~veness

of small doses for induction of reproductive death and chromosome aberra-tions in mammalian cells. Int.J.Radiat.Biol. ~, no. 1, 49-63.

Barendsen, G.W. and Broerse, J.J. {1977). Differences ~n radiosensitivity of cells from various types of experimental turners in relat~on to the RBE of 15 MeV neutrons. Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys.

lr

211-214.

Broerse, J.J. and M~jnheer, B.J. {1976). Bas~c physical data for neutron dos~­

metry, conclusions and recommendations. p. 275. In: Monograph on Bas~c

Physical Data for Neutron Dosimetry, EUR 5629, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Broerse, J.J. and Zoetel~ef, J. {1978). Dosimetric aspects of fast neutron

irrad~ations of cells cultured in monolayer. Int.J.Radiat.B~ol.

llr

383-385.

Hogeweg, B., Broerse, J.J., Chemtob, M. and Nguyen, V.D. {1976). Neutron energy spectra for collimated d-D and d-T neutron beams as employed for ENDIP. p. 49. In: Monograph on Basic Physical Data for Neutron Dosimetry, EUR 5629, Comm~ssion of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Hogeweg, B. {1978). Microdosimetric measurements and some applications in radiobiology and radiation protection. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Hogeweg, B., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. {1978). RBE for cell surv~val

(42)

Hogeweg, B., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. (1979). RBE of collimated

neutron beams at various positions in a phantom in relation to differences

in lineal energy spectra. Suppl. Eur.J.Cancer, 157.

Mijnheer, B.J., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. (1978). Build-up and

depth-dose characteristics of different fast neutron beams relevant for

radio-therapy. Brit.J.Radiol. ~, 122-126.

Zoetelief, J., Broerse, J.J., and Mijnheer, B.J. (1977). Characteristics of

ionization chambers and GM counters employed for mixed field dosimetry.

p. 565. In: Proc. Third Symp. on Neutron Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine,

EUR 5848, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Zoetelief, J., Hogeweg, B., and Broerse, J.J. (1978). Radiation quality and

absorbed dose at different positions in the primary beam and around the

shielding of a neutron generator. p. 615. In: Proc. Sixth Symp. on

Micro-dosimetry, EUR 6064, Harwood Academic Publishers, London.

Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C., Broerse, J.J., Mijnheer, B.J. and Visser, P.A.

(1979). Effective measuring point for in-phantom measurements with ion

chambers of different sizes. Suppl. Eur.J.Cancer, p. 169.

Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C. and Broerse, J.J. (1980). Effective measuring

point of ion chambers for photon dosimetry in phantoms. Br.J.Radiol. ~'

580-583.

Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C., Broerse, J.J. and Mijnheer, B.J. (1980). Effect

of finite size of ion chambers used for neutron dosimetry. Phys.Med.Biol.

25, no. 6, 1121-1131.

Zoetelief, J. and Barendsen, G.W. (1981). Comparison of RBE-LET relations

for eel~ inactivation and chromosome damage in three cell lines. In: Proc.

(43)

Figure

Figure  2.  soft  tiuue  kerma  (  Gy  )
TABLE  1  - Liquid  phase  ionization  potential  values.
TABLE  2  - Slope  values  deduced  from  the  plots  of  the  photocur- photocur-rent  quenching  function  !
Fig.  2:  Dose  distribution  per  logarithmic  increment  of  lineal  enerqy  for  15.1  and  19.o  MeV  monoenergetic  neutrons  (ds  =  2
+7

References

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