The Design process

Rochester Institute of Technology

RIT Scholar Works

Theses

Thesis/Dissertation Collections

5-1-2000

The Design process

Thomas Pasquini

Follow this and additional works at:

http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please [email protected].

Recommended Citation

Rochester Instituteof

Technology

Collegeof

Imaging

ArtsandSciences

SchoolofDesign

Graduate Graphic Design Program

Athesissubmitted to the

faculty

ofthe

Collegeof

Imaging

ArtsandSciences

in candidacy forthedegreeof MasterofFine Arts

The Design Process

By

Thomas F. Pasquini

R. Roger Remington

The Design Prncess

Approvals

Chief Thesis Advisor

Graphic

D~sjgn

Date

Kevin Kochersberger

Kim Sherman

Nancy A. Ciolek

Associare Thesis Advisor

Mechanical Engineering

Associare Thesis Advisor

IndltStrial Design

Chairperson. School of Design

Graphic Design

I.Thomas Pasquini, hereby gram

permissionto the Wallace Memorial Library ofRlTtoreproducemyrhesis in whole or in pan. Any reproducrion will nor be for commercial use or profit.

D,,,

S

/f-/o()

Date

5·

O'

00

Table

of

Contents

3 Thesis Project Definition

4 Precedents

5 Research

6

Philosophy

7 Synthesis

8 Graphic Design Matrix

9

Engineering

Matrix

10 Constructed Process 11 Ideation

12 Flow Chart 13 Poster

14-15 Intermediate Evaluation

16 Implementation 17 FlowChart

18-24 Posters 25 Dissemination

26-28 Retrospective Evaluation

29 Conclusion

30-31

Glossary

ofTerms

32-35

Bibliography

Appendices

36-_{41 Appendix 1} Graphic Design Processes

42-_{46 Appendix}1b

Engineering

Processes

47 Appendix2 _{Synthesis: Reservoir of Terms} 48 Appendix2bSynthesis:

Preliminary

Processes 49- _{50 Appendix 3} Ideation: DiagrammaticFlow Chart

51- ₅₃ Appendix 3bIdeation: Application

54 Appendix4 Thesis Time Line 55 Appendix 5

Explanatory

Diagram

The Design Process

Thesis Project

Definition

1histhesis investigates the_{relationship between}graphicdesignandengineering,

andtheiruse of similar

problem-solvingprocesses. Itrevealsthe_underlying

principles thatareinherent in graphicdesignand _engineeringandillustrates

how thesedisciplines use a common creative process.

By

comparingvastlydifferentdisciplinesand

identifying

_{how they}usea similar

creativethought process, this thesis _{is constructing}an _{understanding}ofthe

methodologyofthought.This thesisdemonstratesthatalthoughthese two

Precedents

What is Science:

Introductionto theStructure

and

Methodology

_ofScience

James V. Mannoiawritesabouttheexistence of two differentcommunities

intheworld.Thefirsthe labelsthescientific_communitywhich includes

scientists,engineers,and technicians.Thesecond islabeledthehumanities

whichincludesphilosophers, writers,andfineartists. He drawsattentionto

theapparent

dichotomy

betweenthese two entities,and heexplainsthatthis

separation existsbecause of alackof communication and understanding.

Heproposesthat each oftherespectivefields needstolearn toappreciatethe

qualitiesthat the other possesses.Communication isthe

key

to_{understanding}

andlearning. This bookisa precedent tothis thesisinvestigation

by

_supplying

a case_studyon the_{relationship between}theart andscience worlds.

Mannoia,James V. WhatisScience: Introductionto theStructureand_{Methodologyof}Science, UniversityPressof_{America, London,} 1980

Systems Engineering: ArtandScience inan InternationalContext

Thiscritical_essaydiscussesthe talents_necessaryfora systems_engineeringcareer.

|ohnMacDonald writesthat_{creativity is}often hiddenwithin thefunctional

aspectsof engineering. Hestates that_{creativityprimarily}functionswithin

the_{problem-solving}processthatisconcerned withthe_abilityto overcome

time, budget, and materialconstraints,to produce a product. Systems inan

InternationalContextis similarto theproposedthesis topic inthatitdocuments

howthecreativethoughtprocessis usedin afunction-basedcareer.

John,McDonald System Engineering: ArtandScience inanInternational_Context.On-Line

MacDonaldDettwiler,Available:

The Design Proct

Research

Threemain topicswereresearched

during

this thesis: graphic_design, engineering,

andphilosophy.Thecorrelationbetweenthesedisciplineswasdeveloped through theconsultation of a_varietyofbooksand periodicals.Numerousdiscussionswere alsoheldinorderto collect a wide range of materials.

Graphic design and

engineering designprocesses were collected thatrangedfrom

basicideageneration to thosewhichdefinestructuralintegrity.Thecollection

oftheseprocesses provided an extensive reservoir oftermsthat would act as a

foundation forthedevelopmentof a newhybrid designprocessbetween

graphicdesignand engineering.

Research

Philosophy

Theworks consultedfocusedon theprocess of

learning

(AlbertWhitehead) and

theconcept of_quality(RobertPirsig). Both areintegralto thedesignprocess

and are illustrated intheseworksas universal processes,not_separatelydefinedfor

art and science.This isasignificant_{in establishing}a_{relationship between}graphic

designand_engineeringprocesses.

AlbertWhitehead

The Aim ofEducation

Robert

Pirsig

Zenand theArt

ofMotorcycle Maintenance

Paul Rand

WritingsonQuality,

Memoto author,Octobct 1998

"Whateducationhastoimpart isan intimatesenseforthepowerofideas,

forthe

beauty

ofideas,andforthestructureofideas,togetherwith a

particular

body

ofknowledgewhich haspeculiar referenceto thelifeof

the

being

_possessing

it."

According

to_Whitehead,

learning

makes nodistinction betweenart or science.

Hestatesthat

learning

can be definedthrough the mental growth stages of

romance, precision, and generalization.Thiswas significantto this thesisbecause

the stages of

learning

run a parallel courseto the stages ofdesign. Thestages of

both

learning

anddesignstart with a _noveltyand excitementfor somethingnew,

and progresstoastage whereknowledge isacquired and analysis occurs.The final

stageiswhere an_{understanding is formed}and a specific goalisachieved.

Robert Pirsig'swritingswere studiedbecauseofhis ideason quality. Hestates

thatthe_qualityof an objectisdetermined beforethecognitive_{understanding}

oftheobject takesplace.Therefore,thestandards of_qualityare thesame

whethera person is

discussing

_qualityabout a_paintingor vehicle.

Designdeterminesneeds,and then creates a solutiontofulfill them.

Considering

anobject,

"designed"

meansthat theobjecthasbeenthought

about systematically.Awell-designed objectis constructed withorder,

understanding,and intention.

Quality

isdetermined

by

howwell adesign

meets thedeterminedneeds.Whenan objecthas beendesigned_successfully

theexpectations

dealing

with_qualityareheightened. Good design isa signifier

ofhigh quality,butqualityisnot_necessarilya signifier of gooddesign.

"Theconcept of_qualityisdifficulttodefine, forit isnot_merelyseen,

butsomehowintuitedonthepresence oftheworkit isembedded.

Quality

has

littletodowith popular notions ofbeauty,tasteorstyle,and

nothingtodo

withstatus, respectabilityorluxury. It isrevealed, rather,inanatmosphere

of receptivity,_proprietyand restraint...

Quality

isconcernedwith

The Design Process

Synthesis

In thispart oftheprocess a structured_relationshipwasformedbetween

the twodisciplines.This involvedthedevelopment of ahybridprocessthat

utilizedtermsandideasfromgraphicdesignand engineering.

Thecreative process iscyclical. In its purestformit isa mass of_undulating

informationwhere all ofitsparts mergetogether.Because aninfinite

amount oftermsexistbetween_disciplines, it isoftenhardto make exact

distinctions betweentheparts ofthecreative process.

By

_{using familiar}process

terminologyas a tool,thedesigner began to organizethecollected processes

intounderstandable relationships. Belowaretheterms,withdefinitions,

thathelpedstructure a _{relationship between}theprocessesfrom both

graphicdesignand engineering.

Thecollection_oftermsarelocatedin Appendix2,page47

Known Terms Definitions

Problem What istheproblem?Whatneeds tobesolved?

Research Collect informationthatwill

help

in _{understanding}theproblem.

Ideation Generationof a wide range of possible solutionsfortheproblem.

Analysis Organizethe research intological groups.

Synthesis Constructrelationships basedon collected research.Theserelationships

help

createdirection fortheprocess ofideation.

Implementation Constructthemost _{promising idea into}final form.

Synthesis

Graphic Design Process Matrix

Beforeahybridprocess couldbecreated, an _{understanding}ofthe_terminolog

used

by

each processhadtobeestablished.

Following

are matrices

defining

collected processes basedonknownterms.

References forcollectedprocessesarelocatedintheBibliography,page35

Known Terms Collected Pre

Universal

Traveler

>cesses

Asimow

andWatts

Banhaus Frank

Armstrong

William

Pena

Bruce

Archer

Problem Acceptance Divergence Observation Define

Problem

State

Problem

Programming

Research Transformation Collect Collect Data

Ideation Ideation Representation Schematic

Diagram

Development

Analysis Analysis Organize

Information

Analysis

Synthesis Definition Establish

Goals

Synthesis

Selection Idea

Selection

Convergence Prototype Needs

Implementation Implement Composition Test Concepts Communicate

The Design Process

Synthesis

Engineering

Process Matrix

Known Terms Collected Pre

Triz

>cesses

Black Box Technical

Process Problem Process Georgia Tech Structural Failure Problem _Identify Problem

Problem Determine _Identify

Problem

Task Failure

Research Specificarion Inputs Specification _Key

Qualities Ideation Identify Tools Outputs _Energy Conversions Generating Alternatives Preliminary Layouts Mathematical Model Analysis Model Refinement Model Reduction Transform Materials Parameter Analysis Concept Chatacteristics

Synthesis Analogies Design

Inequality

Selection Using

Tools

Solution Choice Definitive

Layout

Implementation Implement Connection Implement Solution _Geometry

Found

Synthesis

Afteran

understandingofthe_terminologywasattained, thenext_stepwasto

findthe termswhich existedbetweenbothdisciplines. Beloware thedefinitions

ofthe_overlappingterms_explainingthe thoughtprocess

during

each_stepofthe

designprocess.Thenewdesign process utilizedtermsfamiliartobothgraphic

designand

engineeringand are effective in

describing

the creative process.

Preliminary

constructedprocessesarelocatedinAppendix2b,page48

New Design Process Definitions

Acceptance

During

thisportion oftheprocess theclient presentstheproblem.

The designeracceptsthe taskand agrees tosolvetheproblemto the

bestofhis/her abilitywithintheproject constraints.Theproblemisoften

not yetdefinedor could bedefinedmore specifically._{This illustrates why}

theproblemdefinition isnotdetermineduntilthesecond_{step in} theprocess.

Problem Definition

During

thisportion of the process one should collect researchtodefinethe

initialproblem statement.Thisstage can _{accurately define}theproblem and

develop

achievable goals

by

_{gathering information}and

formulating

comparisons.

Concept Development

During

this portion of the process one should generate as_{many ideas}aspossible.

By

utilizingtheconnections constructed with theresearch a number ofsolutions

are createdtosolvethedefinedproblem._{A preliminary}evaluation can alsobe

performedto removetheleasteffective solutions and reveal a solutionthatwill

most_accuratelysolvetheproblem.

Implementation

During

thisportion oftheprocess one shouldtake the selectedideagenerated

intheprior stage and assembleit into itsfinal form.

Post Evaluation

During

thisportion oftheprocess one should reviewthe successes

and failuresofthe process

by

_assessingtheeffectiveness ofthe solution.

The Design Process

Ideation

The ideation phase explored several possibilitiesfortheapplication's final form. Withthecollection oftheprocesses and adesiretoforma newprocess, itbecame

necessarytogenerate adiagramwhich would_visuallydocumenttheflowofthe

creative process.Anapplication was also_necessarythatwould

display

thediagram and givedetailswhich would describethedesignprocess. Beloware questions

thatwere askedto

help

in

defining

theapplicationsform.

Preliminary

sketches_ofapplication arelocatedinAppendix 3b,page51-53

Available Applications

What is it goingtosay?

Who isthetarget audience?

Wherewillitbedisplayed?

Book, Informational Posters, Installation,

Study

Guide,Multimedia Website

Theapplication_{is going}tobeaninformational tool whichdocuments thecreative

thoughtprocess and the_newlydevelopeddesign process which existsbetween

graphicdesignand engineering.

Thenew process wouldbetargeted to juniorand seniordesignersor people new inthedesignprofession.

Theapplication wouldbe made availableinan educational or work environment

where the viewerhas directaccesstotheinformation.

From thequestionsabove, theinitialdecisionwastoconstruct a series of

posters and a_studyguide.Theposters would contain more visual explanation

ofthe process,while the_studyguide would construct a verbal

relationship

betweengraphicdesign and engineering.

Ideation

Flow Chart

Developed Process

Completion ofthehybridprocess allowedforthe developmentof adiagram which representstheflowofthe thoughtprocess. Below isan initialsketch oftheflowchartdiagram.

AdditionalsketchesfordiagramarelocatedinAppendix3,pages49-50 Thefinal diagramislocatedonpage17

Acceptance

Problem Definition Concept Development

Implementation

Post Evaluation

^C^X hlXXd

f~Uf

The Design Process

Ideation

Application

Developed Process

During

this stage, thelayout fortheposters wasdeveloped. Itwas_necessary

fortheposters todocumentthediagramand

display

thevisual documentation

fromthegraphicdesignand_engineeringprocesses. Below isan initialsketch

oftheapplication.

Additionalsketchesforapplication arelocatedin Appendix 3b,pages51-53

Thefinal layout_ofthe postersislocatedonpages18-24

Acceptance

Problem Definition

Concept Development

Implementation

Post Evaluation

tmm:

mm*:

WZZZZZL

[

/

'""-t

Vr.f.f.V'A

L

X

i

;

i

yzr/fyp//?

1

1

-

ft

~i

Intermediate

Evaluation

Atthispoint itwasconcludedthat theapplication wouldbea set of posters which woulddocumentsequential informationaboutthedesignprocess. The ideasgeneratedfortheposters were evaluated againstthesemiotic model inordertodetermine their success orfailure.

Pragmatic Issues

Semantic

Ergonomics, Production, Specifications,andDistribution

Pragmatic issues includedthesize and number of posters required.

Theposters weredesigned in Adobe Illustratoras vectorimages.Thisallowed

theposterstobescaledto_anysize withoutthethreatof pixelation and could adapttoprinter specifications.

Meaning, Perception, andCommunication

Atthis stage,specific visual examples_pertainingtographic designand

engineeringwere established.Thevisualsforgraphicdesignwerederived froma

previous projectinwhich thedesigner developedabrand

identity

forMicrosoft Windows. Itconsisted of visualdocumentation thatwas_{already broken down} and_onlyneededtobetransferred tothe posters.

Initially, thevisuals that were_goingtobeusedforthe_{engineering documentation}

werefromthe developmentof abridge. Concernsabout_usinga bridgewere expressed

by

committee membersbecauseoftheaesthetics usedin thedesign. A decisionwasmadethatitwouldbemore appropriate todocumenta piece of workthatwascreated_totallyon its functionality. Thiswould

help

tostrengthen

thedifferences between bothdisciplines,while still_{showing how they}use similar creative processes.The Ball Corporation: TechstarsSmall,Smart Space Systems

satellite was chosentodocumentthe_engineeringprocess. Satelliteconstruction fit thecriteria,because theyarefunctionaland use

highly

intricatesystems and

architectureintheirdevelopment.

Syntactic Form, Structure, andVariables

Atthispointtheposters were critiqued as a system.

Color How meaningfulisthe color used?

Howwelldothecolors

help

organizeinformation?

Typography

Isthe typeclean and accessible? Isthere adistinct hierarchy?

Language Isthe languageclear, sophisticated,yet_easytoread andunderstandable?

Spatial Isthespace divided logically?

The Desien Process

Intermediate

Evaluation

-continued

Peer Presentation

Committee Members

In

February

of2000, thedesigner gave a presentationto thefirstyear graduate graphicdesignstudents atRochester InstituteofTechnology. Thiswasthefirst

time thedesigner neededtoexplain the thesistopicin frontof an audience.

Areassessment ofthe finalapplication came out ofthispresentation. Untilthis

pointtherewhere planstoconstruct a_studyguide that would assisttheseries

of posters. Comments

during

thepresentationinfluencedthedesignerto remove

the_studyguide and concentrate on _creatingasequence of posters.

Committeemembersdiscussedthecreativethoughtprocess andit functions.

The discussionswerebasedonthe similarities anddifferences betweenthe_way

engineers and graphicdesignerssynthesizeinformation.Themeetings created

a clear_{understanding}ofthedesign process and the

dichotomy

betweenthetwo disciplines'

design process.Moreimportantly, themeetings helped in rethinking

howthe _{relationship between}the twomightbeconstructed.

Informal Discussions Thismethod of_evaluatingwasbasedon conversations with _friends,

family

members,and colleagues. Mostofthesediscussionswerebasedon personal

interpretationsof whatdesignis, how designshould beconducted, and what

the purpose ofdesign is. Theseconversations reinforcedtheobjective ofthis

thesis.

Every

conversation would endin sayingthatdesign is not an art or

sciencebutacombination ofboth. Theseconversations reinforcedthe

question this thesiswasproposing: not whatisdesign^., how doyoudesign''.

Implementation

Application

OrganizationofSpace

Theformofthefinalapplicationwasdetermined

by

evaluatingtheideas generatedin theideationstage.Thecreation of a_stronggrid system was

necessary inorderto construct theposters.Thegridhelpedtoallocate

theinformation intofive distinctsegments. Itwould allowtheviewer

to

intuitively

locateinformation

by

_{setting up} expectations on whereto find information.

1

2 .

a

-1

-!*

--' - .

/.

_, _,

.

4

Showsthename of the stagein theprocess andprovidesadefinition forit.

Provides information_numericallyonthe_stepofthe process

being

discussed.

The numberscorrespond withthe numbersonthediagram.

Goes into detail onthestepsofthe process. Discusseswherethe

process might go afterthisstage.

Thisportion oftheposter organizesthegraphicdesignexamples.

Thisportionoftheposterorganizesthe_engineeringexamples.

The Design Process

Implementation

Diagram

Final Process Thediagram illustrates howthestages of the process are connected. It documents

howconcepts aredevelopedandevaluated, _{moving back}andforth between the

stages ofthecreative process.

Implementation

Application:

Introduction Poster

The

Design Process

Thesepostersdocumentsimilar creallve problem-solvingprocessesbetween

graphicdesignandengineering TheyIllustrateahybrid designprocess that incorporaies ideas andtermsfrombothprofessionsItexpresseshow both disciplinesuse adesignprocessto createfunctionalwork Theposters show thatdesignis no! an an orscience,buia synthesisandawayofthinking

aboul relationships

What doesit mean when an objectissaidtohave been designed?

Consideringanobject,

designed'

meansthai the objecthasbeenthought

aboulsystematically ll hasbeenconstructedwith order,understanding,

andIntention Whenan objecthasbeendesignediheexpectationsdealing

withquatnyareheightenedQualityisthesignifier ofgooddesign Designandqualityare of equal value

"

Theconcept of_{quality is difficult}todofinc, for it isnotmerely

icon,butsomehowintuitedonthepresence oftheworkit is

embedded.Qualityhas littletodowith popular notions of

beauty,tasteorstyle,andnothingtodowith_{status, respectability} orluxury.ItUrevealed,rather,inan atmosphere ofreceptivity, proprietyand restraint...Qualityisconcerned withtruth."

Paul Rand

Graphic Dciign Aprofessioninwhich a cognitiveunderstandingol informationisdeveloped

throughusvisualorganization Graphic designersdevelopvisualrepresentation lorideasthaidonot exist toavisualformat_Theystrivelo presentinformation

to theviewerwiththefewestquestions andthehighest degreeofhonesty

Engineering Aprofessionthatconsiructs an applicationthroughthe studyol(he sciences,

Improvingthequalityof_{societybysolving}problems of practical interesi

The Design Process

Implementation

Application:

Creativeproblem-solving Isa method of_loopingthought.

Aprocess of_maturingideasthrough evaluation.Thecreative process combines abstractthoughtswithconventional

understandingtoforma_functioningabstraction.

Objective

Theposters mill providedoflnfliora

and visual examples olthe creative

problem-solvingprocess.TheScries

wiltshowihzrtdesignIsnot an art orscience turia synthesis and a

wayolthinkingaboul relationship-,

Detail

GraphicDesign

forgraphicdesign,ihevisualexamples COmo Irom a proposed redesignolthe

MicrosoftWindowsbrgndIdciiiy

engineering

Forongincwmg. tho visuals example comoIromIhoBallCorporauons. TcchSlflrv Small, Smart SpoccSy9cr

saieilitoprogram

In^rxmolionGallwrin

Probltm DehnUon

O

)

<d> v f#

KM o

A

OBGD U

<8>

a

Implementation

Application:

Acceptan

Duringthis portion ot the process thediempresentsthe problem. Thodesigneracceptsthe task and agrees to solvotheproblem to thebestofhis/herabilitywithinthe projectconstraints.

Theproblemsoften not yeldefinedorcouldbe definedmore

specificallyThisillustraies why theproblemdefinitionis not

determineduntilthe secondstep inthe process

Objective

Thinkabout pregmaec issues such as cosi,deadlinesandscheduling

Detail

Thedesignerneedslo ash the cliera questionsto assess their needs

Findwhataspects ofthe problem are(he moa problematic andbegin to addresspossible-tacUcs

Microsoft Windows:

Brand Identity

thoR/jquIfwmoiirderrfi^fo* Windowiend reptmeritirfwrrcJhheritageofIneopenrfrng

Internthecolon idt&ed eloigner*thediffer*"

producttypeabheitot rfwlerten.red jitor Checlient}, green jjhi Wtnd&~l Cc.Cfffdyeflc* lepteienHtheuierDynamicgrodtenti and

dimenuora hate been developedK>snp^ofir

rfwnev. geneftihafi ofWindowPeopleare

includedbecatne.obo*e oilWrndca**j*

devgnatd(oerr^xr-errfwpeople wnomeit

BallCorporations

TccriSLirsSmall,Sman SpaceSystems

qtedtStariimhaliirQu aimed al

r^e dfr^Wopme^Jof terfmoiDg-aT^i'odtcmced.

wnoflipoce ryiTsnjrftrtconpenoffnitgnikamt mjiiioni orgnwdj-redsKedcotf

Nith IKhnoijgmandIo-jtc^n^idei ocf*cncea

hovflrpurredfnecleveicpmenJ c/smoflor.Iturtte*.

cheopei. ydnightycapable taWi'tofne

ma/'laleft'to r/ilrmi oro nc-dmgnedand

dopJc?-i^iinmarrrfii mttrud ol yfo^i

The Design Process

Implementation

Duringthisportion oftheprocess oneshould collect researchto

definetheinitialproblem statement.Thisstage can_accuratelydefine thoproblem anddevelopachievable goalsbygathering information

and_lormulatlngcomparisons.

InformationGathering

Collectr>wide range ol generalto specific materials that are pertinent

indotininglire problem

Analysis

Studycollected ir swntolormulaU)conncaroriswith

known knowledgeandtechnology

Objectives

Pinpointpositives urtd negatives

Irom the analysis and create a list

of objectivesthiol will solvetheprobler.

KeyWords:

Integration

%

m

Microsoft_

WindOWS2000

m

GOOD

M

Adobe

Innovation

Sophutication

f

ft

j

fpftti^

~,--i~ Key

Words:

Capable

Flexible

Survivable

Recwutiluluble

Short Lead-Time

Affordable

Implementation

Duringthisportion oftheprocess one shouldgenerateasmany ideasas possible._Byutilizingtheconnectionsconstructedwiththe researchanumbor ofsolutions are createdthat could solve the

definedproblem.A preliminaryevaluation canalsoboperformed to remove theleasteffectivesolutionsand reveal a solutionthatwill mostaccuratelysolvethe problem.

Ideotion

Oneshoud lorm high levels ol abstrac oris withDieproblem

Developic easwithoutprejudico orrcsu-idl insAllowideasto merge together 0divergeinto other realms

Pre-Evaluation

I'.iiin

Taken

naryideasby developing olpromisingsolutions o howtheintegrityolthe ideaholdup bvleslingpotential

weak poimsTho keyisto take iho ideas10 aclearly doltncdpoint

Selection

Choosothe most efficient idealor lurtherdevelopmentThechoice

shouldbebasedon which ideabes solvesthe niobium

A

Hi

al

I-@

(1^5)2000

\$J

S\2000 _<\

^2000

\Ja ^Tjyujjidows

w

> .1

6>

1-I) '!

*&&* _:\I

The Design Process

Implementation

mpiemenrarion

Duringthis portion ofthe proa

i'I-igeneratedinthepriorstage

Objective

Aclear picture ofthefinalproduct is within reachIdeasandinformation

shouldboorganized and accessible

Define

Inthe process ol implementation. it is inevitable that problemswiltarise

Furtherrefinement will needlohappen

andventuringback to previous stages willbonecessary.

-ft-(? _

'

;

-a,

<5

JZ

Implementation

t-

Evaluation

[hiringthisportion of ihe process one should review ihe successes andfailuresoftho process_byassessingeffectiveness ofthesolution.

Objective Detail

Noticehow thekeywordswork Whaitanbo learnedIrom (ho withthefinalsolution.Do theyrotate? Dovclopatactical schemelorIf DoesIhe final solutiondefineihe Lookatthefinalsolution.Does

problemdclinnion?WhereareUio fallshort, moot, oretceedthe c successes andfailures? desirodoutcome?

KeyWords:

Growth

Innovation Sophistication

KeyWords:

Capable Flexible Survivable Reconrtitutable Short Lead-Tlme Affordable

Gallery

Presentation

The Design Process

Dissemination

ThepostersweredisplayedintheRIT Bevier

Gallery

fromMarch 10

throughMarch30, 2000. The

display

consisted of an

introductory

panelthat

statedthethesis objectivesanddisplayedthepostersin thedesignedsequence.

OtherPresentations

Engineering

Afterthe

Gallery

presentation wascompleted, theposters werebroughtto the

engineering departmentatRIT.

They

weredisplayedand evaluated

by

Professor

Allen Nye's Senior

Engineering

Designclass and Professor Kevin Kochersberger's

Multi-Disciplinary

class.

Industrial Design Theposters were thendisplayedatRIT'sindustrial designclassroom where

Professor Kim Sherman's Senior Career

Planning

class hadan_opportunity

toevaluate them.

Future Presentations Modificationscouldbemadetotailortheprocesstoa specific audience such

as afineartist, salesman,or computer programmer. Inthe futurethedevelopment

of a multi-media presentation could begeneratedthatwouldbeableto animate

the creativethoughtprocess.

Retrospective Evaluation

Gallery

Presentation _{The gallery opening}gavethedesignera chance to seehowpeople reacted

to theformedrelationship._{The relationship}betweenthedisciplines helped create a platform forthe_{understanding}ofthedesignprocessforboth professions.Commentsfromthe threeweek presentation revealedthat the viewers could understandthedesignprocess and seethatit isabout critical

thinking. Italso revealed aspects ofthedisciplineswhich most people

donot gettosee.Thisgavetheviewer a chance to view the profession

beyondthe pre-conceivedideas.

Unexpectedly,a person at the_{opening had}worked fortheBall Corporation

for25years. Hecommentedthat theBall Corporationnever worked with a

documented process.

By

the_waythevisuals wherelaidout incomparisonto

thedocumentedprocess,hecould seehowtheBall Corporationmighthave

documented their process.

Graphic Design Students

Thiscomment made thedesignerthinkabout thedeveloped_process, and

question its abilityto representthe graphicdesign and_{engineering disciplines.} Thisalsoposed a question aboutthevisual _relationshipformed. Didthe

abstract _{relationship between}the twodisciplines becometoogeneralized?

Fromcomments on the evaluations, thegraphicdesignstudents could understand

whatthevisual represented ontheposters and context_theywere

being

used in.

They

commentedthat_theywouldlike to see a moreinvolvedexplanation of

thedevelopmentofthe piece ofwork,

knowing

howand_whythefinalsolution

was chosen.

Writtenon theevaluationsheets were comments aboutthe_readability

ofthediagram. Suggestionsweremadeto increasetheeffectiveness ofthe

diagram

by

_makingtheprocess a moreintegralpart.

By

improving

the placement

oftheprocessterminology, the rest oftheposters wouldhaveabettercohesion

withthediagram.

Thesuccessin theposters camefromtheorganization oftheinformationand

thecolorsystem used.Theseaspects ofthe posters enticedtheviewertocome

and read the content.

The Design Process

Retrospective Evaluation

-ted

Engineering

Students _{The engineering}studentsexpressedthat_theywere not accustomedtopartsof

thedevelopedprocess, buttheexplanation oftheprocess was correctin its

generalization.Theevaluators commentedthat theBall Corporation'ssatellite

developmentwas a good choice todocument forengineering,buttheuse of

colorin theimagesand more explanation oftheirprocess wouldbe helpful.

They

feltthat theWindowsmarkoverwhelmed thepage

demanding

more

attention, making,the_engineeringvisuals appear secondary.

Although improvementsneedtobemade onthe posters, thesuccesslies in

their_abilitytoincreasetheawareness of the graphicdesign profession.Before

viewingthepostersthe_engineeringstudents thoughtgraphicdesignwas about

making beautifulpieces of work.

By

_viewingtheposters and_seeinggraphicdesign

incontext with

engineering effectively heightened their_{understanding}ofthe

graphicdesignprofession.

They

could seethatgraphicdesign creates a visual

representation of anideawith purpose andmeaning, notjust emptyvisual appeal.

Industrial Design Thisevaluationdidnotturnout as expected.

Many

oftheevaluatorsfailed to

see_anyconnectionberween thegraphicdesignand _{engineering disciplines.}

Many

ofthecomments recommended_continuingresearch on the_engineering

processbecause it did not_{accurately document}the_engineeringthought

process.Theother comments were similarto thegraphicdesignand_engineering

evaluationin thatthediagram neededto bere-evaluated and_modified, and

improvementsneededtobemadein representingthecircular aspect ofthe

creativethoughtprocessin theseries of posters.

Retrospective

Evaluation

-continued

Self Evaluation Overall,theconcept thatwasdeveloped between graphicdesignand

engineering is pushingthelimitsofdesign.

Illustrating

thatdesign isa separate

entitythatexists inall aspects of thought.Asfor theapplicationitself, itwas not successful.Thereneedstobeimprovementonthe organization, flow, and amountofinformationondisplay. Thecreative processiscircular,yet theposters wotkina linearfashion.Theposters couldbe designedor arrangedto

help

reinforcethecircular flowof thedesign process.

Stepping

backfrom theapplicationand

looking

_criticallyat what was made, thedesigner began toquestionthe reason_whyposters were created. Posters are goodfor

displaying

informationon awall,butpostersdonot _effectively

documentan extensive amount ofinformation. Iftheproject were tobere-created, thedesignerfeelsthat theamount of visuals shouldbe decreasedandtheamount of_explanatorytext shouldbe increased.Thisthesisinvestigation isaboutthe methodologyof thought.Thechoice to use a

heavy

visual documentationto explaina theoretical idea is tremendously difficultand was a poor choice with a

limitedamount of time.

The Design Process

Conclusion

Thisthesisprojectfocusedon a_wayof thinking.Itexamined how_anydiscipline, inthiscase graphicdesignand engineering,canbenefit from

knowing

and understanding howthedesign processfunctions. Atfirstthisthesiswas_trying

to answer, what isdesign*.Asthis thesisprogressedit becameevident that the question wasnot, whatisdesign?but,howdoyoudesign? Theadvantage of asking

'how'

insteadof is openingthedoottoseetheprocessbehind design. Thisallowsonetosee thatdesign isa_{cross-disciplinary activity}that can'tbe defined

by

art orscience, butfatheras a_wayof_thinkingabout problems

by

forming

relationships and_{creatingquality}work.

Whatwaslearned fromthisinvestigationwasthatprofessions_mayusedifferent

toolsandtermsthat areunique, butthe_underlyingcreative process and thedesire

tocreate_qualityisa common thread.Ifpeople canlearnto utilize effective

thoughtprocessesfroma wide range ofdisciplines,what willbecreatedisa

body

ofknowledgewhere ideaswill

develop

withan inclusiveinsteadof exclusive attitude.Workwill becreatedthatwillbein tune with_{many different}parts of

society fromthevisualto themethodical.

Glossary

Graphic Design

Engineering

Useability

Aprofession inwhich acognitive_{understanding}ofinformation is developed

throughitsvisual otganization.Graphicdesigners

develop

visual representationfor

ideasthatdonot existina visual format.

They

sttivetopresent informationto the

viewer with thefewestquestions andthehighest degreeofhonesty.

Aprofession thatconstructs an application throughthe_studyofthe sciences,

improving

the_qualityof_society

by

_solvingproblems of practical interest.

Engineersmeettheneeds of a_society

by

_reducingthe_complexityof

daily

tasks.

Design Amentalactivity, an_activityofthinking._{The psychology}ofthought that

investigates human _thinkingactivities,_particularly

during

problem-solving.

Association

Forming

connectionsbetween differentconcepts; theoccurrence of one

concept can cause another concepttoraise intoconsciousness.

Logic Consciousthought, methodical,systematic.

Intuition Experimental thoughtinwhichthevarious stages of_creatingare

nolonger

fully

conscious.

Functionality

Howan entireitem worksas a whole.

System Aseries of steps that

logically

moves you fromone pointtoanother.

Aesthetics

Howanitemisused,

dealing

with thehuman interfaceand comprehension

Howanitem _visuallyappears.

Dichotomy

Methodology

Creativity

Hybrid

Division intotwo,usuallycontradictory,parts or opinions.

Properly

refersto the theoretical analysis ofthemethods appropriatetoa

fieldof_studyorto the

body

of methods and principles particulartoa

branchofknowledge.

Looking

ata problem_criticallyand_{solving it}to meettheneeds ofthe problem.

Something

of mixed origin or composition.

The Design Process

Glossary-Matrices

Diagram

Flow Chart

Thesis Project Definition

Retrospective Evaluation

Thearrangementof specific or general information intoa vertical andhorizontal

comparison,_allowingforthe cross-referenceoftermsorideas forcreation of new relationships.

Aplan,sketch,drawing,or outlinedesignedtodemonstrateor explainhow

somethingworks orto_clarifythe_relationshipbetweentheparts of a whole.

Aschematic representation of asequence of operations.

Introducing,

identifying

and

understandingthenature oftheproblem

including

history,situation and goals.

Precedents

Describing

other_{existingprojects,} casestudies, models thathave

meaningful relationshipstoyour study.

Research

Describing

facts, principles, theoriesor relationships thathave been discovetedto

help

tosolve the problem.

Synthesis

Describing

interrelationshipsand patterns

-sotting, sequencing,_{ordering information}or parts oftheproblem.

Ideation

Describing

thegeneration of conceptual solutions and preparation

of a range of_preliminarydesignapproaches.

Evaluation

Describing

_testingstrategiesthatwere usedtojudgeideation

and the_resultingselection ofpossibledesignsolutions.

Implementation

Describing

howtheproject wasrefined,developedand produced

toits final formor application.

Dissemination

Describing

plansfor futureaudience interaction

-howcould this product orinformationbedistributed/used inthefuture?

Assessing

thefinalproduct todeterminestrengths and weaknesses

howcould futureversionsbe improved?

Conclusion

Summarizing

overall experience and outcome

-what was gained?

Bibliography

Petroski,

Henry

Pilditch,James

Lupton, Miller

Bonsiepe,Gui

Stetzer, Reichert, Rurik

deBono, Edward

To Engineer isHuman,

St. MartinPress, NewYork, 1985

Petroski,

Henry

Inventions

by

Design: How Engineers Get From Thoughtto Thing,

Harvard

University

Press, Massachusetts, 1996

Goldstein,Thomas _{Dawn ofModernScience,}

Houghton MifflinCompany, Boston, 1980

Walters,John EyeMagazine,

Issue26,Volume 7, Autumn 1997, Pg. 23

Mannoia,James V. What is Science: Introductionto theStructureand

Methodology

_ofScience,

University

PressofAmerica, London, 1980

Middendorf,William _{Design ofDevices}andSystems,

Marcel Dekker,Inc., NewYork, 1990

Snow,C.P. PublicAffairs,

Charles Scribner'sSons,NewYork, 1971

Boyer, Grim,Sanders The Philosopher'sAnnual, Vol. 3,

Ridgeview

Publishing

Company, Atascadero, CA, 1980

Communication

by

Design:

Study

_{of Corporate}Identity,

McGraw-Hill, England, 1970

ABC of Triangle, Square, Circle be: The BauhausandDesign _Theory, CooperUnion, NY 1991

JournalofUlmSchoolfor Design, Issue#19/20, August 1967

Publisher Hochschule Fur

GestaJtung

Design intheProject ofModernity,

SchwabischGmundHochschule FurGestaltung, 1997

LateralThinking:

Creativity

Step

by

Step,

HarperandRowPublishers, NY, 1970

The Design Process

Bibliography

VonWodtke,Mark

Arnheim, Rudolf

Horais,Brian

Postre,Virginia

Mind Over Media: Creative

Thinking

Skillsfor ElectronicMedia,

McGraw-Hill,NY, 1993

VisualThinking,

University

ofCalifornia_{Press, Berkeley,} 1969

Small-Satellite

Technology

andApplications Vol. 1495,

The International

Society

forOpticalEngineering, 1991

Horais,Brian Small-Satellite

Technology

andApplications II Vol. 1691,

The International

Society

forOptical Engineering, 1992

Horais, Brian Small-Satellite

Technology

and_{Applications III Vol. 1940,}

The International

Society

for Optical Engineering, 1993

Florman, Samuel _{The Existential Pleasures of}Engineering,

St. Martin's Griffin, NY, 1976

The Futureandits Enemies:The

Growing

ConflictOverCreativity,

EnterpriseandProgress,

SimonandSchuster, NY, 1999

Hampshire, Stuart _{The Age of}Reason,

The RiversidePress, Cambridge, 1956

Snyder,Louis The Age ofReason,

Van NostrandReinhold, NY, 1955

Hall,Eugene

Wang,Eckel

Scott, Miller

The Language ofCivil

Engineering

inEnglish,

Regents

Publishing

Company,Inc., NY, 1977

Elementary

Theory

ofStructure,

McGraw-HillCompany, Inc., PA, 1957

The EadsBridge,

University

ofMissouri Press, Missouri, 1979

Bibliography

Lear,Jonathan

Barratt,Krome

AristotleandLogicalTheory,

Cambridge

University

Press, London, 1980

Motz,Weaver The Concepts_{ofScience: From Newton}toEinstein,

Plenum Press, NY, 1988

Gulley,Norman Plato's_TheoryofKnowledge,

MethuenandCo. Ltd., London, 1962

Collins,James

Interpreting

ModernPhilosophy,

Princeton

University

Press, NJ, 1972

Neumann, Eckard FunctionalGraphic Design inthe20's,

Reinhold

Publishing

_{Corporation, NY,} 1967

Wurrman, RichardSaul InformationAnxiety, Doubleday,NY 1989

Newsome, Spillers, Finger Design

Theory

'88,

Springer-_{Verlag, NewYork, 1988}

LogicandDesigninArt, ScienceandMathematics,

The LyonsPress, NY, 1980

The Design Process

Bibliography

References

-Collected Processes

Koberg,Donand_Bagnall,Jim The Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guideto:

Creativity

Problem-Solving,andthe_{Process of}

Reaching

Goals, William _Kaufman,Inc. 1972

Altshuiler,Genrich And

Suddenly

theInventorAppeared, TRIZ, The

Theory

_{ofInventive Problem}Solving, Technical Innovation CentreWorcester, Massachusetts, 1996

Hubka,Vladimir _{Principles of}

Engineering

_Design,

Butterworth & Co. Ltd., England, 1982

Fuchs,Steidel 10Casesin

Engineering

Design,

Longman

Group

Limited, London, 1973

Bayer,Gropius Bauhaus1919-1928,

MuseumofModetnArt,N.Y. 1938

Hurlburt,Allen The DesignConcept,

Watson-Guptillpublishing, NY1981

Samuel, AndrewandWeir,John

Sternberg, RobertJ.

Whitehead,Alfred

Introductioninto

Engineering

Design: TheModeling, Synthesis,

and

Problem-Solving

Strategies,

ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, 1999

The Nature ofCreativity,

Cambridge

University

Press, NY, 1988

The Aims ofEducation:andOtherEssays,

The FreePress, NY, 1929

Hiebert,Kenneth

Frayling, Catterall

Jones,John Chris

Higgins,James

Graphic DesignProcess: Universalto Unique, Van NostrandReinhold, NY, 1992

DesignfortheTimes:_{One Hundred Years of}the_{Royal College of}Art, Richard DennisPublications/Royal CollegeofArt, England

DesignMethods,

Van Nostrand Reinhold,NY 1992

101 Creative

Problem-solving

Techniques,

The NewManagement

Publishing

Company, NY, 1994

Appendix

1

Collected

Processes Graphic Design

Graphic Design 'roblem_SolvingMethodologies: Individual Methods

Problem Identifies! ion Saturation FinrtInsightSaturation S.uuration Pteparation DefineProblem ResearchandAnalis Incubadon Incubation Incobanon Incubation Parameters

Synthesis Illumination rhcAh-Ha lllinn.nauon Illumination OrganizeInformation

Ideation Verificadon Verification Verification Verification SchematicDiagram

Evaluation Relative_Hierarchy

implementation SchematicPlan

RetrospectiveEval PreciseStructural Grid

typographicValues Prototype EvaluateEffectiveness 1valuaicComposition

Divergence Junction Background Idea _Identify

UlmSchool

Transformation

People

Activities Constraints Fotm Preliminaries Programming Convergence Relationships Concept Form Sue Verification Surface Final Refine Analysis Data Collection Analysis Environment

Quality WorkingMethods Presentation Decide

Synthesis Scale

Economy lechniquc Implement

Development

OperaringBudget Chance Communication

Operatingtost

LifeCycleCost Summary lime

Past Present future

The Design Process

Appendix

1

Collected

Processes Graphic Design

Graphic Design_{Problem-Solving}Methodologies: Individual Methods Ulm School

Problem Preparation_{Ptaasc(stating)}

1_Funking InformationPhasc(facis)

Sketching

f.valuationldehne function)

Showing

CreativePhase

(lesscostly solution] Evaluating

Selection Phasc(ajternatives) Making

Implementation Solution

Appendix

1

Collected Processes Graphic Design

Graphic DesignProblem-_SolvingMethodologies: Psychology_fMethods

What Romantic Stage Spomane,us Content _Identity Id

Why Precision Know

Structure-Similarity Ego

When Generalization Perceptio Cadence Difference Super Ego

Whete Appeal Style Opposition

How Action FalseHomologies

Who

Meaning Specifications Perception Production

Communication Distribution

Human factors

The Design Process

Appendix

1

Collected

Processes Graphic Design

Graphic Design_{Problem-Solving}Methodologies: Groups/ Businesses Methods

1STmZHtr

Research Stan Observation Sponsors Informationtransfer

Acceptance _Study

CriteriaDevelopmcn 1_hmking Analysis Design loam Side Effects

Analysis

Client Reviewand _Sketching Representation Suppliers StandardstoEnsure

Definition Refinement Descriptive_{Geometry Compatibility}

Showing TechniquesofConstructio Producers

Ideation PrototypeDesign Models _SensitivitytoHumans

Evaluating Disrributors

Idea Selection Implementation Composition Preformation

Making Color_Theory Purchasers

Implementation Success SpaceTheory

Solution Deign_Theory Users fvaluat.on

SystemsOperators

~^^/7^^^^^^v7i

Analysis Apply Information

fromOutside forces Incubation

RationalDecisionProcess Inspiration

Verification

literalfhought

PlayInstinct

WotdGames

Humor

Summary

Appendix

1

Collected

Processes Graphic Design

Graphic Design Problem-SolvingMethodologies: Specific Tactical Methods

l

Manage Acceptance Define Goals Define(unctions Who Brief

AssesNeeds Analysis CollectData I,sialternativemeansol _Why Re-assess

performingeach(unction _ExistingSolution

Design Define Analysis _SayWhat

Selectsub-solutions. Minion Modifications

DevelopStandards Ideate Design onelorcadifunction ToWhom

Accommodate

Developmentand Select Evaluate Ehrough What(Media) Modification

Opera,,,,,,

Implement Optimize ToWhat Elfect Outcome

Disseminate

Evaluate Evaluate

Apply Data

IdentifyVariables Research Brief Problem Performance Specifiearions

Identify Relationships Design Action1 Decide Firs! Solution ParallelStrategieslprelim.) RangeolDimensions

which_UncertaintyExists

Maximize Output Design Solution 1 Garry-out firs.Solution Pre-selection

Make Simulaloi Design Aeon 2 DecideSecond Solution SelectionStage

Design Solution 2

Solution

Carry-outSecondSolution AlternativeStage

Decide ThirdSolution final

Garry-outthirdSolution

Solu i ion

The Design Process

Appendix

1

Collected

Processes Graphic Design

Analysts

:;

mineSamples

tnExistingDesign

,-,,eCu,cs

Synthesis 1random, Ide Problem Strucure

Evaluation In 1monsistencies New Design SolutionExplored En Inc

usage ways ot rcmo

onsistencies

<ing Long-Term Problem Strucrurc

longTern, Solm,on

Design Man-Machine Interface's

Design Jobs Aids

design naming Procedu

Embark Upona_Strategy

ThaiFitstheProblem

Record

Spontaneousthoughts

sV,kWithspontaneous

fhoughlloru newDircc

Review Initialunci

Spontaneousthoughts

Contradictionform,Choc

newstrategiesorinitial

strategics Continueuntil satisfied

IdentifyKindsofPublicans

rhalContainInformation

:s ihrough possibledelays

Keepaccurate andcomplete

reference iha,canbeused

Keeplocalc ,ba,haverai

Brief

Design Situation

Problem Structure

FinalDesign

Appendix

lb

Collected

Processes

Engineering

EngineeringProblem-_SolvingMethodologies Specific Methods

Identify Unreliability Problem Information Objective function Modesolfailure

EstimatetheDegree Input Unreliability

Analysis _IdenufyFail-safeDirection Special Effect FailurePredicior

Analogies CalculateAverageValues

Synthesis Examine AvailableEvidence Equation _KeyQualities

Output Describe Components

Evaluation Specify,Criterion tacampleotArrangement Maihemanc.ilModel forNewDesign Solution Optimum RepeatMor eachObjective Amplification Designinequalin'

CalculateAverage

UnreliabilityIndexNumber

Stroke LimitedValue

AlterDesignto

HaveHigh Scores

FrictiononAmplification

Constructionallength Guides

Geometryfound

Few Meaningful Solutions Ideation ProblemStatement Abstrac

Concretisation Conception Design Specifications Object Neutral

ExistingSolutions Selection functionStructure Defined factors

Co-operation Comprise Concept Relationships Systematic Procedure _Prototyping PreliminaryLayout

DimensionalLayout

DctadandAssembly Drawings

Substantiation

Results

From

Application

The Design Process

Appendix

lb

Collected

Processes

Engineering

Engineering Problem-SolvingMethodologies:Technical / Procedural Methods

_____i______i____il______________iEZSSES HESEEE

Determining Materials ProblemStatement Abstract Good Ideas Computer Aided Design PrepareTransformation Energy Design Specifications Object Neutral GatheringData Solid_Modeling Transform Materials Information Function Structure Defined Faciors _NegotiatingwithClient Tolerances EnergyConversion Concept Relationships _Negotiatingwith

ResearchandDevelopment

ManufacturingProcess

Connection PreliminaryLayout Substantiation

Negotiatingwith

Costing

DimensionalLayout Results _{Manufacturing}

DetailandAssembly From EmployingHeuristic

Drawings

Application

ResearchjndDevelopment Fieldtest

Presentation

ProductManagement Funcdon Needs

Configuration Orientation

Layout Maximum Ratio

Production Design MaximumForces

Design Data Control Maximum velocity

ProductAnalysis AverageEfficiency

AverageLite Cycle

Relative Cost

Appendix

lb

Collected

Processes

Engineering

Engineering I'roblem-SolvingMethodologies:_{Related Methods}

j

i,^___i_i________________ __________2 ____ j___2

Overall Cost Workspace Design factors

Initial Cost Posse, Management

Annualcost Transducer _Working

RunningCost ProcessorofInformation _Auxiliary

TiackcrandConirollei

Person WithMotives,

Emotions,Habits

Phase

Event

Task

Decision

PlanningAction

Trouble_{Shooting Sequencing}

Modifications

Tactics

Interdependence

ElaborationofProblem

ConceptualDesign

LayingOut

Elaboration

The Design Process

Appendix

lb

Collected

Processes

Engineering

Process Architecture ProcessDefinition Process Plan ProcessDesign EnactablcProcess Model Input/OutputDescription'

I land Example

MathematicalAnalysis I landCalculation (Excel

AlgorithmDevelopment

Define DataStructures Decompose Problem

Write Code

Virginia Tech. Student

Goal

IaskAllocation

Synthesis

MathematicalModeling

SolidModeling

DIM/DFA

SystemAssembly

TimeAllnca i

Observations.Conclusion [ask Specification Concept Preliminary Lay Definitive Layoi Documentation Solution Identification Design Objective Solution Aitcrnai PrimaryDesign Russian Engineer IdentifyProblem Formulate Problem

<.uegori/eProblem

IdentifyProblem

IdentifyTools

Processof_UsingTools EvaluateResults

Think Design Ulm School

Initialproblem

Problem

Deign Variables Research

CreateBasicCot,cep,

Diverge,,,1hinlung Analysis

Convergentflunking Survey

ofSuppli

Optimisation

rs

Communication

Detailing

FinalProduct Calculations

Prototyping

Final Changes/ Prodm

Appendix

lb

Collected Processes

Engineering

EngineeringProblem-Sols_ingMethodologies:

Working

Methods

Ease OF Operation

Reliability

Durable

Weight

l-unciion Fodevelopasolutionto a problemthrougha

siep-hy-DetcrmincdProperties stepprocess where you work

Operational Properties finalpom,

Ergonomics

fodevelopanddiscover manydifferentsolutionsto a problem ,nhopes10 gel

on adirectiontotakethe problem

Problem Recognition

ProblemIdentification

MakingAssumptions

GeneratingAlternatives

Size Appearance Choice

Safecy Distribution Implementation

Proper UseofResources

Aesthetics

Requirementsand

1 Vlivcrv 1.iwsStandards

Manufacturing

DesignProperties

The Design Process

Appendix

2

Reservoir

_{of Terms}

Know Terms Related TermsandWords

Problem _Acceptance,Problem Recognition,

Identify

Unreliability, ProblemStatement,

Identification,

Identify

Problem, Problem, Initial Problem, Elaborationof

Problem, DefineProblem, Identify, Identity,

Identify

Purpose,Preparation Phase

Research _Research, DataCollection, Information Phase, Inputs,Observation

Analysis Analysis, Failure Predictor, Design Variables, DivergentThinking, Energy,

Why, Thinking, Saturation

Synthesis Synthesis, ProblemStructure, Sequencing, Tolerances,

Defining

Factors,Structure,

Transform_{Materials, Orientation, Configuration, Specifications, Objectives,}

CategorizeProblem, Survey, ProcessPlan,Operational Properties, Criteria

Development, Definition, Problem Definition, Incubation, Analogies,

Conception, Equation

Ideation Ideation,Illumination,Schematic Plan, Transformation, Form, Concept, Surface,

Preliminaries,Development,Operation, Ideate, Design,GenerateAlternatives,

Accommodate, ParallelStrategies, Simulator Creative_{Phase, Showing,}

Substantiation, Prototype, Composition,

Sensitivity

to_{Humans, Inspiration,}

Generating

Alternatives, Processdesign,Algorithm Development, Mathematical

Modeling, BasicConcept,Negotiating,Tolerances, Transducer, Elaboration,

Spontaneous Thoughts

Selection IdeaSelection, Choice, Outputs, Specify,

Geometry

Found, Dimensional _Layout,

Results, Making,Selection Phase, Decide,SystemAssembly, Enactable Process,

Documentation, Identify,Communication

Implementation Requirements, Solution, Implementation,Communication, Connection, Detail,

Assembly

Drawing,Presentation,Costing, Decision, Action, Appearance,

Long

TermSolution,Final Design,FinalComposition, Summary, Convergence,

Final, MaximizedOutput,

Apply

Data, Optimize, Outcome, Making, Optimum,

Geometry

Found, Success,The Ah-ha

Evaluation Evaluate, Outcome,Maximize, PerformanceTests, RetrospectiveEvaluation,

EvaluateProcess,

Identify

Inconsistencies

Appendix

2b

Preliminary

Processes Acceptance Research Analysis Prototype Alternatives

Geometry

Tests Problem Recognition Data Collection Failure Predictor Composition Idea Selection Requirements Evaluate Process Problem Statement Information Phase Design Variables

Sensitivity

to Humans Choice Solution Inconsistencies Identification Observation

Energy

Inspiration

Specify

Communication EvaluateProcess Problem Research Divergence Definition Illumination Final Composition Evaluate Initial Problem Information Phase

Energy

Incubation Schematic Plan

Summary

Outcome Define Problem Inputs

Thinking

Conception Form Final PerformanceTests

Identify

Observation Saturation Equation Concept Output Retrospective Acceptance Data Collection Analysis Conception Preliminaries Evaluation Implementation Problem Statement Research

Sequencing

Verification Final Solution Initial Acceptance

Gathering

Information

Programming

Structure Evaluation Solution

Beginning

Information Saturation Inspiration Illumination Implement

Identify

Inputs Divergent Outputs Implementation Retrospective

The Design Pn

Appendix

3

Diagrammatic

Flow Chart

Appendix

3

Diagrammatic

Flow Chart

k^$*t

So/uWev\

The Design Process

Appendix

3b

Application

3?

i

rt>

;

i

s

7-J

p

,ft e<ft.,ft s

S*

Softyf

<1YT

VcctWviC..?

1

||Re^A(fcK

T

_gefitoasKffl

Xft-<

V'V

V 1

S'silu+'ioV\

Appendix

3b

Application

*5SZZ*

The Design Process

Appendix

3

b

Application

3

Concept

DuringInn portionollho proco*. onoihouldlorm high lovolj.ot

obiiraclions,allowingoneielllodovekipideoi wiihouipro|udicat roilrkllOJtiIdociawill mergek^ji-lliorr,,lo lplil.don'i limitiho idooi lake ihoni looclearly dolincdpoinlNoil.>loc1 onIdoo llralcan

potentially'.olveiheproblom andbeginlo_develop

lurihe-0

&

Q E

A

to";

IT

9

-P-ffl

X

w

W

W

I I"

/

Pre-Evaluation

1.

Da,Al,oo.o ollb.proc.,. oo.lb* tori lor.bo.ft.

*T

nylected idaoi ondbeginlo Imlthocompatibilityofiho'doo

to theprobWidahnliKW

'ZZZZSZZZZZ2Z7XXZ

H

@

! *

^

@

@

(

+

$

?

(J.

(Jr

ss

^.

#

<&

o

\3/2000

r&ypTofpss-ional

@a

V^/Server

Appendix 4

November 1 8 15 18

Researchonphilosophy, Break Begins

g.d.andeng.processes Research

December 6 13 18

Revisionsonproposal,diagram Committee

and collect creative processes.

January 3 10 17 24 31

Finishresearch,constructcomparison, Committee

matrices,preliminary design Research Analysis Synthesis Ideation

February

Finish ideation,

startapplication

March

Createdisplayformat forthesisshow,start_writing

April

Finishapplication,

continue_writing

May

Refinewriting,

finish writing

7, 14 .21 26 Committee Finalize _SpringBreak

dieation

6 9 13 17 20 29

SetupShow Show Opens Committee Show Closes

Revision ofApplication _Writing

3 10

Editors Last_Writing

Committee Sign Off

17 24

Committee

20

Commencement

The Design Process

Appendix

5

Explanatory

Diagram

Creative

Problem-Solving

Analytical Thought

Engineering

and

Graphic Design

Problem-Solving

Acceptance Problem Definition Concept Development

Implementation Post Evaluation

Instinctual Thought

Engineering

/ Left Brain

Graphic Design / Right Brain

yes

Appendix 6

Evaluation Sheet

Is theintendedmessageoftheposters_easytounderstand?

yes no

PleaseExplain:

Is itclaerhowthedesignprocess works on theposter?

yes no

Please Explain:

Dotheposters_{successfully illustrate}thedesignprocess_{relationship between} graphic designand engineering?

no

Please Explain:

Istheinformationonthe posters arrangedin alogical and_easilyaccessible way?

yes no

Please Explain: