Efficient failure detection for point-to-point communication networks

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Rochester Institute of Technology

RIT Scholar Works

Theses

Thesis/Dissertation Collections

2006

Efficient failure detection for point-to-point

communication networks

Jeremy Dahlgren

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http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses

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GADM _ SFIMONQADHJy_f¨c NhFIKLA#_yP2e#_PJPhADa PJFIMG[DANhGA f_yPJNGA._HNQmA._yN2KADPhPh_sWA #_yP

mAAM HhA[DAFWAa cH2_ sWF\AM MGclaGAyNQ#_yNMGclaGA+F\P[DcWMGPJFIaGADHhAa &_FIf\Aa ? GA NQF\KA

y_fIEgAªFIP_2eGHhcyNQcl[cWfe#_Hh_KA^NQADHPhF\KF\f _HNhc W?c,[xGAD[xcWH _ &_FIf\EGHhAyA_[x MGc/agA

Ph[_MGP¨F\NhPfIF\PJN PJEGmgNhHQ_[^NQFIMgs A._[x«NQF\KAuPJNx_yKe HhcKNhGAU[EGHJHhAMON NhFIKLAeADHhF\c/a ? NhGA HhADPhEGfN

FIPTsWHhA_yNQADHTNh#_M WNh#_yNTMGclaGAFIPT_aGagAa NQcNQGAPhEGPJeAD[DN fIF\PJN?+F\sWEGHJA2p+agAeGF\[DNQPª_

PhFNQE#_)NQFIcM¨GADHhAªNhGA8sWHJcWEGe aGA^NQAD[DNQP_ &_FIf\EGHhAy? |M NhGFIPBA^zg_KLeGf\AªMGclaGA b NhAHhKLFIMG_yNQADP JEGPN

_ £NhAH¨PhADMGaGFIMgs2GA_HJNhmA_yNBKADPhPQ_ysWAP¨NQc NQGAScNhGAH¨MGclaGAPu_MGaeGHhcl[ADPhPJFIMGsLGA._yHJNQmA._)NQP HhcWK

¥ _MGa`8?#uclaGADPu}T#¥~_MGa #_.WASPhAMONu_MGa`eGHJc/[DAPhPJAaKADPhPQ_ysWAPBPhADM-N~_MGa«HJA[ADF\Aa _)N

NQF\KATFIMONQADHJy_f .? GA

_yfIEGA8F\P~ADClEG_fNQc«p&pGA._yHJNQmA._)N FIMONQADHJy_f\P^?UBc/agAP }ª

¥~_yMGa [xGAD[x NQGADFIH f\FIPJNhP _MGa MGcyNQFI[DA8NQ#_)N NQGA [EgHhHhADMONSNhFIKLA8FIMONhAHJy_f ~KLFIM-EGPSb P

NQF\KA PNx_KLe >HhADPhEGfNQPBFIM_ y_f\EGA&vdNh#_yNBFIP¨sWHJA._yNhAH NQ#_yMNQgA eADHhF\c/a%p{?}uP

_8HhADPhEGfN MGclaGAP }TG¥~g_MGa« _aGa,Mgc/aGA b:Nhc8NQGADFIHdPJEGPheA[^NBfIFIPN.?}~M«A^zg_KLeGfIAuc'NQGA [Dc/agA

A^z/AD[EgNhAa mO],}T¥~_MGa` FIP¨_PcWf\fIc¨P?

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N

(15)

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

C

B

A

6

2

6

1

2

6

2

6

2

(6 − 2) > 3

addSuspect( C )

(6 − 2) > 3

addSuspect( C )

(6 − 2) > 3

addSuspect( C )

F\sWEGHJAUp"a uclaGAP¨}T¥~_MGa` ADNQAD[DN~b

}~fNQGcEGsW }ª¥~ _MGa #_.WA _yaGaGAa MGc/agA b Nhc NhGAF\HPJEGPheA[^N,fIF\PJN. NQGA^] [cWMONQF\M-EGA`Nhc

PhADMGa,GA_HJNhmA_yNKLAPJPQ_sWADPNhc b~?/ HJc/[DAPJPBb K2_.] mAuNQADKecWHh_HhF\f\]8EgM#_._yFIf _ymGfIA aGEgA~NQcTMGADN

cWHhegHhcWmGf\AKLPg_MGa«K2_.]2mAD[cWKLAU_._yFIf _ymGfIABFIM,NQgA MGA._H E/NQEGHJA? uclaGASb PBgcWPJN¨K_.]mA

mGEGP]¨FNQ cyNQGADHKcHhASEGHhsWADMONU_eGeGf\FI[_yNQF\cWMGP? N F\P~_yPhPhEgKADa NQ#_yNuNQGAªEGeGeAH _egeGfIF\[._yNhFIcWM

f _.]AH ¨FIf\faGA[DFIaGA«¨GADM1NQc HhADKcA+_ MGclaGA HhcWK NhGA«sWHhcEGe _yMGa ¨F\fIf[Dc/cHhaGF\M#_yNQA«_yM-]

HhADKcy_f egHhcl[AagEGHhAy?

GADMGADAH,_ MGc/agAHJA[ADF\AP,_ KADPhPQ_ysWA HJcWK _MGcyNQGADHMGclaGA`F\NL[xGAD[xlP,FNPPJEGPheA[^Nf\FIPJN

_MGa1HhADKcWADPNhGAMgc/aGA`FuF\NLF\P NhGAHJA? bdcMGPhF\aGAH NQGAPhFNQE#_yNhFIcWMi¨GADHhA+_ MGclaGA`FIP NQADK

ecWHQ_HJFIf] EGM#_ymGfIA NQc`PhADMGa GA_HJNhmA_yNªKLAPJPQ_sAP8_yMGa6NhGA2cNhGAHSMGclaGAPSFIM NQgA2sWHJcWEGe<G_A

PhEgPheA[DNhAa«F\Nd_P &_FIf\Aa ? GAMNhGAMGclaGA~HJA[DcAHJP¨_MGa[DcWMONQFIM-EGADPPhADMGaGF\MGs8GA_HJNhmA_yNKLAP

PQ_ysWAPDgNQGA cyNQGADHMGclaGAPdNh#_yN HJA[DAF\ANQGA KLAPJPQ_sAP [xGAD[x2NQGADFIHPhEGPJeAD[DNBfIF\PJNQPd_MGa,HJAKLcA

NQgASegHhADlF\cWEGPhf],PhEgPheA[DNhAaMGc/agA?

&\ *`&7.O7.7.

k/F\MG[AUADAH]«MGc/agASPJAMGagP_ GA._yHJNQmA._)NuKLAPJPQ_sAUNhc ADWADHJ]`cNhGAH¨MGclaGAUADAHJ]«HJcWEGMGa4

KLAPhPh_sWADP_yHhA¦PhADMONA^WADHJ] TeADHhFIcla ¨¨GAHJA M F\PNQGA¦M-EGKªmADH,cªMgc/aGADP,FIM:NQgA

sWHJcWEGe ? }~P NhGA MlEgK8mADHUcMGclaGADPSF\M¦NQGA sWHJcWEGe sWHhc¨P'NQgALMgADN|cWHh ¨F\fIfZA^WAMONhE#_fIf]¦mA

clc/agAa¨F\Nh &_FIf\EGHhABaGA^NQA[^NQF\cWM«KADPhPQ_ysWAPD? lEgP#NQGA~ClEG_aGHQ_)NQFI[~M#_yNQEgHhA cNhGA GA._yHJNQmA._)N

_f\sWcWHhFNQGK f\FIKLF\NhPBFNQPA 4AD[DNhF\WADMGAPJPª_yPU_M¦ADYL[F\AMONS_MGa GF\sWGf]PJ[._fI_mGf\A &_F\fIEGHJAªaGA^NQA[^NQF\cWM

eGHJcNQcl[cWf%?

cPhcWfWASNQGATKADPhPQ_ysWA8EGPh_sWAªegHhcWmGf\AK`uA._yHJNQmA._)NeGHJcNQcl[cWf\Pu[_M EGPJA8aGADaGFI[_yNQADa HhADfIF _ymGfIA

MGclaGAPL_P GA_HJNhmA_yN PhADHJAHhPD? X _[x1KADK8mAH8[_M1PJAMGa NQGADFIH8gA._HNQmA._yNhP Nhc¦NQGA«PhADHJAH

(16)

&_F\fIAa4?}~fNQGcWEgsW NQGAª[AMONhHQ_f\FIADa¦PhADHJWADHUm#_PhADa GA._HNQmA._yNUPJ[xGAKLAPUHJAaGEG[DA8NQGA M-EGKªmADH

cKLAPhPh_sWADPBPJAMONu_MGaNhGAUcAHh_fIf b tEGPh_sWA cWM,NhGA MGclaGA GcWPNQP/NQGA PJAHJAHJP~_HJA PhF\MGsWfIA

ecWFIMONQPc &_F\fIEGHJAu_yMGa,[._M2HhAMgaGAHNhGA &_F\fIEGHJAuagADNQAD[DNhFIcWMP]lPJNQADK¬EGPJAfIADPhPF NQgAD] &_yFIf#NQGADK

PhADf\AP?8tuPhF\MGs`_M¦Af\A[^NQFIcM _fIsWcHhF\NhGK NQc«_PJPhF\sWM MGAD PhADHJWADHTMgc/aGADP [cWEgfIa¦GADfIe¦¨F\Nh NQGF\P

eGHJcWmGfIADKmGE/NagcWFIMGsBPhcBK_]mA A^z/eAMGPJF\AdFIMUNQADHhKLP'cGKLAPJPQ_sWADPEgPhAaª_MGaSA^z/A[DEgNQF\cWMTNhFIKLA?

}~MgcNQGADHU_f\NhAHJM#_yNQFWA8KLAMONhFIcWMGADa¦FIM NhGA fIFNQAHh_yNQEgHhAªF\P~NQc«cWHJsO_MGF\ASNQGA sWHJcWEGe FIMONhc«_HhFIMgs

PJNhHhEG[^NQEGHJA~_yMGa PhAMga2GA_HJNhmA_yN KADPhPh_sWAP _HJcWEGMGa NQgA HhFIMgsG? GA¨eGHJcWmGf\AK©¨FNQ NQGF\PPJNhHhEG[{

NQEgHhA¦FIP,HJA[DcAHJFIMGs HhcK K8EGfNQF\eGfIAMGc/agA &_FIf\EGHhADP? GA uA._yHJNQmA._)N«eGHhcNhc/[DcWf~agFIPh[DEGPhPJAa

NQgHhcWEGsGcWEgNNhGFIPNhGAPJFIP HJA AHJP cWMGf]NhcNQGA m#_yPhFI[8uA._yHJNQmA._)NUeGHhcNhc/[DcWf ? |M PhEgKK_HJ]`NQgA

m#_PJFI[8gA._HNQmA._yNS_f\sWcWHJF\NQgK FIPPJFIKLeGfIAª_MGa &_PJN mGEgNUFNEGPJAPS_f_yHhsWAª_KcEGMON c MGADN|cWHJ

m#_Mgag¨FIagNh+_yMGa`_PB_ HJAPJEGf\NBFIP MgcNBGFIsWgf\]Ph[._yf_mGf\A?

t

}~MgcNQGADHSN|]leA2c &_FIf\EGHhA aGA^NQAD[DNQF\cWM _yfIsWcWHJF\NhGKnF\PSNhGAegFIMGs`m#_PJAa PNQHQ_)NQAsy]W?`FIMGs`m#_PJAa

&_F\fIEGHJAuaGA^NQAD[DNQcHhP¨_HJAPhF\KF\f _HZNhc uA._yHJNQmA._)N eGHhcyNQcl[cWf\PdFIMNQ#_yNNQGA^],_HJA _f\Phc8C-EGFNQA~PJFIKLeGfIA

_MGa+A._PJFIf\]`F\KeGf\AKLAMONQADa ?

egecWPJF\NhATc BA._HNQmA._yN~eGHhcyNQcl[cWf\P_MGaNQGA %

4FIMgs

eGHJcNQcl[cWf\P _HhABA^zg_KLeGf\AP c " %

_f\sWcWHJF\NQgKPZF\MLNh#_yN NQgAD] EGPJA~KLAPhPh_sWADP Nh#_yNClEgAHJ]

MGclaGAP cWHF\M cWHJK2_yNhFIcWMª_MGaLHhADClEgFIHhA¨_ HJAPhecWMGPJA HJcWK NhGA¨MGclaGAPD? |M_Um#_PJFI[ eGF\MGs eGHJcNQcl[cWf

A._y[x+MGclaGAUeADHhF\c/aGF\[._f\f\] eGF\MGsWPB_f\f cNQgAH¨MGclaGAPD? } eGF\MGs KADPhPh_sWAS[._M`mA NhGcWEGsWONBc_PB_

HhADC-EGAPN KADPhPh_sWA? gAHhAD[AFWADHc'_SeGFIMGsTHhADPhecWMGaGPd¨FNQ,_yM_[x-MGc¨fIADaGsWKLAMON.? '_TMGc/agA

PJNhcWeGPuPhAMgaGFIMGs_[x-MGc¨fIAagsWKADMONQP~Nhc2eGF\MGs2KLAPJPQ_sWADPNQGADM+NQGATMGclaGATF\P~_yPhPhEgKADa+NQcG_A

&_F\fIAa4?FIMGs eGHJcNQcl[cWf\P _HJASagFIPh[DEGPhPJAaFIM w ¦> %_MGa o ?

}~PUKLAMONQF\cWMGADa ¨FNQ¦NQGAuA_HJNhmA_yNSeGHhcyNQcl[cWf\PFIKLeGHJcAKLAMONQPU[_M6mA K2_yaGA NQc,NQGALm#_)

PhF\[ _fIscWHhFNQGKRNQc,NQH]¦_Mga6F\KeGHJcWA ADYL[DFIAMg[D]W?

HhsW_MGFIDFIMGsNhGA MGclaGAPUFIMONhc_,PJcWKA8N|]leA

cdPJNQHJEG[DNhEGHhALK_] FIKLeGHhcWA A^YL[FIADMG[D]mGE/NTagcWFIMGs«PJcHJAC-EGFIHJAPSPhcWKLA KA_MGPUcd[clcWHhaGF\M#_)

NQF\cWM #_yP¨Af\f'_P¨A^zlNQHh_LKLAPJPQ_sAP¨NQc K2_yFIMONx_F\M2NQgASPNQHJEG[DNhEGHhAT_P¨MGclaGAP JcWFIM«_yMGaf\A._.WAUNQgA

sWHJcWEGe ? GA,FIMgs+eGHJcNQcl[cWf aGF\Ph[DEGPhPJAaiNQGHJcWEGsWgcWEgNªNhGFIPUNQgAPhF\PªHJA AHJP8cWMGf]¦NQc+NhGA2mG_PhF\[

FIMGs eGHJcNQcl[cf ?

\ & *«(l7.W);&

XZWADHJ] HJcWEGMGa:c NQGA+m#_PhF\[ FIMgs eGHhcyNQcl[cWf¨A._y[x:MGc/agA PhADMGaGP«_<eGF\MGs9

( %

!

KLAPhPh_sWA,NQc ADAH]1cyNQGADHLMgc/aGA«A^WAH] J

NhFIKLA,FIMONQADHJy_f%? GA J

NhFIKLA,FIMONQADHJy_fF\P

_eGHJcNQcl[cWfe#_Hh_KLADNQADH~PJFIKLFIf_yH¨Nhc2NQgA W NhFIKLAªF\M-NhAH_yfaGA^§#MGADa6F\M+NQGA8uA._yHJNQmA._)N

eGHJcNQcl[cWf%?ªFIsWEGHJA8v«aGAegFI[DNhPU_,sWHhcWEge ¨FNQ¦MGclaGA KLAK8mAHJP }ª¥u'b~'_MGa 8? gALMgc/aGADP

FIMgF\NQFI_fIF\A~NhGAF\Huf\FIPNQPu_yN~NhFIKLASF\MONQAHy_f ? GAª§GsWEGHhAªPhGc¨PMGclaGAT}©PhADMGaGF\MGseGF\MGs2KLAP

PQ_ysWAPUNQc,NQgAcNhGAHUMGclaGADPSF\M¦NQGALsWHhcEGe _yNUNQFIKLA8F\M-NhAH_yf ^?Bc/agAPT¥~b~'_MGa6 ¨F\fIf

_f\Phc«A^z/A[DEgNQA NQgALPh_KLALegFIMGs,eGHJc/[DAaGEgHhA_PU} _yNUNQFIKLA8F\M-NhAH_yf ^? }~M A^zg_KLeGfIA c dNQgA

(17)

"!$#"%'&)(+*-,.(/(0 12! 32,547698 :<;=(> 12! 32,54?6A@A8.(

@CBEDF(

@CGHDI(<J K

@ML>NM;5:

4+!+(21POQ!"4$4+#5R2!P6Q-(S*>T UED Y U`_

N

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

C

B

A

0

PING A

FIsEGHhA va Bc/agAS} F\MGsWPB¥~b~_MGa`

GADM _¦KADK8mAH HhAD[ADF\WADP2PJEG[x _¦eGF\MGs KADPhPQ_ysWA«F\N PhADMGaGP_M1_[x-MGc¨fIAagsWKADMON-

!

KLAPJPQ_sATm#_y[x2NQc NQGAUPJAMGaGADH?FIsEGHhAS PhGc¨PBMGclaGAPB¥~b~_MGa` HhAPJecMGaGFIMgs Nhc

} P eGF\MGs KADPhPh_sWAP mO]2PhAMgaGFIMGsL_[x-MGc¨f\AaGsWKLAMON¨KLAPJPQ_sWADP NQc }ª? GAM_8MGclaGAHJA[ADF\AP

_M,_y[xlMgc¨f\AaGsKADM-N¨KLAPJPQ_sA/NhGAeGF\MGsWADaMGclaGAFIP[cWMgPhFIagAHhADaNQc8mA _f\F\AuEGMONhFIfNQGAMgA^zlN

eGF\MGseAHJFIcla ?|M§GsWEGHhA8LMGclaGAS}©HJA[cHhaGPBNQGAT_[x-MGc¨fIADaGsWKLAMONQPHJA[DAF\Aa¦mO]¥~b~4_yMGa

mO] EGea#_yNhFIMGs«NQgAf\FIPJN ¨FNQ6_¦ cWHUA._y[x HhAD[AFWADa _[x-MGc¨fIADaGsWKLAMON.?,}uM6A{zg_KegfIA c

NQgA+[claGAA^z/A[DEgNQADa:m-]1MGclaGAP2¥~db~d_Mga 8 _PAf\f~_yPLNhGA _[x-MGc¨f\AaGsWKLAMON,egHhcl[APJP

eGHJc/[DAaGEGHJATA{z/A[E/NQAamO]«} _HhAS_PcWf\fIc¨P?

9, &5<(`"g'(

,?/2!"%+!Q,"! UHD (+*SU 8

4+!+(21POQ!"4$4+#5R2!P6Q-(S*>T U Y<G D ( U`_

N

9, &5<(`"g'(

,?/2!"%+!Q,"! U Y<G \DI(S*+U 8

12#+6"!CY<G ) P(+*-,.(/(0 12! 32,5476 _

N

(18)

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

C

B

A

1

0

ACK B

ACK D

ACK C

FIsEGHhAS2a ¥ub~_MGa`©klAMGa}~[x-MGc¨fIADaGsWKLAMONQP¨NQcL}

[ADF\Aa<¨F NQGF\M NhGA eADHhF\c/a PhF\MG[ALNQGA NQF\KA8NhGA2eGF\MGs«_PSPhADMON.?`FIsEGHhA «PhGc¨P

MGclaGAP }ªl¥~l_Mga agADNQAD[DNhFIMGsSNQGA &_FIf\EGHhA c4MGclaGAb~?lBc/aGADP}Tl¥~l_MGa PhADM-NdeGFIMgsTKLAP

PQ_ysWAP~Nhc«b~ _yMGa+NQgA

eADHhF\c/a#_P~A{z/eGFIHJAa ?UBc/aGA8b &_FIf\Aa_MGa aGF\a MGcN~HhADPhecWMGa

¨F\Nh _[x-MGc¨fIAagsWKADMONªKLAPJPQ_sWADP?2k/FIMg[A NQGA WdeADHhF\c/a #_PUA{zgegFIHhADa MGc/agAPU}ª'¥~

_MGa< Ph[_M<NhGAF\HTf\FIPJNhPTPJA._HJ[xGFIMgs cWHSKF\PhPJFIMGs_[x-MGc¨fIADaGsWKLAMONQPD?+Bc/aGADPª}T¥~_Mga

MGcNhFI[DA2NQ#_)N8NQGA^]iaGF\aiMGcN HJA[ADF\A_y[xlMgc¨f\AaGsKADM-NhP cWHªNQgAFIHªeGFIMGs+KADPhPQ_ysWAP NQc b~?}

deADHhFIcla¦#_P eG_PhPJAa<PJFIMG[DA8NQGA eGF\MGsd_PUPhAMONPJcMgc/aGADP }ª'¥~ _MGa _yaGa MGc/agA

b NQc`NQGADFIHTPhEGPJeAD[DN f\FIPJNhP?`#cWHUNQGAPQ_KLAHJA._PJcWMGP8agAPh[DHhF\mADaiFIM6NhGABA._HNQmA._yNTeGHJcNQcl[cWf

PhAD[DNhFIcWM Mgc/aGADPU}ª¥~ _MGa [DcWMONQF\MlEgALPJAMGagFIMGs«eGF\MGs,KADPhPh_sWAP Nhc`Mgc/aGALbADAM NQGcWEgsW

NQgAD]T#_.WA JEgPJN_yaGaGAaLb6NhcuNhGAF\HPJEGPheA[^NfIF\PJNQPD? gA &_FIf\EGHhA [xGAD[xªeGHJc/[DAaGEgHhAdF\P_yP cWf\fIc¨P?

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4

!"%?6 32,$4?6 _

N

GA eGHJc/[DAaGEgHhA cWHdHhAKLclFIMGs _TMGc/agA HhcWK NQgAPhEGPJeAD[DN¨F\PPhF\KF\f_HZNhc8NQGA BA._HNQmA._yNeGHhcy

NQcl[cf ? GAMgADWADHª_Mgc/aGA HJA[DAF\APS_,KADPhPh_sWA HhcKn_MgcNQGADH MGclaGA8F\N[xGA[x-PSF\NQP~PhEGPJeAD[DN

fIF\PJN¨_yMGaHJAKLcWAP¨NQgASMgc/aGA FF N FIP F\M,NQGAUfIF\PJN?

\ \ *`&7.O7.7.

}~McWmOlFIcWEGPuaGFAHJAMG[DATmADN|AADM¦NQGATuA_HJNhmA_yN~egHhcNhc/[DcWf_MGa F\MGsegHhcNhc/[DcWf'FIP¨NQ#_yNBNQgA

(19)

No ACK from C

addSuspect( C )

No ACK from C

addSuspect( C )

No ACK from C

addSuspect( C )

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

C

B

A

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

PING A

PING B

PING D

1

F\sWEGHJA "a uclaGAP¨}T¥~_MGa` aGADNhA[DNb

eGHJcNQcl[cWfPNQF\fIfEGPJAP KLAPJPQ_sWADP~eAHBHhcWEgMGa mGEgNBNQGF\P¨APJNhFIK_yNQF\cWM«GFIagAP¨NQGA &_[DNhcWH¨c

>ªNQ#_)NuF\P¨_[DNhE#_f\f\]eGHhADPhAMONB¨F\Nh«NhGASFIMGs eGHJcNQcl[cWf%?

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