Efficient and Automatic Area Network Adjustment of Capacity and Coverage for Improvement of Homogeneous Cellular Network Using Femto Cells Technology

(1)

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-7, May, 2019



Abstract: Due to increasing number of users in mobile cellular networks, demands of networks have been growing around the global and also due to larger number network distributors and deployment of more mobile cellular networks, the demands of capacity, coverage and cost are increasing. The major problem with having more networks within small area networks is interference between networks and coverage. These problems are more in urban areas due to its densely populated areas and connectivity issues. In recent technologies, the heterogeneous and homogeneous wireless cellular networks have become dominant networks for minimization of problems said above. To address these issues, Modified Homogeneous Cellular Network (MHCN) and Heterogeneous Cellular Network (HTCN) are designed, evaluated and compared in terms of throughput, network coverage and capacity of networks for different ranges and between various nodes. The both networks use Femtocells and these cells are deployed around 30 with 6 base stations (BS). The combination of MHCN and HTCN are known as Multi-Hop Heteroheneous Cellular Network and it consists of femtocells place irregular within specified area for low power BS to have a communications between mobile nodes and BS through single or multi hops. Initially the coverage and capacity are investigated by using downlink MHCN’s and under the situation of Rayleigh fading channels, an capacity expression is derived by splitting the cell into femto and macro cells for the first time. Later on the effect of the density and transmitter power and also SINR are analyzed on the capacity by MHCN and the scenario is analyzed for the same cells under conditions of infrastructure area and Ad-HoC area which are direct and through hops communications. Finally, simulated results in NS3 and numerical values are conducted and validated to various data packets.

Index Terms: Femtocells, Macro cells, Coverage, Capacity, MHCN, MTCN, NS3, Mobile Communication, relaying.

I. INTRODUCTION

The achievement of versatile cell systems has brought about wide expansion and interest for pervasive heterogeneous broadband portable remote administrations. Information traffic has outperformed voice and is developing quickly. This pattern is set to proceed, with worldwide traffic figures expected to twofold every year throughout the following five years [9].

Revised Manuscript Received on May 10 , 2019

Mohan Babu.C, Research scholar, VTU, RC-Dr.AIT, Bangalore, Belgavi, Dr.B.Sivakumar, Professor, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Sridhar C S, Asst.Professor, SJC Institute of Technology, Chickballapur

An ongoing estimate demonstrates that the normal cell phone will produce more than 1 Gigabyte (GB) of traffic every month in 2015 [10]. The versatile business is, along these lines, getting ready to meet the necessity of GB traffic

volumes and give uniform broadband remote

administrations. These days, indoor and cell edge clients experience poor execution, in this way, such an ascent in rush hour gridlock rate request and administrations requires cell administrators to additionally improve and broaden their foundation. Despite the fact that this situation may appear to be valuable to the versatile correspondence advertise, it is prompting two undesired and hurting outcomes: first, consolidating the use identified with future framework necessities with the income pattern, a negative income for United States and western European administrators can be anticipated by 2014 and 2015 [11], individually; second, the development of remote system's vitality utilization will cause an expansion of the worldwide carbon dioxide (CO2) emanations, and force increasingly testing operational expense for administrators. Correspondence EE is for sure a disturbing bottleneck in the media transmission worldview. In Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, we give a diagram on the methodologies that are right now investigated by the media transmission network to adapt to information rate and EE requirements, individually. To improve the network capacity for cellular mobile network, there are major three methods of reconnoitered and these methods are satisfying the capacity and coverage and those three are

1. Increasing of capacity and coverage by increasing the number of sites in the homogeneous cellular network

2. Coordination of Inter cell interference implementation for evaluation of the radio access to increase bandwidth, antenna size increase and capabilities of the signal improvement and processing.

3. Deployment of low cost and low power nodes in the network

Current cell systems are normally sent as homogeneous systems utilizing a full scale driven arranged procedure. A homogeneous cell framework is a system of BSs in an arranged format and an accumulation of User Equipments (UEs), in which all the BSs have comparable transmit control levels, reception apparatus designs, recipient commotion floors, and comparative backhaul availability to the information organize.

Efficient and Automatic Area Network

Adjustment of Capacity and Coverage for

Improvement of Homogeneous Cellular Network

Using Femto Cells Technology

(2)

In addition, BSs offer unlimited access to UEs in the system, and serve generally a similar number of gadgets. The areas of the Macro BSs (M-BSs) are deliberately picked by system arranging, and their settings are legitimately designed to augment the inclusion and control the between cell obstruction.

Now, it is widely believed that spectrum extension, spectral efficiency improvement, and network density increase can improve network capacity [1]. Among them, expanding the system thickness is viewed as the best path by ending low power base stations (BSs) in problem areas, for example, miniaturized scale/pico/femtocells. In the mean time, with the guide of multi-bounce relayings at the limits, customary cell systems can both improve inclusion zone and increment the limit [2], [3]. Therefore, multi-bounce heterogeneous cell systems (MHCNs) conveying different low-control base stations overlaid with regular cell arrange are the propensity of future remote systems where the clients can relate with the BSs by means of a solitary bounce or different jumps with the assistance of different clients going about as transfer hubs. As a standout amongst the most essential framework execution measurements to assess remote correspondence frameworks, limit investigation as pulled in much consideration for quite a while. Unique in relation to the channel limit, which can be determined by Shannon hypothesis straightforwardly, the limit of remote system is progressively hard to characterize and ascertain [4]. There has been broad research committed to taking care of this issue, which falls into the accompanying two primary classes named limit scaling laws [5]– [10]. A mainstream logical methodology for HCNs is to display the area of BSs in HCNs as K-level freely circulated. Poisson point forms (PPPs) [19], [20]. SINR is a vital component to dissecting the blackout and throughput in HCNs and its dissemination can be gotten in shut structure in [20]. By figuring the reciprocal aggregate circulation work (CCDF) of got SINR, the creators in [19] inferred the inclusion likelihood for an arbitrarily chosen client, in this manner getting the normal rate. On the off chance that every one of the clients are permitted to get to all the BSs, one fascinating end is that when all the BSs have the equivalent SINR edge, the adjustment in the quantity of levels or their densities and their transmit forces can not change the inclusion likelihood in an impedance constrained situation. Fig. 1 outlines a MHCN with three-level BSs (full scale, pico and femtocell BSs) and portable clients. Albeit just a solitary full scale cell is appeared for straightforwardness, we think about the situation of numerous large scale cells in our examination. As in [19], we demonstrate distinctive classes of BSs as K-level (here K = 3) haphazardly found system hubs where every level speaks to a specific kind of BSs. They are recognized by relating BS thickness, transmit power and information rate. For instance, the full scale cells have lower BS thickness and higher transmit control than those of pico and femtocells. The BSs in the ith level are spatially conveyed as a free homogeneous PPP φi of thickness λi, transmit at power Pi and have a specific SINR target βi. The portable clients are additionally displayed as a free homogeneous PPP φu of thickness λu, transmit at power Pu and have a specific SINR target βu. The all out data transfer capacity B is isolated into two sections: θB for the transmission on direct connection, and (1 − θ)B for

the transmission on specially appointed connection. Note that 0 < θ < 1. Since the transmission on direct connection and specially appointed connection work at various recurrence groups, there is no impedance between them. Subsequently, the obstruction of the portable clients in framework mode originates from all the simultaneous transmitting BSs, while the impedance of the versatile clients in specially appointed mode originates from all the transmission hubs in a similar mode. We expect that the portable clients have two system interfaces with the goal that they can take a shot at these two distinctive recurrence groups with no common impedance. As such, the versatile clients who go about as transfers can get their own information from BSs and transmit the transferred traffic to the clients in impromptu mode in the meantime. As Internet information traffic has turned out to be prevailing in cell arrange, it's sensible for us to accept that every one of the bundles are created from BSs [3]. Along these lines, the transmission in foundation mode must be transmitted over the immediate connection and the transmission in specially appointed mode is transmitted right off the bat over the immediate connection and after that over the impromptu connection.

To improve capacity and coverage, cell systems can incorporate Femtocell Access Points (FAPs) [1]. FAPs are ease answers for together offer high information rate to indoor clients and offload the macrocell arrange. Statistical surveying shows the accomplishment of this novel innovation, which will prompt a thick and quick femtocell sending, particularly in urban situations. In any case, interfer-ence alleviation issues emerge because of the impromptu organization of nearby Access Points (APs) in the equivalent geological locale of the macrocell. In addition, clumsy femtocell tasks gen-erate vitality wastage; subsequently, versatile systems are required to productively arrange, oversee, and upgrade action of the femtocell network. The Dynamic Activation for Open Access Femtocell Networks offloading due to femtocell organization is a specialized answer for decrease operational expenses at versatile administrators. Be that as it may, the thick and spontaneous sending of femtocells can result in low EE, particularly in softly load situations. Besides, awkward femtocell transmissions create obstruction in the two information and control channels. Adjusting instruments can change the femtocell action regarding the client nearness and to the cell load, which prompts vitality sparing and

improved correspondence strength. Dynamic cell

enactment/deactivation instruments can improve the system execution empowering nearby APs to self turn off without neighboring end-clients [8,33].

(3)

The nodes deployed in the network has extra low-power nodes, may empower future cell systems to universal offer broadband remote administrations in economical manner. Among the diverse specialized arrangements accessible at portable administrators, for example, transfers, picocells, radio remote header, and dispersed reception apparatus frameworks, femtocells have as of late caught the consideration of both mechanical and the scholarly networks. Market examinations on portable systems guarantee that over 60% of traffic is produced inside [19, 32]; FAPs can empower cell systems to exploit this advancement of utilization. These APs offer radio inclusion through a given remote innovation while a broadband wired connection associates them to the backhaul system of a cell administrator as appeared in Fig.2.

1.1 Basic concept and definition of the Femtocell network in mobile communication:

Femto cell has a few advantages both to administrators and end purchasers. The last may acquire a bigger inclusion, a superior help for high information rate administrations, and a drawn out battery life of their gadgets. The favorable circumstances mostly originate from the decreased separation between an end-client terminal and the AP, the alleviation of obstruction because of spread and entrance misfortunes, and the set number of clients served by a FAP. Initially imagined as a way to give better voice inclusion in the home, FAPs are currently principally seen as a savvy wat to offload information traffic from the macrocell organize. In a cell organize, traffic is conveyed from an end-client gadget to the cell site and after that deeply arrange utilizing the backhaul of the portable administrator. With system offload, cell traffic from the UE is coordinated to a nearby AP; at that point, it is extended a fixed broadband association, either to the administrator's center system or to another Internet goal. This diminishes the traffic persisted the administrator's radio and backhaul systems, in this manner expanding accessible limit. The accomplishment of this novel innovation is affirmed by market gauge: 2.3 million femtocells have just been sent all around in 2011, and they are relied upon to be almost 50 million by 2014 [20,34]. Additionally, Juniper Research gauges that by 2015, 63% of portable information traffic will be offloaded. In this novel system design, macrocells and femtocells may have a similar range in a given land zone as a two-level system as appeared in Fig.3.. Consequently, cross-level impedance may definitely degenerate the unwavering quality of correspondences. As appeared, in Fig.3., cross-level impedance influences large scale clients (M-UEs) just as femto clients (F-UEs) making no man's lands around the meddled beneficiary. So also, neighbor FAPs having a place with same administrators may likewise meddle with one another along these lines creating co-level impedanc. ICIC plans are traditionally used to relieve between cell obstruction in cell systems; nonetheless, femtocell is not quite the same as the customary cells in its should be increasingly self-governing and self-versatile. Furthermore, the backhaul interface back to the cell organize is IP-based and likely backings a lower rate and higher idleness than the standard X2 interface associating full scale and picocells [22]. Some RRM calculations propose to utilize

full time/recurrence orthogonalization of simultaneous transmissions in the large scale and femto layers to maintain a strategic distance from cross-level obstruction. Be that as it may, these methodologies are a long way from the FR focuses of portable administrators and they doesn't decrease obstruction among neighbor femtocells, which can emphatically lessens clients execution, particularly in thick femtocell organization situations. The effect of impedance is exceptionally identified with femtocell get to control system. Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) are right now exploring three distinctive access control approaches: shut access, open access, and crossover get to [24,35]. Shut access conspire permits just a limited arrangement of clients, which is named as Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), to interface with each femtocell; open access FAPs, alluded to as Open Subscriber Group (OSG) FAPs, dependably license an endorser of access the versatile system; in the half and half Access approach, FAPs enable the entrance to all clients however a specific gathering of supporters keep up higher access need. In the CSG femto-cells situation, the issue of obstruction can turn into an essential bottleneck concerning QoS and execution of interchanges. Despite what might be expected, OSG FAPs limit the impedance issue in spite of the fact that security issues and high motioning because of handover methodology can decrease the general execution.

Fig.3. Generalized mobile cellular network for two-tier with base stations

1.2 Most Related work

Giving consistent support of fulfill clients need is the sign of

effective remote correspondence frameworks in

(4)

The proceeded with research in the field of portable remote correspondence will dependably give us options about how to stay associated dependably. Albeit the greater part of the models have appeared at increment arrange limit and increment throughput and how to diminish defer still there is more work to be finished. As the future will be heterogeneous in this manner the portability convention being chosen ought to have the capacity to adjust to various system topologies and different conceivable situations. More impetuses should be given to the end client about why he ought to be happy to help a client situated outside the cell inclusion. Greater security conventions likewise should be acquainted with improve the adequacy against any sort of assault by a client [26].

In this article, we have examined the execution of multi-cell MIMO framework with joint VBLAST/STBC handling for DL transmission and STBC preparing for UL transmission helped by transmitter preprocessing. We have drawn examinations between frameworks with and without TP and, additionally with other generally known precoding procedures. It is recognized from the investigation that the framework with TP can essentially improve the attainable SER execution in this way permitting help for more clients, and bringing about higher limit than customary framework utilizing a direct ZF indicator. Likewise, this examination has affirmed that the nearness of prevailing interferers can corrupt the framework execution. By and by, the execution gain in obstruction constrained situations is superior to in the clamor restricted situation because of the nearness of prevailing commotion in the last case. In addition, it is derived that ICSI can significantly corrupt the framework execution because of eigenvalue bother. With regards to multi-cell MIMO frameworks, it is additionally seen that SVD supported MUTP outflanks other precoding methods by moderating MSI and CCI. All through this article, we have made an optimistic supposition of ideal synchronization among the BSs. Our future examination will concentrate on the appraisal of the framework execution under flawed synchronization among BSs and system inertness [27]. The limit of MHCNs where the low-control BSs are distributed overlaid with the conventional full scale cells and the information produced from BSs is transmitted to their goals through one bounce or two jumps. The recurrence groups utilized by the transmissions from BSs to clients are diverse with those from clients to clients. Given that the distinctive classes of BSs and the portable clients are autonomous homogeneous PPPs, we determined the declaration of the limit. Contrasted and conventional cell organizes, the limit increase of MHCNs originates from the improvement of spatial reuse because of the cell part and the decrease of way misfortune due to the specially appointed access mode. Some vital ends were gotten as pursues: 1) When the given SINR edges of different levels are not all the equivalent, the limit can be improved by expanding the BS thickness and transmit intensity of certain level under the phantom effectiveness upgrade condition. Because of the cell part, BS thickness has preferred impact on limit upgrade over transmit control 2) when every one of the levels have the equivalent SINR edge, the limit increments directly with BS thickness since the unique reuse is improved. Additionally, the limit increments with SINR edge. There are various expansions of this work.

To start with, impedance arrangement or obstruction dropping will be considered. Second, it will be reached out to the situation of virtual numerous info different yield (MIMO) based helpful correspondences. At long last, the framework model could be additionally utilized for coordinated system with various radio access innovation [28].

(5)

II. METHODOLOGY

The proposed research work is mainly concentrates on network coverage and increasing capacity by using modified MHCN. In this network, 100 nodes are crated, among them 10 clusters are created and each cluster 10 nodes can take transmission of data from each node to BS’s solely either in femto cells mode. There are two types modes for data transfer such as infrastructure mode and Ad-HoC mode, if the SINR between node of the user and BS is more than the specified threshold, then the node operates the data transmission in infrastructure mode otherwise operated in Ad-HoC mode. For accurate transmission of data using femto cells, the probability of the coverage is represented Pc which is

associated with BS’s in infrastructure mode and Pca is the

coverage probability of the Ad-HoC then modified MHCN’s coverage of probability denoted as Pmhcn is expressed as

Pmhcn= Pc + Pca (1)

The femto cells data sending is depending on the Signal to Interference and noise ration (SINR) can be expressed as

(2)

Where Pc is given by

and

Where

2.1 Measurement of Capacity for the proposed MHCS’S

In measurement of capacity, measure the throughput average by considering overall nodes in the infrastructure and Ad-HoC modes individually. For the maximum throughput, the capacities of MHCS’s are calculated by considering the each node present in the network. At the end of the design throughput is depending on the BS density, total power of the transmitter, SINR threshold value of the MHCS capacity. UE's accessible at the system zone of MHCS’s and countenances higher obstruction by thinking about the both full scale and femto cells. At long last symmetrical recurrence division different access (OFDM) and round robin booking are connected to decrease impedance and ID of assaults. Flag to obstruction and clamor proportion (SINR) is an element of flag quality of accessibility like way misfortune, warm commotion and data transmission sharing.

At transmitter node: The SINR of transmitter for the proposed Femto cell which is part of the MHCS by a TNi and

its associated with the base station BSj, then the sub frame

(SFj) of each TN represents as

= (3)

Where TP is power consumed by node transmitter and CG is channel gain coefficient from the base station. is interfering base station of k and is thermal noise of UE i

At receiver node:

SINR received by a TEi associated with base station i

scheduled decreasing SF sub frames and receiving interference free signal will be

(4)

The acquired bit rate is most imperative and the normal piece rate to be gotten by a client is relies on the SINR beneficiary and furthermore relies upon data transfer capacity accessible at the objective base station.

Fig.4. Proposed flow diagram of network creation and nodes ID and communication assignment

In light of the quantity of clients dispensed with its objective base station, the got bit rate different, in this manner the recipient client bit rate is conversely relative to the base station distribution clients. So the accompanying different cell allotment systems are examined.

Deployment of the network

nodes

If new network has

creation

Exchange ID of the each node

Authentication and session communication

establishment

Agree transmission protocol and

speed

IP assignment

(6)

MHCS Receiver power wrt reference signal is the related to number of BS;s, the controls of the transmitter among the pico and femto cells are reduces the transmitter power in

fairness and the receiver power which is consumed by TEi of

the node Id is given

Fig.5. Simulated Scenario in NS3 for existing MHCS for the 30 nodes and 6 source nodes for the transmission of data from BS

Fig.6. Deployment of 30 nodes in randomly placed and formation clustering and identification of BS (shown in Red)

In the Fig.6 shows the dynamical data transmission with small black line coming from source node 6 and going to base station 0 which indicates data transmission.

(7)

[image:7.595.79.519.51.233.2]

Fig.8. Throughput and delay for the proposed modified MHCS’s Femto cells

Fig. 8 demonstrates the throughput and postpone inclusion likelihood of MHCNs varing with various SINR limit and it is discovered that the inclusion likelihood in specially appointed mode increments with SINR edge when the inclusion likelihood in foundation mode is bigger than 0.5, and diminishes with SINR edge when it is littler than 0.5. Under the condition that the hand-off clients speak with BSs dependably, the inclusion likelihood in specially appointed mode is controlled by the quantity of clients interfacing with transfer clients effectively. Figs. 8 and 9 demonstrate the impacts of (0 < < 1), the transmit power and SINR edge of level two on most extreme throughput of MHCNs. The per-client greatest throughput diminishes with the diminishing of θ which implies the division of assets between direct connections and impromptu connections decreases the most extreme throughput. In Fig. 8, the normal throughput increments with node 2 when = 5 dB and diminishes with it when = −3 dB.When = 5 dB, the SE upgrade condition is fulfilled, accordingly the expansion of transmit power will improve the ghostly proficiency, along these lines improving the greatest throughput of MHCNs while the outcomes are inverse when = −3 dB. The most extreme throughput does not change with node 2 under the condition that = 1 dB. It is on the grounds that that the otherworldly productivity does not change with transmit control when all the BSs have the equivalent SINR edge. From Fig. 9, we get that the most extreme throughput of MHCNs increments with BS thickness regardless of if the SE condition is fulfilled or not. In spite of the fact that the ghostly effectiveness diminishes with β2 when = −3 dB, the normal throughput of MHCNs increments with it on the grounds that the normal throughput increments directly with the quantity of BSs because of the spatial reuse.

Node Idi=Argj {MHCS receiveri,j}

The throughput of the proposed femto cell network in infrastructure is depending transmission of the data from BS to individual nodes directly. If the threshold of distance is then there is direct communication between mobile nodes for coverage under the condition of the

each node is allocated with the same bandwidth and its probability is given by

Where is represents the efficiency of spectrum for average transmission of data within bandwidth of the direct link and it is given by

The throughput of the proposed femto cell network in Ad-HoC , the information created from BSs ought to be first transmitted to the chose transfer client and afterward to goal client. Since the traffic experiences two continuous connections, direct connection and specially appointed connection, the connection with the base information rate turns into the bottleneck connect and decides the start to finish throughput. Hence, throughput of it is given by

The Multi-hop femto cell cellular network: Only femtocell are deployed by assuming x=1, then MHCS is modified for low power BS’s and its capacity is given by

III.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

(8)

For this implementation has two simulation files called Existing and MHCN and the Existing file has only one BS

and MHCN can have more number of BS according to user given input for total number of BS as shown in Fig.5.

Fig.9. Capacity improvement in modified MHCN’s femtocell network wrt SNR

(9)

Fig.11. Transmission of data packets through MHCN and Femto cells

The discovery rate of middle of the road hubs goes to 100% when the femto cell hub is around 5-10 feet from the first hub. So in these related activities were giving a superior act yet we proposed MHCN has higher execution of its tasks when contrast with existing all techniques. Typical hub built up the exceptional ID, Send area guarantee to all hubs, confirm mystery key, when the parcels touch base to the hub, the goes about as transfer to send bundles to goal. While aggressor hub extricates mystery ID from the typical hub, endeavor to send parcels to goal as shown in Fig.11.

IV. CONCLUSION

In this research article, we focused on capacity and low power BS’s analysis by using MHCN’s and are distributed overlaid with the conventional macro cells and the information produced from BSs is sent to their destinations through one single or two hops. The recurrence groups utilized by the transmissions from BSs to clients are diverse with those from clients to clients. Given that the distinctive classes of BSs and the versatile clients are autonomous homogeneous PPPs, we inferred the statement of the limit. Contrasted and conventional cell organizes; the limit addition of MHCNs originates from the improvement of spatial reuse because of the cell part and the decrease of way misfortune in view of the specially appointed access mode. Some imperative ends were acquired as pursues: 1) When the given SINR limits of different levels are not all the equivalent, the limit can be upgraded by expanding the BS thickness and transmit intensity of certain level under the phantom proficiency improvement condition. Because of the cell part, BS thickness has preferable impact on limit upgrade over transmit control. 2) When every one of the levels have the equivalent SINR edge, the limit increments straightly with BS thickness since the uncommon reuse is

improved. Besides, the limit increments with SINR edge. There are various expansions of this work. To begin with, obstruction arrangement or impedance crossing out will be considered. Second, it will be reached out to the situation of virtual multiple input various yield (MIMO) based helpful interchanges. At last, the framework model could be additionally utilized for incorporated system with various radio access innovations.

REFERENCES

1.K.Mallinson, “The 2020 Vision for LTE,” Tech. Rep. [Online]. Available: http://www.fiercewireless.com/europe/story/mallinson-2020-vision-lte/ 2012-06-20.

2.Mirza Golam Kibria,et.al, "A Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Multi-Connectivity in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology ( Volume: 67 , Issue: 10 , Oct. 2018 )

3.Y. Lin and Y. Hsu, “Multihop cellular: A new architecture for wireless communications,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Tel Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000, pp. 1273–1282.

4.P. Li, X. Huang, and Y. Fang, “Capacity scaling of multihop cellular networks,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Shanghai, China, Apr. 2011, pp. 2831–2839.

5.M. Haenggi, J. Andrews, F. Baccelli, O. Dousse, and M. Franceschetti, “Stochastic geometry and random graphs for the analysis and design of wireless networks,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1029–1046, Sep. 2009.

6.P. Gupta and P. Kumar, “The capacity of wireless networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 388–404, Mar. 2000.

7.Ahmed Al-Saadi,et.al, "Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Networks", 0018-9545, 2015 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/TVT.2016.2518931, IEEE, Transactions on Vehicular Technology

(10)

9.Mirza Golam Kibria,et.al, "Outage Analysis of Offloading in Heterogeneous Networks: Composite Fading Channels", 0018-9545, 2016 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/TVT.2017.2703874, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 10. F. Xue, L. Xie, and P. Kumar, “The transport capacity of wireless networks over fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 834– 847, Mar. 2005.

11. M. Naphade, G. Banavar, C. Harrison, J. Paraszczak and R. Morris, “Smarter cities and their innovation challenges,” IEEE Computer, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 32-39, Jun 2011.

12. S. Lee, J. Park, M. Gerla and S. Lu, “Secure incentives for commercial ad dissemination in vehicular networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2715-2728, Jul 2012.

13. K. Fu, Y. S. Chen, P. Cheng, Y. Yuk, R. Yongho Kim and J. S. Kwak,“Multicarrier technology for 4G WiMax system [WiMAX/LTE Update],” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 50-58, Aug 2010. 14. Jongyeop Kim,et.al, "Coexistence of Full-Duplex Based IEEE 802.15.4

and IEEE 802.11", 1551-3203, 2018 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/TII.2018.2866307, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

15. W. Ni, I. B. Collings and R. P. Liu, “Relay handover and link adaptation design for fixed relays in IMT-Advanced using a new Markov chain model,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1839-1853, May 2012.

16. L. Xie and P. Kumar, “A network information theory for wireless communication:Scaling laws and optimal operation,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 748–767, May 2004.

17. M. Franceschetti, D. Migliore, and P. Minero, “The capacity of wireless networks: Information-theoretic and physical limits,” IEEE Trans. Inf.Theory, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 3413–3424, Aug. 2009.

18. M. Grossglauser and D. N. C. Tse, “Mobility increases the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 477–486, Aug. 2002.

19. C. Zhang, S. Ariyavisitakul and M. Tao, “LTE-advanced and 4G wireless communications [Guest Editorial],” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 102-103, Feb 2012.

20. J. Lin, A. Vinel, S. Vassilaras, T. Zhang and K. Lo, “Special section on telematics advances for vehicular communication networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1-2, Jan 2012.

21. Q. Wang, P. Fan and K. B. Letaief, “On the joint V2I and V2V scheduling for cooperative VANETs with network coding,” IEEE Trans.Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 62-73, Jan 2012.

22. F. Dressler, F. Kargl, J. Ott, O. K. Tonguz and L. Wischof, “Research challenges in intervehicular communication: lessons of the 2010 Dagstuhl seminar,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no.5, pp. 158-164, May 2011. 23. H. Ilhan, M. Uysal and . Altunbas, “Cooperative Diversity for Intervehicular Communication: Performance Analysis and Optimization,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3301-3310, Sep 2009.

24. M. Jerbi, S. M. Senouci, Y. Ghamri-Doudane and M. Cherif, “Vehicular communications networks: current trends and challenges,” Handbook of Research on Next Generation Mobile Networks and Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 251 -262, 2012.

25. Milad Mahdian,et.al, "Throughput and Delay Scaling of Content-Centric Ad Hoc and Heterogeneous Wireless Networks", IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, 1063-6692, 2017 IEEE 26. M. F. Feteiha and M. Uysal ,“Cooperative transmission for broadband

vehicular networks over doubly-selective fading channels,” J. IET Commun., vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 2760-2768, Nov 2012.

27. M. F. Feteiha and M. Uysal., “Multipath-doppler diversity for broadband cooperative vehicular communications,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Kyoto, Japan, Jun 2011, pp. 1-6.

28. G. Zhang, K. Yang, P. Liu and X. Feng, Incentive mechanism for multiuser cooperative relaying in wireless ad hoc networks: A resourceexchange based approach, Wireless Personal Communications, pp. 1-19, 2013.

29. J. Laneman, D. Tse and G. Wornell, “Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: efficient protocols and outage behavior,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062-3080, Jun 2004.

30. W. C. Jakes, Microwave mobile communications, New York, USA: Wiley-IEEE Pr., 1994. [16] C.S. Patel, G. L. Stuber and T. G. Pratt, “Simulation of Rayleigh-faded mobile-to-mobile communication channels,” IEEE Commun., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 1876-1884, Nov 2005. 31. J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, Digital communications, 5th ed., McGraw-

Hill, 2008. [18] A. S. Akki and F. Haber, “A statistical model of mobile-to-mobile land communication channel,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 2-7, Feb 1986.

32. J. Soler-Garrido, M. Sandell and W. H. Chin, “Interference mitigation in an LTE femtocell base station using uplink antenna selection,” EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Networking, no. 1 , pp. 1-14, Nov 2012. [20] X. Ma and G. Giannakis, “Maximum-diversity transmissions over doubly

selective wireless channels,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1832-1840, Jul 2003.

33. Y. Ma, N. Yi and R. Tafazolli, “Bit and power loading for OFDM-based three-node relaying communications,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 3236-3247, Jul 2008.

34. T. Wang and G. B. Giannakis, “Complex field network coding for multiuser cooperative communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 561-571, Apr 2008.

35. Z. Yi and I. Kim, “Diversity order analysis of the decode-and-forward cooperative networks with relay selection,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1792-1799, May 2008.

36. S. S. Ikki and M. H. Ahmed, “Performance of multiple-relay cooperative diversity systems with best relay selection over Rayleigh fading channels,” EURASIP J. Advances Signal Process., vol. 2008, no. 145, pp. 1-7, Mar 2008.

1. (Journal Online Sources style) K. Author. (year, month). Title. Journal [Type of medium]. Volume(issue), paging if given. Available: http://www.(URL)

2. R. J. Vidmar. (1992, August). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3). pp.

876—880. Available: