Methodical Problems in Organic Farming Research
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(2) Methodical problems in organic farming research Holistic approach. Interdisciplinarity. Elusive criteria e.g. minimisation of entropy. asked for but not realised. Lack of cooperation. Science does not accompany value discussion. Emancipated development of methods. Is holistic research possible?. How to launch interdisciplinary cooperation. Discussion about normative research background (assessment). Methods and questions. Interaction between vision, concept and method. Values. Transferability. How to transfer research results. Praxis orientation. not enough praxis oriented. too much praxis oriented. coordination and priority setting. Source: Arbeitsgruppe Forschung, 2001: Wissenschaftstagung Weihenstephan, Dr. Alexander Gerber Koordinator für Ökologischen Landbau Universität Hohenheim (340D), D - 70593 Stuttgart.
(3) ”Values” Paradigma constraints 1. Organic farming research follows up natural science methods: Theory, hypothesis, experiment. Excludes • empiric sciences and methods, • large areas of engineering sciences • large areas of social sciences • art. 2. Why observations about “living life” have to be forced in and expressed by models or statistical terms? 3. To whom we are committed? Funding agency, scientific society, farmers, food production, ecology (biodiversity, landscape and environment)?.
(4) ”Values” Career constraints 1. Are we committed to please the ministry of agriculture? • •. Number of published reviewed papers/year Amount of external funds allocated from third parties. 2. Profile of the successful researcher • • • • • • •. Successful fund riser/salesman? Successful public relations officer? Successful manager? (budget size, number of subordinates) Successful publisher? (citatation reports, impact factors) Successful discoverer? Successful inventor? (number of patents) Successful farmer?.
(5) ”Values” Financial constraints 1. Research must repay •. Basic research neglected. E.g. Interaction edaphon <-> plant roots. How plants take up nutrients?. 2. Who is ready to finance organic farming research? • • • • • •. Farmers? Consumers? Trade? Food processing industry? Agro-chemical industry? Farm machinery industry?.
(6) Methodical problems in organic farming research Values. Holistic approach. Interdisciplinarity. Elusive criteria e.g. minimisation of entropy. asked for but not realised. Lack of cooperation. Science does not accompany value discussion. Emancipated development of methods. Is holistic research possible?. How to launch interdisciplinary cooperation. Discussion about normative research background (assessment). Methods and questions. Interaction between vision, concept and method. Transferability. How to transfer research results. Praxis orientation. not enough praxis oriented. too much praxis oriented. coordination and priority setting. Source: Arbeitsgruppe Forschung, 2001: Wissenschaftstagung Weihenstephan, Dr. Alexander Gerber Koordinator für Ökologischen Landbau Universität Hohenheim (340D), D - 70593 Stuttgart.
(7) Transferability: Useful models? ECOBAS a system for documentation of mathematical descriptions of ecological processes Crop Models • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. a selection of 641 models. BACROS: Basic crop growth simulator COME_ON : A Crop growth simulation environment CROP_ECOLOGY: Crop Growth Simulation CROPS: Crop and Soil system model CROPSYST: Cropping Systems Simulation Model CROPSYST_2: Cropping Systems Modelling Framework DAISY: Soil-plant system model DEMETER_SOIL_MOD: water-, heat-, nitrogen dynamics in soil DENLEFWAT: Dynamics of partial anaerobic, denitrification and water in soil EXPERT-N: soil-plant system model SUCROS1: Simple and Universal Crop growth Simulator SUCROS2: Simple and Universal Crop growth Simulator SWACROP: Soil Water and crop production model VEGIGRO: crop growth WWFLEVO: Growth model to simulate crop growth, optical reflectance and radar. Nitrogen/Carbon models • • • • • • • • • • • •. CANDY: Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in soils CARBON: Wageningen Carbon Cycle Model CARBON_IN_SOILS: Turnover of Carbon In Soil CARDYN: Carbon dynamics MINERVA: Minerva - nitrogen dynamics in arable soil N_ABLE: Nitrogen Crop Response Model N_CYCLE: A computer assisted learning module to model the Nitrogen Cycle in Grazed Grassland N_DICEA: Nitrogen Dynamics In Crop rotations in Ecological Agriculture NCRM: Nitrogen Crop Response Model NM: Nitrogen Movement in Soil Model ROTHC-26.3: A model for the turnover of carbon in soil SOIL-N: SOIL-N - simulation model for nitrogen conditions in soils. The ECOBAS project provides a system for documentation of mathematical descriptions of ecological processes. http://eco.wiz.uni-kassel.de/eco_model/about0.html.
(8) Transferability: problem solution? E.g. soil compaction • Soil-wheel research is done more than 100 years, but nevertheless soil compaction increases all over the world. Hugh quantities of (useless) results ?. “Soil Tillage Research”: 68 volumes à 10 articles and “Journal of Terramechanics”: 40 volumes à 20 articles = 1480 articles * 10 000.- €/article = 14 800 000.- €. • Do farmers need a device indicating permission to traffic the field (red or green light)? • If we know that wheel traffic damages the soil, why do we not use zero traffic technologies like gantry?.
(9) Transferability: acceptance in praxis? • E.g. nutrient leaching: if we know, that mixed farms are closer to the ideal of nutrient recycling than stockless farms, why do we not have a mixed research farm? • E.g. environmental hazards: dioxin content of Baltic herring is extremely high. Why officials recommend to eat in spite of the cancer risk? • E.g. environmental pollution: use of domestic fuel wood reduces CO2 impact. Why do we heat our research institute by fuel oil?.
(10) Future organic farming research methodical approach Holistic approach Interdisicplinarity Praxis relevance Funding criteria Diversity of methods. Criteria to finance interdisciplinary research. Start from grass root questions. Lobby longterm, holistic and interdisciplinery funding criteria. Sharing the work, inter- and transdisciplinary research. Scientific career asessment. Cooperative process science-praxis. Effectice self organisation. Goal oriented project management. Prototype farming, pilot farms, on farm research. Interdisciplinary panel and research institute. Farmers participate in decision making about project financing. Source: Arbeitsgruppe Forschung, 2001: Wissenschaftstagung Weihenstephan, Dr. Alexander Gerber Koordinator für Ökologischen Landbau Universität Hohenheim (340D), D - 70593 Stuttgart.
(11) Future organic farming research methodical approach Holistic approach Interdisicplinarity Praxis relevance Funding criteria Diversity of methods. Criteria to finance interdisciplinary research. Start from grass root questions. Lobby longterm, holistic and interdisciplinery funding criteria. Sharing the work, inter- and transdisciplinary research. Scientific career asessment. Cooperative process science-praxis. Effectice self organisation. Goal oriented project management. Prototype farming, pilot farms, on farm research. Interdisciplinary panel and research institute. Farmers participate in decision making about project financing. Source: Arbeitsgruppe Forschung, 2001: Wissenschaftstagung Weihenstephan, Dr. Alexander Gerber Koordinator für Ökologischen Landbau Universität Hohenheim (340D), D - 70593 Stuttgart.
(12) Why prototype farming? • motivates and convinces financiers and research staff by state of the art professionalism: produce healthy, high quality food • actual farm work sets research priority and asks the right questions: object oriented research • actual farm work supports interdisciplinary problem solution and research • at least the research method and the issuing management procedures are transferable to other farms even though results of on farm research may not seem to be transferable • actual farm work and on farm research challenge the whole human being: thinking, feeling and willing.
(13) Why prototype farming? • allows long term research and observation • makes experiences and observations of versed farmers of the region scientifically available • makes consumers curious: open the farm for public • enhances the farm vision from a production unit to a social organism including social education tasks like -. landscape preservation kindergarten school on farm shop health care senior care.
(14) Kindergarten. Foto: Anne-Marie Muhs. Source: top agrar 12/2002, p 12. Der Bauernhof als ständiger Lern- und Spielort" unter diesem Motto hat AnneMarie Muhs (37), Direktvermarkterin auf ihrem ,,Natur-Erlebnis-Hof Krummbek" bei Plön/Schleswig-Holstein, einen Kindergarten eingerichtet. Rund 16 Kinder im Alter von drei bis sechs Jahren werden in einem eigens dafür errichteten Holzhaus vormittags von einer Erzieherin und zwei weiteren Fachkräften betreut. Der Kindergarten wird vom Verein ,,Wurzelkinder e.V." betrieben. Der Hof dient den Kids als Abenteuerspielplatz, aber alles unter Aufsicht versteht sich! Beim Füttern der Tiere, Bestimmen von Pflanzen oder dem Beobachten der Hofarbeit wird ihnen auch die Landwirtschaft näher gebracht. Nachmittags bietet Anne-Marie Muhs Lehr- und Spielveranstaltungen für Kinder im Alter von drei bis sechs bzw. sieben bis zehn Jahren an. So feiern sie ein Danke-Schön-Fest, gehen mit Ziege Marlene, Lupe und Mikroskop auf Entdeckung oder lassen sich von ,,Rudi Rüssel" zum Basteln von Tiermasken anregen..
(15) Future organic farming research methodical approach Holistic approach Interdisicplinarity Praxis relevance Funding criteria Diversity of methods. Criteria to finance interdisciplinary research. Start from grass root questions. Lobby longterm, holistic and interdisciplinery funding criteria. Sharing the work, inter- and transdisciplinary research. Scientific career asessment. Cooperative process science-praxis. Effectice self organisation. Goal oriented project management. Prototype farming, pilot farms, on farm research. Interdisciplinary panel and research institute. Farmers participate in decision making about project financing. Source: Arbeitsgruppe Forschung, 2001: Wissenschaftstagung Weihenstephan, Dr. Alexander Gerber Koordinator für Ökologischen Landbau Universität Hohenheim (340D), D - 70593 Stuttgart.
(16) Goal oriented management • Participative decision making and funding funding agency farmer food processor researcher. trade advisor consumer. • Coaching co-operation • Coaching conflict management.
(17) Conclusions • Lobby long term, holistic and interdisciplinary funding criteria • Effective self organisation • Engage in public relation.
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