EURATOM
PROGRESS REPORT
PROGRAMME
RADIATION PROTECTION
1980
EUR 7169 DE/EN/FR
he
Harwood Academic Publishers
Programme 1976-1980
KOMMISSIONEN FOR DE EUROPJEISKE FJELLESSKABER KOMMISSION DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
COMMISSIONE DELLE COMUNITA EUROPEE COMMISSIE VAN EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN
EURATOM
Beretning
Program 1976-1980
STRALINGSBESKYTTELSE
Tatigkeitsbericht
Programm 1976-1980
STRAHLENSCHUTZ
Progress Report
Programme 1976-1980
RADIATION PROTECTION
Rapport d' Activite
Programme 1976-1980
RADIOPROTECTION
Rapporto d' Attivita
Programma 1976-1980
RADIOPROTEZIONE
Verslag van de Werkzaamheden
Programma 1976-1980
STRALINGSBESCHERMING
1980
he
harwood academic publishers
submitted m this form
tothe Commission and Its contractual partners.
Publrcatron arranged by:
CommissiOn of the European Commumnes
Directorate General for Inform.ltlon M.uket and Inn m awm - Sc1ennhc and Tech-nical Communication
Brussels and Luxembourg
Publrshed under lrcense by:
Harwood Academic Publi,hers GmbH Poststrasse 22, 7000 Chur, Switzerland
Publrshers · edrtorral offrce for the U.K.:
Ham ood Academic Publishers Ltd. 61 Gray., Inn Road
London WCJX 8T6, England
Puhlrshers' edrtoral offrce for the U.S.A.:
Harwood Academic Publishers P.O. Box 786, Cooper Station New York, NY10276, U.S.A.
' (1 ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels dnd Luxembourg, 19R 1.
EUR 7169 DE-EN-FR
Legal Notrce
Neither the CommissiOn ot the Europe.ln Communities nor any person actmg on behalf of the CommiSSion 1s responsible for the use wh1ch might be made of the followmg mtormatwn.
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
Einleitung/Introduction
Mitglieder des Beratenden Programmausschusses "Biologie-Gesundheitsschutz"
Members of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management "Biology-Health Protection"
Membres du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme "Biologie-Protection Sanitaire"
Seite/Page
XI
XXV
III. Forschungstatigkeit Strahlenschutz Research in Radiation Protection Recherches en Radioprotection
1. Dosimetrie/dosimetry/dosimetrie 3
199-BIO N 176-BIO 211-BIO D 170-BIO 210-BIO D 164-BIO UK 177-BIO F 215-BIO D 175-BIO I 208-BIO D 209-BIO D 184-BIO UK 178-BIO 229-BIO 181-BIO
c
103-PST I 106-PST D 102-PST F 098-PST uK~109-PST 108-PST D 111-PST IJK
TNO, Rijswijk (Barendsen/Broerse) Univ. Toulouse (Blanc)
GSF, Neuherberg (Burger/Jacobi) Univ. Strasbourg <Rechenmann) Univ. Homburg (Muth/Grillmaier) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis)
CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Parmentier) KFA, Julich (Feinendegen)
CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Metalli) Univ. Wurzburg (Kellerer) PTB, Braunschweig (Rei eh) Univ. Dundee (Watt)
CEA, CEN Grenoble (de Choudens) CENDOS (Broerse et al.) ICRU <Wyckoff)
CNEN, Bologna <Busuoli)
GSF, Neuherberg (Burger/ Jacobi) Univ. Toulouse (Blanc)
AERE, Harwell (Peirson)
CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses <Portal) PTB, Braunschweig <Wagner)
NRPB, Harwell <White)
5 17 29 37 47 59 73 83 101 107 119 125 143 153 157 161 165 171 177 181 187 193
2. Radioaktive Kontamination der Umwelt
Radioactive contamination of the environment Contamination radioactive du milieu
197
172-BIO 219-BIO UK 254-BIO F 280-BIO DK 185-BIA N 258-BIO B 265-BIO B 268-BIO N 235-BIO 236-BIO B 237-BIO N 231 BIO 260 BIO D
CNEN, Fiascherino (Cigna) 199
MAFF, Lowestoft <Mitchell) 217
Univ. Nantes/CEA La Hague (Pieri) 223
Ris~ Nat. Lab., Roskilde (Aarkrog) 229
!TAL, Wageningen (de Zeeuw/Ringoet) 233 Inst. Hygiene et Epidem. Bxl. <Cantillon) 277 Univ. Namur (Micha/Detollenaere) 281 Delta Inst., Yerseke (Duursma) 285 CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Bovard) 291
CEN, Mol (Kirchmann) 295
Landbouw Hogeschool, Wageningen <van den Hoek) 303
CEA, CEN Cadarache (Grauby) 307
3.
269-BIO DK 255-BIO D 187-BIO UK 234-BIO 8 275-BIO B
R. Vet. & Agric. Univ. Copenhagen <Nielsen) Bundesgesundheitsamt, Berlin (Stieve) AERE, Harwell (Chamberlain)
Univ. Louvain CMyttenaere) Rijksuniv. Gent CDeruytter)
Genetische Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Hereditary effects of ionizing radiations Effets hereditaires des rayonnements ionisants
204-8IO.DK 262-BIO OK 194-BIO N 195-BIO N 193-8IO N 248-BIO N 156-BIO 8 190-BIO EIR 189-BIO EIR 247-8IO EIR 196-8IO N 192-BIO N 200-BIO N 166-BIO UK 163-BIO UK 153-BIO I 155-BIO F 171-8IO UK 167-BIO UK 165-BIO I 272-BIO F 273-BIO F 274-8IO 8 202-BIO DK 203-BIO DK 160-BIO I 168-BIO UK 183-8IO EIR 224-BIO B 152-BIO I 223-8IO F 225-8IO F 150-BIO I 206-810 D 205-8IO D 157-BIO 8 261-BIO D Biology Group
Univ. Aarhus (Westergaard) Univ. Aarhus (Celis)
Univ. Leiden (Rorsch/van de Putte) Univ. Leiden (Sobels)
Univ. Leiden (van der Eb) Univ. Leiden (van der Eb) Univ. 8ruxelles CBrachet) Univ. Dublin (Winder) Univ. Galway (Houghton) Univ. GaLway (Houghton) Univ. Rotterdam (8ootsma) Univ. Leiden (Simons) TNO, Rijswijk (Lohman) MRC, Brighton <Bridges) Univ. Swansea (Parry) Univ. Milano (Magni)
Fond. Curie, Paris (Latarjet) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith) AERE, Harwell (Peirson) Univ. Pavia <Fraccaro) INRA, Dijon <Dalebroux) Univ. Toulouse (Delpoux) CEN, Mol <Leonard)
Carlsberg Lab., Copenhagen (von Wettstein> Finsen Institute, Copenhagen (Faber) Univ; Roma (Fasellal
PCL, London (Holt) Techno. Dublin (Malone) Univ. 8ruxelles <Radman) Univ. Pavia <Falaschi)
CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette CDevoret)
CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette CAnagnostopoulos> Univ. Roma (Olivieri)
Univ. Gottingen (Hansmann) GSF, Frankfurt (Pohlit) Univ. Louvain (Goffeau) Univ. Giessen (Kiefer) CEC, Ispra (Devreux)
**
*
Bericht noch nicht verfugbar/ Report not yet available/ Rapport pas encore disponible.**
Biology Group of the Commission of the European Communities DG XII, Biology, Radiation Protection and Medical Research, at the Ispra Establishment of the Joint Research Centre.4.
5.
*
Seite/Page
Kurzzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Short-term effects of ionizing radiations Effets
a
court terme des rayonnements ionisants727
220-BIO F 221-BIO I 222-BIO D 198-BIO N 161-BIO B 217-BIA D 159-BIO 173-BIO 263-BIO B 230-BIO B 250-BIO B 257-BIO I 212-BIO D 270-BIO D 214-BIO D 226-BIO UK 158-BIO F 271-BIO UK 227-BIO C
Cl. Bernard, Paris (Mathe) 729
M. Negri, Milano <Garattini/Spreafico) 775
Univ. Ulm <Fliedner) 781
TNO, Rijswijk (van Bekkum) 815
Univ. Bruxelles (Stryckmans) 833
GSF, Munchen <Thierfelder) 843
Univ. Napoli (Peschle) 863
CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Doria) 867
Univ. Bruxelles <Hamers) 873
Univ. Bruxelles <Dumont) 879
Univ. Louvain <Bazin) 887
Univ. Firenze (Becciolini) 891
Univ. Regensburg <Huttermann) 897
H.M.I., Berlin (Schnabel) 903
MPI, Mulheim <Schulte-Frohlinde/von Sonntag) 907
Univ. Newcastle (Scholes) 915
CEA, CEN Grenoble (Teoule) 919
Kennedy Inst., London <Harris) 923 Primary effects (Kohnlein/Cramp et al.) 925
Langzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlen Long-term effects of ionizing radiations Effets
a
long terme des rayonnements ionisants929
201-BIO C 232-BIO B 218-BIA D 1 00-PST D 266-BIO UK 264-BIO EIR 179-BIO UK 182-BIO UK 105-PST UK 174-BIO 104-PST UK 252-BIO UK 243-BIO UK 249-BIO UK 267-BIO UK 278-BIO UK 277-BIO 101-PST 242-BIO F 241-BIO B 256-BIO DK
EULEP (Duplan et al.) CEN, Mol (Maisin)
GSF, Neuherberg <Gossner) DKFZ, Heidelberg (Scheer) Univ. Oxford (Hopewell/Wiernik)
Call. Technology, Dublin (Malone/Cullen) NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith)
NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smith) AERE, Harwell (Chamberlain) CNEN, CSN Casaccia (Clemente) AERE, Harwell (Morgan) Univ. London (Lindop) PCL, London (Simmons) MRC, Harwell (Vennart) MRC, Harwell (Vennart)
UKAEA Winfrith, Dorchester (Ramsden) CEA, CEN Pierrelatte <Chalabreysse) ENEL, Torino (Farulla)
Fond. Bergonie, Bordeaux (Duplan) CEN, Mol (Maisin)
Univ. Copenhagen (Dane)
Bericht noch nicht verfugbar/ Report not yet available/ Rapport pas encore disponible.
IV.
V.
VI.
VI I.
6.
251-BIO DK Univ. Copenhagen (Ebbesen) 253-BIO N TNO, Rijswijk (Broerse) 207-BIO GSF, Neuherberg (Kriegell 233-BIO D CEN, Mol (Vanderborght) 151-BIO UK MRC, London (Jones) 228-BIO Univ. Pi sa (Donato) 216-BIO D Univ. Erlangen (Pauly) 244-BIO D GSF, Neuherberg (Drexler) 245-BIO UK AERE, Harwell CPeirson)
Abschatzung des Strahlenrisikos Evaluation of radiation risks Evaluation des risques d'irradiation
099-PSA F CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Uzzan)
se
BC-1939 UK Imperial College, London (Goddard)se
002 EIR Trinity College, Dublin (Allwright)se
008 F CEA, CEN Fontenay-aux-Roses (Lafuma)se
010 N Univ. Leiden (Sankaranarayanan)se
016 Ist. Mario Negri, Milano CTognoni)se
017 EIR The r1edi cal Research Board, Dubl1n (Dean)se
018 C.E.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnani)se
019 Assoc. Wi llerme, Rennes (Masse)se
020 UK St.George' s Hospital, London (Bennett!se
021 C.C.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnam)se
023c. c.
p. ~1. , Fontenay-aux-Roses C Fagnani)se
024 C.C.P.N., Fontenay-aux-Roses CFagnani)se
025 Hopi tal Necker, Paris (Funck-Brentano)se
026 CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses (Regnaud)se
027 CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses (Caput)se
028 CEDHYS, Avignon CChalabreysse)se
029 UK Univ. Oxford (Gray)180-BIO ICRP (Lindell/Sowby)
Liste der vor 1980 beendeten Vertrage List of contracts terminated before 1980 Liste des contrats termines avant 1980.
Koordinierungstat1gkeit C1980) Coordination (1980)
Activites de coordination (1980)
Auswahl ein1ger auf Veranlassung der Kommiss1on erschienener Veroffentlichungen (1976-1980)
Selection of publications issued on the initiative of the Comm1ssion (1976-1980)
Choix de publications editees a l'initiative de la Commission (1976-1980)
Verzeichnis der Forschungsgruppeleiter C1980) List of research group leaders (1980)
Index des chefs de groupes de recherche C1980)
Seite/Page
11 <:7 1131 1135 1143 11 ':1 1111 12C1 1 ?[8 1?15 1219 1221 1221 1221 1L21 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1221 1 ~ 21
EINLEITUNG
INTRODUCTION
DE
I. EINLEITUNG
Einer der im Vertrag zur Grundung der Europaischen Atomgemeinschaft
vor-gesehenen Forschungsbereiche umfasst Untersuchungen uber schadliche
Strahlenwirkungen auf Lebewesen, uber die Verhutung und den angemessenen
Schutz sowie die entsprechenden Sicherheitsnormen, den Nachweis und die
Messung der Strahlungen sowie die Entwicklung therapeutischer Massnahmen
gegen Strahlenwirkungen.
Seit 1960 sind unter dem Patronat der Kommission vier mehrjahrige
Forschungs-programme auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes durchgefuhrt worden. Das
Programm, das 1980 abgeschlossen wurde, kann wegen seines integrierten
Charakters, der Aktualitat der behandelten Themen, der praktischen Bedeutung
der erzielten Fortschritte und Ergebnisse und der Eingliederung der Arbeiten
in einen echten Gemeinschaftsrahmen als besonders wichtig angesehen werden.
Deshalb hat die Kommission in dem vorliegenden Bericht die im Zeitraum 1976/1980
erzielten Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten zusammengest~Llt. Der Bericht
er-Laubt im Einzelfall die Tendenzen der Forschung, ihre Orientierung und ihre
Prioritaten zu erkennen. Es handelt sich, wie bei den fruheren Programmen,
um ein Programm der indirekten Aktion, das im Rahmen von Vertragen mit
Institutionen der Mitgliedstaaten, wie nationalen Forschungszentren und
Hochschulen, durchgefuhrt wurde; der Etat betrug 39 MioECU fur den
Referenz-zeitraum.
Es wird allgemein anerkannt, dass die von der Kommission herbeigefuhrte
Zusammenarbeit in der Gemeinschaft auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes
exemplarisch ist, wofur sowohl der Umfang und der Wert der wissenschaftlichen
Veroffentlichungen (uber 600 jahrlich) als auch die Zahl der unmittelbar an
den Forschungsvertragen mitwirkenden Wissenschaftler (uber 500) sprechen.
Die engen Beziehungen zwischen den Dienststellen der Kommission und den
Forschern zeigen sich in immer starkerem Masse in der gemeinsamen Arbeit
in den Studiengruppen. Die Kommission hat jedes Jahr rund 40 solcher Sitzungen
veranstaltet, die ausser Studiengruppen auch noch Konferenzen und Symposien
umfassten; uber 1.000 Wissenschaftler aus den Mitgliedstaaten und aus
Dritt-Landern nahmen daran teil. Diese Koordinierungsmassnahmen haben auf indirekte
Weise einen beachtlichen Einfluss auf fast die gesamte Strahlenschutzforschung
DE
Auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes und der Strahlenbiologie gibt es
tatsächlich eine europäische Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft, in der die
Kommission Impulse gibt und Fördermassnahmen trifft, deren Notwendigkeit
und Effizienz unbestritten sind. Aus der Gesamtheit der Arbeiten dieser
Gemeinschaft bezieht die Kommission ferner die unerlässliche Unterstützung
bei ihrer im Vertrag vorgesehenen normativen Aktion, in deren Rahmen sie
1959 erstmalig europäische Strahlenschutznormen festgelegt und damit eine
gemeinsame Gesundheitspolitik eingeleitet hat. Diese Normen, die sich
weitgehend auf internationale Empfehlungen stützen, werden durch die
europäische Forschung untermauert und gegebenenfaLLs auf praktischer Ebene
durch biologische und technologische Daten aus dem Programm vervollständigt.
Während die Forschungsaktionen der sechziger Jahre noch punktuellen Charakter
hatten, kam es in der Folge~eit zu einer zunehmenden Kohärenz der verschiedenen
Programmthemen und zu einer engen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Instituten mit
ähnlichen Forschungsaufgaben. Diese Integration kennzeichnet das
Fünfjahres-programme 1976-1980. Auf ihr bauen die Leitlinien des 1981 angelaufenen
neuen Programms auf und gewährleisten damit die Kontinuität der Arbeiten und
ihrer sozialen und humanen Motivierung.
Obwohl die Nutzung des Atoms bei der Offentlichkeit weiterhin auf Skepsis
und bisweilen übertriebene Befürchtungen stösst, hat die Energiekrise von
1973 einige europäische Länder bewogen, verstärkt die Kernenergie zur
Elektrizitätserzeugung heranzuziehen. Die Befürchtungen ergeben sich zum
grossen Teil aus Zweifeln und aus Lücken in der tatsächlichen Kenntnis der
Langzeitwirkungen ionisierender Strahlungen bei schwacher Dosis. Diese
Lücken zu füllen ist Zukunftsaufgabe der Strahlenschutzforschung.
Die ionisierenden Strahlungen sind von allen durch den Menschen verursachten
Umweltbelastungen wahrscheinlich diejenigen, die am besten bekannt sind und
- am eingehendsten untersucht werden~ dessen ungeachtet muss sich die
Ab-schätzung des Strahlenrisikos auf möglichst genaue Beziehungen zwischen
einer bestimmten Strahlenexposition und ihrer Auswirkung auf die Bevölkerung
abstützen Lassen. Mit den vorhandenen Modellen konnte das Risiko anhand
von wissenschaftlichen Hypothesen beurteilt werden, die beim gegenwärtigen
DE
nachgepruft werden. Darurn rnussen fur erfolgversprechende epiderniologische
Untersuchungen Langfristig personelle und finanzielle Mittel eingesetzt
werden.
Das Ziel des Forschungsprograrnrns "Strahlenschutz" ist es, das Mass an
Gewissheit und an Sicherheit zu erh6hen. Die Bernuhungen, ~ie bisher
unter-nornrnen wurden, urn Klarheit uber die Strahlenwirkungen zu erlangen, rnussen
rnit Ausdauer und Ideenreichturn fortgesetzt werden, urn Ergebnisse zu gewinnen,
die weniger zweideutig und weniger widerspruchlich sind.
Zu den Grundsatzen des Strahlenschutzes geh6rt die Notwendigkeit der
Optirnierung, d.h. die Suche nach einern Gleichgewicht zwischen den Vor- und
Nachteilen einer nuklearen Tatigkeit. Die Optirnierung ist nur rn6glich,
wenn der Strahlenschaden bewertet werden kann; diese Bewertung rnuss sich
auf ein vergleichsweise kornplexes,rnultidisziplinares wissenschaftliches
Verfahren stutzen, fur das irn Rahrnen des soeben abgeschlossenen Prograrnrns
die ersten Entwicklungsschritte getan werden konnten. Von den bereits
vor-liegenden Ergebnissen ausgehend, sieht das neue Forschungsprograrnrn fur diesen
Bereich einen nennenswerten Ausbau vor.
Die kanzerogene Wirkung der ionisierenden Strahlungen steht irn Vordergrund
der Besorgnisse. Die in diesern Bericht behandelten Arbeiten lassen die
e1ngeschlagenen Wege erkennen, urn den Mechanisrnus der induzierten Mutagenese
und der Karzinogenese zu klaren. Eine solche Untersuchung erfordert
epide-rniologische Forschungen, tierexperirnentelle Forschungen sowie Untersuchungen
irn zellularen und rnolekularen Bereich. Wenn diese verschiedenen Ansatze
Gegenstand systernatischer und koordinierter Bernuhungen sind, wird es eines
Tages wahrscheinlich rn6glich sein, die noch offenen Fragen hinsichtlich der
strahleninduzierten Karzinogenese und der Abschatzung des Krebsrisikos zu
zu beantworten. Die Virologie und die Irnrnunologie werden dazu einen wichtigen
Beitrag leisten. Bis dahin bleiben noch zahlreiche Lucken zu schliessen bei
so wichtigen Faktoren wie den rnolekularen Vorgangen der Reparation
strahlen-induzierter Schaden, der imrnunologischen Reaktion und der Wechselwirkung
DE
Die Bestrahlungen zu medizinischen Zwecken haben den grössten Anteil an der künstlichen Strahlenbelastung der Bevölkerung. Da diese Bestrahlungen in den Industriestaaten ständig zunehmen, muss unbedingt untersucht werden, wie sie - allerdings ohne jede Beeinträchtigung der Diagnostik - begrenzt werden können. Dieses Problem wird im Rahmen des folgenden Programms zweifellos verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit finden.
Ein vollständiger Oberblick über die Ergebnisse kann in dieser kurzen Einleitung nicht gegeben werden. Die allgemeinen Leistungen der Kommission auf dem Gebiet des Strahlenschutzes lassen sich schematisch etwa folgender-massen zusammenfassen:
Entwicklung langfristiger Forschungsprogramme,
Intensivierung der Forschung auf Gebieten mit besonderer Wichtigkeit für die Offentlichkeit,
Förderung der Dbertragung wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse in die praktische Anwendung, z.B. Entwicklung von Personendosimetern, Diagnose von akuten Strahlenschäden und ihre Behandlung, (z.B. durch Knochenmarktransplantation), Durchführung von Vergleichsprogrammen,
Aufstellung langfristiger Prognosen, z.B. hinsichtlich der Toxizität von Tritium für den Organismus,
Förderung der Einbeziehung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in politische Entscheidungsprozesse, z.B. Erstellung von Strahlenschutz-Grundnormen, Erarbeitung von Kriterien fur die Standortwahl, vergleichende Untersuchung der Risiken, die mit den verschiedenen Energieerzeugungsanlagen verbunden sind.
Wir denken, dass diese Veröffentlichung eine Vorstellung von dem Umfang der einzelstaatlichen und der gemeinschaftlichen Bemühungen zur Förderung der Forschung im Bereich Strahlenschutz vermittelt. Diese Forschung ist bestrebt, die Forderungen des Strahlenschutzes zu erfüllen; sie steht nach wie vor in enger Verbindung mit der normativen Tätigkeit der EG-Kommission. Sie ist auf die globale Erfassung des Radioaktivitätsrisikos ausgerichtet, denn sie beschäftigt sich mit der Gesamtheit der schädlichen Wirkungen und trägt zur Entwicklung der Grundsätze für die Optimierung der nuklearen Tätigkeiten bei.
EN
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the research areas covered by the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community is the study of the harmful effects of radiation on Living beings as well as of adequate prevention and protection measures and corresponding safety standards, radiation detection and measurement and therapy to counteract the effects of radiation.
Four multiannual research programmes relating to radiation protection have been implemented since 1960 under the auspices of the Commission; the programme which was completed in 1980 seems particularly important because of its integrated nature, the topicality of the subjects studied, the practical importance of the progress achieved, of the results obtained, and
the integration of the work into a genuine Community effort.
This is why the Commission has grouped together in these volumes the results of the work conducted by the contractors during the period 1976-80 and pre-sented in a general overview which gives a clearer picture of the trends in research and the patterns followed by policies and priorities in each field. As in the case of preceding programmes, the present one consists in indirect action implemented through contracts with organizations in the Member States
such as national research centres and universities; it was allocated a budget of 39 million ECU for the period under consideration.
It is generally recognized that t~e Community cooperation established by the Commission in the field of radiation protection is exemplary both in terms of the importance and value of the scientific publications (in excess of some 600 per year) and because of the number of researchers <nearly 500) directly involved in the research contracts. Furthermore, the existence of special Lines of communication between the researchers and the Commission departments is becoming increasingly evident in the study groups. The Commission has held on average some 40 meetings each year, which have not been merely study groups but have also taken the form of conferences and symposia; such meetings have been attended by more than a thousand scientists from Member States and non-member countries. These coordination activities exert a considerable
EN
There exists today in the radiation protection and radiobiology field
a genuine European scientific community w1thin which the Commission
plays a stimulation and promotion role whose need and effectiveness
are beyond question. The body of work conducted by this community
also provides the essential scientific support for the legislative
activities that the Commission is developing 1n accordance with the
Treaty and in pursuance of which it drew up for the first time in 1959
the Community's Basic Safety Standards for radiation protection, which
constituted the initiation of a com~on health policy.
These standards, wh1ch der1ve to a considerable extent from internat1onal
recommendations, are thus confirmed by European research and supplemented
if necessary 1n pract1cal terms by the biological and technological data
that result from the programme.
The research projects carried out during the s1xties were of a fragmentary
nature, which gradually gave way to a greater coherence between the varous
topics in the programme and the establishment of closer collaborat1on
between inst1tutions pursuing similar research objectives. This more
advanced integration is a sal1ent feature of the 1976-80 programme; it has
greatly influenced the policy lines incorporated in the new programme which
started in 1981 and has provided continuity in the conduct of the research
and ensured the stability of its social and human mot1vations.
While the use of ~he atom continues to arouse cons1derable anxiety and
often exaggerated fears among the general public, the 1973 energy crisis
prompted a number of European countr1es to opt for nuclear energy as a
means of generating electricity. Many of these fears are based on doubt
and insuff1cient actual knowledge of the seriousness of the long-term
effects of 10nizing radiation in low doses. In order to provide the
answers to these questions, rad1ation protection research has to be
further developed.
Although ion1zing radiation 1s doubtless the best known and most thoroughly
researched of all the different types of pollution caused by man, the r1sks
must nevertheless be quantif1ed on the basis of as accurate as poss1ble
relationships between exposure at a given Level and the probab1lity of the
occurrence of an effect among the general public. Currently avaiLable
models have made it possible to perform risk evaluation by adopting
sclen-tific assumptions that in the present state of knowledge are checked through
EN
Epidemiological studies in particular require considerable Long-term
investment in terms of both staff and financial resources. The aim of any research programme is to provide even greater certainty and safety. It is essential that the efforts made hitherto in order to ascertain the effects of radiation be continued with the patience and imagination that are needed for the results to be clearer and Les contradictory.
One of the principles underlying radiation protection is the need to optimize, in other words, to attempt to strike a balance between the advantages and the disadvantages of a nuclear activity. Optimization is only possible if an evaluation of radiological damage can be carried out, and this evaluation must be based on a relatively complex, multi-disciplinary scientific activity whose initial developments have been rendered possible by the programme th~t has just been completed. Building on the results that have already been obtained, the new programme has considerably enlarged this area.
The risk that give the greatest grounds for anxiety include the carcinogenic effect of ionizing radiation. The work described in this publication shows inter alia how knowledge of the process of induced mutagenicity and carcino-genicity has been envisaged. This study combines epidemiological research, experimental research conducted on animals and cellular and molecular research. If a systematic, coordinated effort is made to advance along these different Lines of approach, it is probable that one day answers will be found to the remaining unknowns in the field of radiation-induced carcinogenicity and the estimation of cancer risk. Virology and immunology also provide signi-ficant contribution to the study of this problem. Nevertheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge of questions as fundamental as the molecular processes whereby radiation-induced damage is repaired, and whereby immunological response and the interaction between cancerous cells and the immunizing system are governed.
Irradiation for medical purposes is the Largest source of man-made irra-diation of the general public, moreover, this form of irrairra-diation is steadily increasing in the industrialized countries and it is extremely important to investigate methods of reducing it while in no way hindering diagnosis. The effrrt devoted to this ornh[~m will 11ithout ~rubt be intensified during the
EN
It is not possible in this short introduction to give an exhaustive
summary of the results. The Commission's general achievements in
the field of radiation protection san, however, be outlined as follows
the preparation of Long-term research projects;
- the intensification of research activities in fields that are of crucial
importance to the general public;
-the promotion of practical applications of the results of scientific
research for example, the development of personal dosimeters, the
diagnosis and treatment Cin particular by means of bone-marrow transplants)
of major radiation-induced Lesions, and the implementation of
intercompari-son programmes;
- the formulation of Longer-term forecasts for example, as regards the
toxicity of trit1um on th~ body;
- assistance in the integration of the results of scientific research
into the political decislon-making process for example, the establishment
of Basic Safety Standards in the radiation protection field, the drafting
of criteria for the siting of nuclear plants; and the compilat1on of a
comparative study of the hazards from the various energy-producing
industries.
We therefore consider that this publication w1ll demonstrate the importance
of the work performed by the Member States and the Community in promoting
research in the radiation protection field. This research is attempting to
provide solutions to the essential problems met by radiation protection, and it
remains closely Linked with the European Commission's Legislative activity.
It sets out to adopt an overall approach towards the radioactive hazard,
considering all damaging effects and contributing to the development of the
principles on which nuclear activ1ties are optimized.
FR
I. INTRODUCTION
Un des domaines de recherche prevus par le Traite instituant la Communaute europeenne de l'Energie atomique est l'etude des effets nocifs des radiations sur les etres vivants, de la prevention et de la protection adequates et des normes de securite correspondantes, la detection et la mesure des radiations, ainsi que l'etude de la therapeutique contre les effets des radiations.
Quatre programmes de recherches multiannuels en matiere de radioprotection ont
ete
mis en oeuvre depuis 1960, sous l'egide de la Commission; celui qui s'est acheve en 1980 appara,t comme particulierement important en raison de son caractere integre, de l'actualite des sujets traites, de la signification pratique des progres realises et des resultats obtenus et de ['integration des travaux en un veritable effort communautaire.C'est pourquoi la Commission a regroupe dans les presents volumes les resultats des travaux des contractants obtenus pendant la periode 1976/1980 et presentes dans une revue d'ensemble qui permet de mieux percevoir, pour chacun d'eux, les tendances de la recherche et l'evolution des orientations et des priorites. Il s'agit, comme pour les programmes precedents, d'un programme d'actions indirectes execute par voie de contrats avec des organismes des Etats membres, tels que centres nationaux de recherche et universites; le budget afferent
a
cette action etant de 39 MioECU pour la periode consideree.Il est generalement reconnu qu'en radioprotection la cooperation communautaire etablie par la Commission appara,t comme exemplaire, et cela tant par L'importance et la valeur des publications scientifiques (plus de 600 environ par annee), que par le nombre de chercheurs directement impliques (pres de 500) dans les contrats ·de recherche. Par ailleurs, l'existence de liens privilegies entre les chercheurs
FR
IL existe actuellement en radioprotection et radiobiologie une véritablecommu-nauté scientifique européenne au sein de laquelle la Commission joue un rôle
d'animation et de promotion dont la nécessité et l'efficacité sont incontestables.
L'ensemble des travaux de cette communauté constitue en outre le support
scien-tifique indispensable à l'action normative que La Commission développe par
aiLleurs, conformément au traité, et qui L'a conduite à établir en 1959 pour la
première fois Les normes européennes de radioprotection, amorce d'une politique
sanitaire commune. Ces normes, qui découlent Largement de recommandations
internationales, sont ainsi affermies par La recherche européenne et complétées,
s'il y a lieu, sur le plan pratique, par des données biologiques et technologiques
émanant du programme.
Les actions de recherche des années 60 avaient un caractère ponctuel qui a
pro-gressivement fait place à une meilleure cohérence entre Les différents thèmes
du programme et à L'instauration d'une collaboration plus étroite entre des
instituts poursuivant des objectifs de recherche analogues. Cette intégration
plus poussée caractérise Le programme quinquennal 1976-1980 ; elle a fortement
influencé les lignes directrices du nouveau programme qui a débuté en 1981 et
assuré une continuité dans la conduite des études et La permanence de Leurs
inspirations sociales et humaines.
Alors que l'usage de l'atome continue à susciter dans l'opinion publique une
appréhension certaine et des craintes souvent exagérées, la crise de L'énergie
de 1973 a conduit un certain nombre de pays européens à choisir L'énergie nucléaire
pour la production d'électricité. Une grande partie des craintes repose sur Les
doutes et Les lacunes dans la connaissance réelle de la gravité des effets des radiations ionisantes, à faible dose et à long terme. Pour répondre à ces ques-tions, La recherche en radioprotection doit encore se développer.
Certes, de toutes Les pollutions d'origine humaine, Les radiations ionisantes
sont vraisemblablement les mieux connues et les plus étudiées. Il n'en demeure pas moins que La quantification des risques doit @tre fondée sur· les
relations les plus précises possible entre l'exposition à un niveau déterminé
et La probabilité d'apparition d'un effet dans la population. Les modèles
qui existent actuellement ont permis une évaluation du risque en adoptant des
hypothèses scientifiques qui, dans l'état actuel des connaissances, sont
FR
Les etudes epidemiologiques notamment demandent un important investissement a long term~ en moyens humains et financiers. L'objectif de tout programme de recherche est d'assurer davantage de certitude et de securite. Il est essen-tiel que les efforts entrepris jusqu'a present pour connaitre les effets soient poursuivis avec la patience et l'imagination necessaires pour que les resultats comportent moins d'ambiguite et moins de contradiction.Un des principes de la radioprotection est la necessite de l'optimisation,
c'est-a-dire de la recherche d'un equilibre entre les avantages et Les desavantage d'une activite nucleaire. L'optimisation n'est realisable que s'il est possible d'effectuer une evaluation du dommage radiologique ; cette derniere doit reposer sur une demarche scientifique relativement complexe a caractere multidisciplinaire et dont le programme qui vient de s'achever a permis Les premiers developpements. C'est en partant des resultats deja obtenus que Le nouveau programme de recherche a donne a ce chapitre une particuliere extension.
Parmi Les effets dommageables Les plus preoccupants figure L'action cancerogene des radiations ionisantes. Les travaux repris dans La presente publication permettent notamment d'apprecier de quelle maniere a
ete
envisagee La connaissance du mecanisme de La mutagenese et de La carcinogenese induites. Cette etude solli-cite a La fois des recherches epidemiologiques, des recherches experimentales effectuees chez L'animal et des recherches au niveau cellulaire et moleculaire. Si ces differente~ approches font L'objet d'un effort systematique et coordonne, il est probable qu'un jour il sera possible de fournir une reponse aux inconnues qui subsistent toujours en ce qui concerne La carcinogenese radioinduite etFR
Les irradiations d'origine medicaLe constituent la source la plus importanted'irradiation artificieLLe des populat1ons. De plus, dans les pays industrialises,
ces irradiations sent en augmentation constante et il est tres important d'etudier
les moyens de les reduire en n'apportant toutefo1s aucune entrave au diagnostic.
L'attention accordee
a
ce probleme sera sans aucun doute intens1fiee au cours duprochain programme.
Il n'est pas possible dans cette breve introduct1on de presenter une synthese
complete des resultats. Les realisations generales de la Comm1ssion en mat1ere
de radioprotection peuvent etre schematisees de la man1ere suivante :
- elaboratlon de projets de recherche
a
long terme,- intensification de la recherche dans des domaines part1culierement 1mportants
pour la populat1on,
-promotion des applications pratiques des resultats de la recherche sc1ent1f1que
(par exem~le, mise au point de dosimetres individueLs, diagnostic et tra1tement
de lesions radioinduites graves, notamment par transplantat1on de moelle
osseuse, execut1on de programmes d'lntercomparaison),
etablissement de pronostics
a
plus long terme (par exemple en ce qui concerneLa tcxicite du tritium pour l'organlsme),
-aide
a
L'integration des resultats de la recherche scientifique dans lepro-cessus de decision politique (par exemple, etablissement de normes de base dans
le domaine de la protection radiologique, elaboration de criteres de choix de sites d'implantation, etude comparative des risques emanant des diverses
lndus-tries productrices d'energie).
Nous pensons done que la presente publication permettra de juger de l'importance
des efforts nationaux et communautaires dans La promotion de la recherche en
rarlioprotection. Cette recherche tente de reponare aux imoeratits
de la protection radiologique ; elle reste etroitement l iee
a
L'activ1tenorma-tive de la Commission europeenne. Elle s'est orientee vers l'approche globale
du risque radioactif, en env1sageant l'ensemble des effets dommageables et en
contribuant au developpement des principes d'optimisation des activ1tes nuclea1res.
! I
Mitglieder im Jahr 1980 des Beratenden Programmausschusses
"BIOLOGIE - GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ"
Members in 1980 of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management
"BIOLOGY - HEALTH PROTECTION"
Membres en 1980 du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme
I I . Mitglieder im Jahr 1980 des Beratenden Programmausschusses
"BIOLOGIE - GESUNDHEITSSCHUTZ"
Members in 1980 of the Advisory Committee on Programme Management
"BIOLOGY- HEALTH PROTECTION"
Membres en 1980 du Comite Consultatif en matiere de Gestion de Programme
"BIOLOGIE - PROTECTION SANITAIRE"
BELGIQUE - BELGIE
A. LAFONTAINE J. MAISIN 0. VANDERBORGHT
BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND
W. GCISSNER A. KELLERER
J. MEHL H. MUTH
w.
PR INZDANMARK
M. FABER N.O. KJELDGAARD
FRANCE
L. FITOUSSI M. GRAS H. JAMMET
IRELAND
J.D. CUNNINGHAM A.\L MOORE J. SCOTT
Beobachter/Observers/Observateurs
ELLINIKI DIMOKRATIA
R. BINOPOULOS H BORG-TSANTEKIDOU
IT ALIA
M. BELLI
A. CIGNA (Chairman) G.F. CLEMENTE L.V. POZZI
LUXEMBOURG
P. KAYSER
NEDERLAND
F.H. SOBELS L. STRACKEE D.fl. van BEKKUM G. WANSINK
UNITED KINGDOM
J.A. DENNIS Sir Edward POCHIN A.N.B. STOTT
COMMISSION
A.J. BERTINCHAMPS P. RECHT
F. VAN HOECK
H. EBERT
III
FORSCHUNGSTATIGKEIT STRAHLENSCHUTZ
RESEARCH IN RADIATION PROTECTION
I l l . 1.
STRAHLENMESSUNGEN UNO IHRE INTERPRETATION (DOSIMETR!E)
MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF RADIATION (DOSIMETRY)
Weitere Forschungsarbeiten zu d1esem Thema werden auch in folgenden ratigkeitsbericht beschrieben *
Further research work on these su~)ects w1ll also be described in the following progress reports
D'autres travaux sur ce theme de recherche sont egalement decrits dans les rapports suivants :
*
*
185-BIA N
167-BIO UK
205-BIO D 201-BIO
182-BIO UK
243-BIO UK
249-BIO UK
216-BIO D
244-BIO
245-BIO UK
Siehe auch Punkt IV,
See also section IV,
Voir aussi point IV,
ITAL, Wageningen (de Zeeuw/Ringoetl
AERE, Harwell CPe-irsonl
GSF, Frankfurt C Pohl it l
EULEP, CDuplan et al.)
NRPB, Harwell (Dennis/Smithl
PCL, London CSimmons)
MRC, Harwell (Vennartl
Un1v. Erlangen CPaulyl
GSF, Neuherberg (Drexler)
Contractor
Contract no.
Head of Research Team General subject of contract
Project no. 1.
Radiobiological Institute TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
199-76-1 BIO N
G.W. Barendsen and J.J. Broerse
Evaluation of the biological effectiveness of various types of radiation for different types of damage in mammalian cells and mea-surements of absorbed dose, dose distribu-tion patterns and radiadistribu-tion quality for energy deposition by fast neutron beams.
G.W. Barendsen, J.J. Broerse and J. Zoetelief
Measurements of the biological effectiveness of fast neutrons of different energies for cell reproductive death and for chromosome aberrations in dif-ferent types of cultured mammalian cells.
The relative biological effectiveness of fast neutrons with different energies has been studied for the induction of cell reproductive death and of chromosome aberrations in different types of cultured mammalian cells. The aim of these studies is to obtain insight in the variability of RBE values for these endpoints among different types of cells and the correla-tion of the dependence of this RBE on neutron energy. It is further of in-terest to compare these values with the RBE for tumour induction obtaine~
in other investigations with the same neutron energies. From a review of data in the literature i t could be shown that RBE values for chromosome aberrations exhibit a stronger dependence on neutron energy than correspon-ding values for induction of cell reproductive death, especially at low ra-diation doses.
In a first series of experiments for a large number of types of expo-nentially growing mammalian cells, survival curves were measured for irra-diations with fast neutrons with energies of 15 and 0.5 MeV and with 300 kV X rays. The absolute sensitivity of the cell lines investigated varied by a factor of 4 for X-rays and by a factor of 3 for 15 MeV neutrons. RBE values derived from these experiments showed that a wide range is obtained namely between 1.8 and 3.3 for 15 MeV neutrons and between 4.8 and 9 for 0.5 MeV neutrons.
R-l,M, RUC-2 and V-79. The percentages of dicentrics and centric rings have
been measured as a function of total absorbed dose for 137cs gamma rays,
300 kV X rays and fast neutrons with energies of 0.5, 4.2 and 15 MeV. The
RBE values derlved at two levels of induced chromosome aberrations are shown
in Table 1. Also given in thls table are the doses of X rays necessary for
the lnduction of 10 and 30 percent of aberrations in the different cell
lines, which indicate the differences in absolute sensitivity of the
differ-ent cell lines.
For the studies on induction of chromosome aberrations plateau phase
cell cultures have been used, since these cultures have a large fraction of
cells in the G
1 phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, studies on cell
repro-ductive death had also to be carrled out for these types of cultures. The
preliminary RBE values of various types of radiation at two levels of cell
survival are given in Table 2 for the three cell lines employed. As a measure
for the absolute sensitivlty of the cells, the doses of X rays for 50 and 10
per cent survival are indicated. The following concluslons have been made.
The different cell lines show a considerable variation in sensitivity
to induction of cell inactivation and chromosome aberrations. Wlth regard
to cell inactlvation, R-1,M cells show the highest sensitivity to all types
of radlation but, for lnduction of dicentrlcs and centric rings, V-79 cells
show the hlghest susceptibllity for irradiatlons with neutrons. The
effecti-veness for induction of both types of effect is highest for 0.5 MeV neutrons,
intermediate for 4.2 and 15 MeV neutrons and lowest for photons. Differences
in the effectiveness of 4.2 and 15 MeV neutrons for induction of both types
of effect are observed for V-79 cells, but for R-1,M and RUC-2 cells 4.2 and
15 MeV neutrons show approximately equal effectiveness for both types of
effect. Dlfferences in effectiveness between 137cs gamma rays and 300 kV
X rays were observed only for RUC-2 cells for both types of effect and for
lnduction of chromosome aberrations in V-79 cells at dose levels in excess
of about 3.5 Gy. At the same levels of effect for 300 kV X rays for all cell
types, somewhat higher RBE values are observed for induction of cell
repro-ductive death than for lnduction of dicentrics and centric rings. At 50
per-cent survival, maximum RBE values of abcut 10 are found for V-79 and RUC-2
cells lrradiated with 0.5 MeV neutrons. Dicentrics and centric rings can
explaln only about a fractlon of 0.2 to 0.4 of the impairment of clonogenlc
capacity for the different cell lines. More extensive information has to be
obtalned to allow a more detailed analysis in terms of, e.g., linear-quadratic
interest. In future studies the cause for the different sensitivities of the
different cell lines to ionizing radiation might be investigated with regard to differences in production or repair of initial damage, relevant for the
effects of fractionated or protracted irradiations at low doses and low dose
rates.
RBE VALUES OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS AT TWO LEVELS OF INDUCED CHROMOSOME
ABERRATIONS FOR THREE CELL LINES
R-I,M cells RUC-2 cells V-79 cells
RBE at RBE at RBE at RBE at RBE at
Type of rafiatian 10% of 10% of 30% of 10% of 30% of
aberrations aberrations aberrations aberrations aberrations
137 Cs y-rays
0.9+0.2 0.7+0.2 0.7 + 0.2 1.1 +0.3 0.9+0.2
15 Me V neutrons 1.9+0.4 2.9+0.7 2.4+0.4 3.0 + 0.7 1.8 + 0.4
4.2 Me V neutrons 1.9+0.4 2.6 + 0.7 4.3 + 0.9 3.3+0.6
0.5 MeV neutrons 4.4 + 0.8 5.0 + 1.3 3.7 + 0.7 7.0 + 1.4 5.1 + 0.9
corresponding dose
levels of 300 kV 1.6 Gy 2.7 Gy 6.0 Gy 2.6 Gy 5.2 Gy
X-rays
RBE VALUES OF VARIOUS RADIATIONS AT TWO LEVELS OF CELL SURVIVAL FOR THREE CELL LINES
R-l,M cells RUC-2 cells V-79 cells
RBE at 50% RBE ot 10% RBE at 50% RBE at 10% RBE at 50% RBE at 10%
Type of radiation survival survival survival survival survival survival
137 Cs y-ra ys I .0 + 0.2
1 .0 + 0.2 0.8+0.2 0.8 + 0.2 1.0+0.2 1.0+0.2
15 MeV neutrons 2.0 + 0.4 1.7 + 0.4 3.0+0.5 1.7 + 0.3 2.8 + 0.4 2.0+0.3
4.2 MeV neutrons 4.8 + 0.9 2.8 + 0.6
0.5 MeV neutrons 6+1 4.4+0.9 9 + 2 5.1 + 0.9 12 + 2 5.3+0.9
correspqnding dose
level of 300 kV 2.1 Gy 5.3 Gy
ProJect no. 2.
J. Zoetel1ef and J.J. Broerse
Measurements of absorbed dose and radiat1on quality 1nside a human phantom.
New regulations in rad1at1on protection necessitate the knowledge of organ doses for relevant standardized exposure cond1tions. The dose distri-bution 1n anthropomorphic phantoms has been determined w1th a number of different detectors includ1ng t1ssue equivalent (TE) and Mg-Ar 10n1zat1on chambers, pulse fiss1on counters and Geiger-Muller counters. For measure-ments w1th TE 1onizat1on chambers, 1t is further of importance to ascerta1n the effective point of measurement for neutron beams of different energies.
When ionization chambers are used under free-1n-a1r condit1ons, the geometrical centre of the chamber 1s the effective po1nt of measurement, if the d1stance to the source 1s in excess of five t1mes the diameter of the chamber. For measurements 1n a phantom, the effective point of measurement can be displaced from the geometr1cal centre due to the replacement of phantom material by the gas filled cav1ty of the ion chamber. A correction has to be applied for changes in attenuation and scattering of the radiation under these different cond1tions.
Three spherical tissue-equivalent (TE) ion chambers with internal d1a-meters of 8, 16 and 32 mm and wall th1ckness of 2.2 mm were used. The central electrodes consisted of a TE sphere (radius 2 mm) on a TE stem
(radius 1 mm). The TE chambers were flushed w1th TE gas; all measurements were performed at both polarit1es of the ion1zing potent1al and corrected for incomplete 1on collection and leakage current.
The studies on effective measuring point have been performed with X rays,
137
The linear relationship between the displacement of the effective point
of measurement, d, and the chamber radius, r, can be presented as d
=
(0.23~0.06)r and d
=
(0.30~0.06)r for d+T neutrons at Rijswijk and Amsterdam,res-pectively, which are significantly smaller than the displacement for 60co
gamma rays of (0.58~0.06)r. Displacement correction factors, 6, can be
calcu-lated as the ratio of the actual dose (for an infinitesimally small cavity)
to the dose measured. For both d+T neutron beams, the same displacement cor--2
rection factor of 1-(0.25~0.06) .10 .r is observed when r is expressed in mm,
which suggests that the correction factor is independent of SSD or field
size. This finding indicates a serious drawback in the concept of radial
dis-placement, which is dependent on SSD. Therefore, further evaluation of the
results have been made in terms of displacement correction factors, 6 • A summary of 6 values for photons and neutrons of different energies is given in Table 3. The displacement correction factor for spherical ion
chambers in a water phantom for 60co gamma rays is smaller than that for 137
cs gamma rays while, for X rays, no displacement is found. The derived
displacement correction factors, 6 , for in-phantom measurements show a de-creased displacement with decreasing photon energy. For neutrons also a
dependence of 6 on neutron energy is observed. For relatively low energy neutrons, no displacement was found, whereas, for neutrons with energies
in excess of 5.3 MeV, 6 shows an almost constant value.
The correction for displacement in a neutron or photon field should
preferably be made in terms of a correction factor which is dependent on
the chamber dimensions and shape and neutron or photon energy and
indepen-dent of depth in phantom, field size and SSD. This correction factor will
most probably not vary much with phantom size and density of the phantom
material. It should be realized that this factor should be applied only for
depths in excess of that of the dose maximum. For most neutron and photon
beams this will not lead to severe difficulties, since the dose maximum is
generally located at depths less than 1 cm. The results indicate that the
correction for displacement of the effective point of measurement is not a
geometrical problem depending only on chamber shape, but results from the
complex balance between differences in attenuation and scattering of the
various radiation qualities caused by the introduction of a gas filled
E E
-o c
.~
-:;
~
0 V -.:: 4 ~
E
~
V
..2
.%
-o
0
5 10 15
cavity radius, r ( mm )
"·1.gure 1.
Radial d1.splacement, d, versus cav1.ty radius, r, for spherical TE 1.on chambers.
DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION FACTORS,
6, OF SPHERICAL IONIZATION
CHAMBERS FOR MEASUREMENTS IN PHANTOMS WITH DIFFERENT TYPESOF RADIATION
type of rod iation
150, 200 and 300 k V X -rays 137c s y rays
60 Co y rays
fission neutrons
(E
= 1 MeV)n
d(2.3)+D neutrons (E = 5.3 MeV)
n
d(0.25)+T neutrons (En= 14.2 MeV) d(0.5)+T neutrons (En= 14.8 MeV) d (50)+Be neutrons
(E
= 21 MeV)n
1.000+0.05.10-2.r -2 1-(0.22! 0.05).10 .r
-2 1-(0.37! 0.04).10 .r 1 . 000 + 0. 1 . 10-2. r
-2 1-(0.25! 0.09).10 .r
-2 1-(0.25! 0.06).10 .r
-2 1-(0.25! 0.06).10 .r
Project no. 3
J.J. Broerse, B. Hogeweg, B.J. Mijnheer and G.W. Barendsen
Determination of biologically effective dose at various positions in a human
phantom.
studies have been made to determine changes in RBE values of different
types of radiation as a function of the location in the human body for a
variety of exposure conditions. In many types of exposure, inhomogeneous
irradiation of persons will occur whereby parts of the body receive doses
of different quality due to scattering and abso~ption of the primary radia-tion. For the assessment of the distribution of the biologically effective
dose a number of studies have been carried out concerning microdosimetric
parameters and responses of biological systems.
Studies on the effectiveness for reproductive death of cells have been
carried out for different positions inside a human phantom employing
differ-ent types of radiation. Cell irradiations at differdiffer-ent depths in a human
phantom have been performed with 600 MeV alpha particles at Saclay (in
co-operation with Drs. A. and J. Dutreix) and with fast neutrons produced by
the d+T and the d+Be reaction. The latter experiments have been performed in
cooperation with Dr. A. Wambersie with the neutron beam produced by the CSF
isochronous cyclotron Cyclone at Louvain-la-Neuve.
Perturbations of charged particle equilibrium at interfaces of materials
of different atomic compositions can lead to considerable differences in the
energy deposition by photons and neutrons. Specific examples of these
inter-face perturbations are encountered during irradiations of body cavities and
soft tissue adjacent to or enclosed by bone, and irradiations of cells in
monolayer on the bottom of culture dishes.
The survival curves of cultured T-1 cells of human origin were measured
for 14.5 MeV neutron irradiation in two geometries whereby the incident
neu-trons passed through medium or through bottoms of the dishes. AS indicated in
Figure 2 for a given tissue kerma, a higher level of survival is observed
for the irradiations through the polystyrene bottom of the flasks. This
indi-cates that a smaller amount of energy is absorbed in the cells in this
situ-ation. The relative absorbed doses in tissue layers irradiated through water
or through polystyrene differ by a factor of 1.16. Cell irradiations with
15 MeV neutrons are generally performed with the neutron beam reaching the
eells through the medium. Under these conditions we account for the slight
increase in neutron dose by applying a correction of 5 per cent relative to
soft tissue. It should be realized, however, that large correction factors
To estimate the changes in radiation quality using microdosimetry,
linear energy spectra were determined for positions in and outside collimated
beams of 15, 6.5 and 0.51 MeV neutrons. The different energy neutrons were
produced, respectively, by the d(.28)+T, d(3.5)+D and p(1.34)+T reactions
and were collimated with an exper~ental arrangement at the Radiobiological
Institute TNO. The size of the exit field, def~ned by the tapered steel
in-sert, is 6 x 8 cm2. The distributions of the lineal energy (y) were measured
w~th a t~ssue-equivalent cylindrical proportional counter at three different
positions behind the collimator: at the centre of the beam, at the
geometri-cal edge (as def~ned by the ~nsert) and behind the shielding at a distance
of 4 cm from the longest boundary s~de (equivalent to 7 cm from the center) .
The fractional dose distr~butions derived for center position and the
geometrical edge were almost identical for the three neutron energies used.
As a result of the neutron scattering on the inner duct, the distr~but~on
for a boundary showed only a slight increase of events with y values around
1000 MeV cm-1. For
posit~ons
outside the beam behind theshield~ng,
thefract~onal dose distributions for 15 and 6.5 MeV neutrons showed ~ncreasing
contribut~ons of gamma rays and attenuated and scattered neutrons.
Changes in quality w~th position were also determined by a biological
dos~etry method employing cell survival as the quantitat~ve endpoint.
Mammalian cells were irradiated in flasks and tubes at various positions
in a cubical water phantom (side lengths 30 cm) w~th d~fferent doses of
6.5 and 15 MeV collimated neutrons. As a typical example, survival data
derived for cells irradiated at different depths w~th 15 MeV neutrons are
presented in Figure 3. Similar survival data have been derived for cells
irradiated in positions perpendicular to the beam ax~s. From these results
i t can be concluded that the RBE did not vary sign~ficantly in and outside
the beam region. For posit~ons in the beam, th~s is in agreement with the
small changes which were observed in the lineal energy spectra. The absence
of a RBE change for positions behind the shield is in contrast with the large
increase ~n events hav~ng h~gh y values in the fract~onal dose distribut~on,
but can be explained by the counterbalancing effects of the increasing contr~Â
but~on of gamma rays at these positions.
It can generally be concluded that microdosimetry provides a suitable
basis for rad~ation qual~ty specification but that a pragmatic approach has
to be adopted. Possible differences ~n the radiation quality of different
fast neutron beams can be assessed by microdosimetric techniques, but should
be supported by comparison of the response of biological dosimeters ~n the
10
<
irradiation through medium
.
u.
..
2 irradiation through polystyrene~
'\\
..
<
·;:
-~
~~
0
<
'\-:~
~
101~
·~~
\\
10°
\
Figure 2. soft tiuue kerma ( Gy )
Survival curves of cells ~rradiated with d+T neutrons through the medium or through the polystyrene bottom of the culture flasks.
<
~ u
a
.::
data points :
• at o depth of 4 cm
o 7 3 cm
10
13.8
17 cm
Figure 3 • toto I ( n + y ) absorbed dose ( G y )
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Contract no. 199-76-1 BIO N
Barendsen, G.W. {1976). The effectiveness of small doses of ionizing radia-tions for the induction of cell reproductive death, chromosomal changes and malignant transformation. p. 557. In: Proc. Fifth Symp. on Microdosi-metry, EUR 5452, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Barendsen, G.W. {1978). RBE-LET relations for induction of reproduct~ve death
and chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. p. 55. In: Proc. s~xth Symp.
on Microdos~metry, EUR 6064, Harwood Academic Publishers, London.
Barendsen, G.W. {1978). Fundamental aspects of cancer induction in relations to the effectiveness of small doses of radiation. p. 263. In: Late Biologi-cal Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Barendsen, G.W. {1979). Influence of radiation quality on the effect~veness
of small doses for induction of reproductive death and chromosome aberra-tions in mammalian cells. Int.J.Radiat.Biol. ~, no. 1, 49-63.
Barendsen, G.W. and Broerse, J.J. {1977). Differences ~n radiosensitivity of cells from various types of experimental turners in relat~on to the RBE of 15 MeV neutrons. Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys.
lr
211-214.Broerse, J.J. and M~jnheer, B.J. {1976). Bas~c physical data for neutron dos~Â
metry, conclusions and recommendations. p. 275. In: Monograph on Bas~c
Physical Data for Neutron Dosimetry, EUR 5629, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Broerse, J.J. and Zoetel~ef, J. {1978). Dosimetric aspects of fast neutron
irrad~ations of cells cultured in monolayer. Int.J.Radiat.B~ol.
llr
383-385.Hogeweg, B., Broerse, J.J., Chemtob, M. and Nguyen, V.D. {1976). Neutron energy spectra for collimated d-D and d-T neutron beams as employed for ENDIP. p. 49. In: Monograph on Basic Physical Data for Neutron Dosimetry, EUR 5629, Comm~ssion of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Hogeweg, B. {1978). Microdosimetric measurements and some applications in radiobiology and radiation protection. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Hogeweg, B., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. {1978). RBE for cell surv~val
Hogeweg, B., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. (1979). RBE of collimated
neutron beams at various positions in a phantom in relation to differences
in lineal energy spectra. Suppl. Eur.J.Cancer, 157.
Mijnheer, B.J., Zoetelief, J. and Broerse, J.J. (1978). Build-up and
depth-dose characteristics of different fast neutron beams relevant for
radio-therapy. Brit.J.Radiol. ~, 122-126.
Zoetelief, J., Broerse, J.J., and Mijnheer, B.J. (1977). Characteristics of
ionization chambers and GM counters employed for mixed field dosimetry.
p. 565. In: Proc. Third Symp. on Neutron Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine,
EUR 5848, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Zoetelief, J., Hogeweg, B., and Broerse, J.J. (1978). Radiation quality and
absorbed dose at different positions in the primary beam and around the
shielding of a neutron generator. p. 615. In: Proc. Sixth Symp. on
Micro-dosimetry, EUR 6064, Harwood Academic Publishers, London.
Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C., Broerse, J.J., Mijnheer, B.J. and Visser, P.A.
(1979). Effective measuring point for in-phantom measurements with ion
chambers of different sizes. Suppl. Eur.J.Cancer, p. 169.
Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C. and Broerse, J.J. (1980). Effective measuring
point of ion chambers for photon dosimetry in phantoms. Br.J.Radiol. ~'
580-583.
Zoetelief, J., Engels, A.C., Broerse, J.J. and Mijnheer, B.J. (1980). Effect
of finite size of ion chambers used for neutron dosimetry. Phys.Med.Biol.
25, no. 6, 1121-1131.
Zoetelief, J. and Barendsen, G.W. (1981). Comparison of RBE-LET relations
for eel~ inactivation and chromosome damage in three cell lines. In: Proc.