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This is a repository copy of

Modelling real-time dynamic substructuring using partial delay

differential equations

.

White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:

http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/79701/

Version: Submitted Version

Article:

Kyrychko, Y.N., Hogan, S.J., Gonzalez-Buelga, A. et al. (1 more author) (Submitted: 2007)

Modelling real-time dynamic substructuring using partial delay differential equations.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 463 (2082). 1509-1523. . ISSN 0080-4630

(Submitted)

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1836

[email protected]

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References

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