Challenges in strategic facilities management : analysis of problems faced by university facilities managers in New Zealand and Australia : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PHD) in Construction,
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(2) CHALLENGESINSTRATEGIC FACILITIESMANAGEMENT: ANALYSISOFPROBLEMSFACEDBY UNIVERSITYFACILITIESMANAGERS INNEWZEALANDANDAUSTRALIA . ʹͲͳͶ . . .
(3) . CHALLENGESINSTRATEGIC FACILITIESMANAGEMENT: ANALYSISOFPROBLEMSFACEDBY UNIVERSITYFACILITIESMANAGERS INNEWZEALANDANDAUSTRALIA . MYZATULAISHAHKAMARAZALY ȏ ͲͷͳʹȐ . DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY (PHD) IN CONSTRUCTION Ƭ ʹͲͳͶ. i .
(4) TABLECONTENTS TABLECONTENTS LISTOFTABLES TABLEOFFIGURES. II VIII XVIII. ABSTRACT. 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 3. DEDICATION. 6. CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION. 7. 1.1. INTRODUCTION. 7. 1.2. BACKGROUNDTOTHERESEARCH. 7. 1.3. JUSTIFICATIONOFSTUDY. 11. 1.4 STATEMENTOFRESEARCHPROBLEM 1.4.1Researchaimquestionsandobjectives 1.4.2Researchmotivations. 12 13 14. 1.5GAPSINTHELITERATURE. 15. 1.6RESEARCHPROPOSITIONS. 16. 1.7RESEARCHSCOPEANDLIMITATIONS 1.7.1RESEARCHSCOPE 1.7.2LIMITATIONSOFSTUDY. 18 18 18. 1.8. 19. BENEFITSOFRESEARCHFINDINGS. 1.9STRUCTUREOFTHEREPORT. CHAPTER2:LITERATUREREVIEW 2.1OVERVIEWONFACILITIESMANAGEMENT 2.1.1Facilitiesmanagementincontext 2.1.2Theuniquenessofuniversityfacilities 2.1.3Rolesoffacilitiesmanagers 2.1.4Thechallengesfacinguniversityfacilitiesmanagers 2.1.5SolutionstothechallengesfacingUFMs. 20. 22 22 23 25 26 29 32. ii .
(5) 2.1.6KeyfunctionsintheFMcycle 2.1.7Conceptualframeworkforthestudy 2.1.8CurrentInternalchallenges 2.1.9CurrentExternalchallenges 2.1.10FutureChallenges. 34 37 39 41 50. 2.2SUMMARY. 52. 2.3ASSUMPTIONSUNDERLYINGTHERESEARCHPROPOSITIONS. 55. 2.4RESEARCHPROPOSITIONS. 56. CHAPTER3:RESEARCHMETHOD. 57. 3.1INTRODUCTION. 57. 3.2OVERVIEWOFRESEARCHMETHOD. 57. 3.3OVERALLRESEARCHSTRATEGY. 58. 3.4PILOTSURVEY:PLANNINGANDIMPLEMENTATION 3.4.1.INTRODUCTION 3.4.2.INTERVIEWSCOPEANDSAMPLINGFRAME 3.4.3INTERVIEWSTRATEGY 3.4.4SAMPLINGTECHNIQUE 3.4.5SAMPLINGSIZE 3.4.6INTERVIEWPLANNINGANDSCHEDULING 3.4.7QUALITATIVEDATAGATHERINGINSTRUMENT 3.4.8CONDUCTOFTHEINTERVIEWS. 63 63 63 64 65 65 66 67 67. 3.5.QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY:PLANNINGANDIMPLEMENTATION 3.5.1.INTRODUCTION 3.5.2RESPONDENTPOPULATIONSANDSAMPLINGFRAMES 3.5.3SAMPLESIZE 3.5.4SAMPLINGTECHNIQUEADOPTED 3.5.5QUESTIONNAIRESURVEY. 68 68 68 69 72 73. 3.6MODELTESTSURVEY:PLANNINGANDIMPLEMENTATION 3.6.1INTRODUCTION 3.6.2MODELTESTSURVEYINSTRUMENT 3.6.3TARGETPOPULATIONFORTHEMODELTESTSURVEY 3.6.4MODEOFSURVEY. 78 78 79 79 80. 3.7METHODSEMPLOYEDINTHEDATAANALYSES 3.7.1ASSUMPTIONS 3.7.2QUALITATIVEDATAANALYSES 3.7.3PRELIMINARYANALYSISOFTHEQUANTITATIVEDATA 3.7.4ANALYTICALPROCEDURESADOPTEDINTESTINGTHEPROPOSITIONS 3.7.5VALIDITYINTHEMEASUREMENTPROCEDURES. 80 80 81 81 86 87. 3.8RESEARCHETHICS. 91. iii .
(6) 3.9CHAPTERSUMMARY. CHAPTER4:QUALITATIVEDATAPRESENTATION,RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS. 92. 93. 4.1OVERVIEW. 93. 4.2PILOTSURVEYRESPONSES. 93. 4.3DEMOGRAPHICDATAPRESENTATION,RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS 4.3.1Interviewee’sofficelocation 4.3.2Interviewee’sdesignationintheirrespectiveFMdepartments 4.3.3Interviewee’slengthofexperience. 94 94 94 95. 4.4RESPONSESTOMAINQUESTIONS,ANALYSIS,RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS 4.4.1KeyinternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategicFMgoals 4.4.2.KeyexternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategicFMgoals 4.4.3Keychallengesfacingtomorrow’suniversityfacilitiesmanagers 4.4.4Practicalsolutionsforaddressingthechallenges 4.5CHAPTERSUMMARY. 96 96 102 108 109 119. CHAPTER5:QUANTITATIVEDATAPRESENTATION,ANALYSIS,RESULTS ANDDISCUSSIONS 120 5.1OVERVIEW. 120. 5.2QUESTIONNAIRERESPONSES 5.2.1DEMOGRAPHICBACKGROUNDOFTHERESPONDENTS. 120 121. 5.3FINDINGSINRELATIONTOTHEFIRSTOBJECTIVE. 123. 5.4FINDINGSINRELATIONTOTHESECONDOBJECTIVE 126 5.4.1BROADCATEGORIESOFINTERNALCHALLENGES 126 5.4.2SUBCOMPONENTSOFTHEINTERNALCHALLENGESCONSTRAININGTHEACHIEVEMENTOF STRATEGICFMGOALS 129 5.4.3BROADCATEGORIESOFEXTERNALCHALLENGES 137 5.4.4EXTERNALCHALLENGESCONSTRAININGTHEACHIEVEMENTOFSTRATEGICFMGOALS 140 5.5FINDINGSINRELATIONTOTHETHIRDOBJECTIVE 5.5.1PRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORADDRESSINGTHECHALLENGES. 148 148. 5.6FINDINGSINRELATIONTOTHEFOURTHOBJECTIVE 5.6.1Keyfuturechallengesfacingtomorrow’suniversityfacilitiesmanagers. 170 170. 5.7CHAPTERSUMMARY. 188. CHAPTER6:MODELTESTSURVEYS. 189 iv. .
(7) 6.1INTRODUCTION. 189. 6.2MODELTESTSURVEYSRESPONSES 189 6.2.1CASESTUDYI:UNIVERSITYA 190 6.2.2.CASESTUDYII–UNIVERSITYB 197 6.2.3CASESTUDYIII–UNIVERSITYC 199 6.2.4CASESTUDYIV–UNIVERSITYD 202 6.2.5CASESTUDYV–UNIVERSITYE 204 6.2.6PRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORADDRESSINGTHECHALLENGESFACINGUNIVERSITYFACILITIES MANAGERS 208 6.3RESEARCHMODEL 6.3.1Overview 6.3.2Researchmodel. 274 274 274. 6.4SUMMARY. 280. CHAPTER7:TESTSOFRESEARCHPROPOSITIONS. 281. 7.1INTRODUCTION. 281. 7.2TESTSOFPROPOSITION1.1. 284. 7.3TESTSOFPROPOSITION1.2. 289. 7.4TESTSOFPROPOSITION2.1 7.4.1CaseStudyI:UniversityA 7.4.2CaseStudyII:UniversityB 7.4.3CaseStudyIII:UniversityC 7.4.4CaseStudyIV:UniversityD 7.4.5CaseStudyV:UniversityE. 291 292 297 301 304 307. 7.5TESTSOFPROPOSITION2.2 7.5.1CaseStudyI:UniversityA 7.5.2CaseStudyII:UniversityB 7.5.3CaseStudyIII:UniversityC 7.5.4CaseStudyIV:UniversityD 7.5.5CaseStudyV:UniversityE. 311 317 324 326 329 331. 7.6TESTSOFPROPOSITION3.1. 334. 7.7SUMMARYOFPROPOSITIONTESTING. 336. CHAPTER8:CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 8.1KEYFINDINGSOFTHESTUDY. 338 338. 8.2IMPLICATIONSOFTHEFINDINGSTOTHEFMPRACTICE&CONTRIBUTIONSTOKNOWLEDGE343 8.3RECOMMENDATIONS. 344. v .
(8) REFERENCES. 347. APPENDICES. 364. APPENDIXA:. 365. DOCUMENTSUSEDINPLANNINGANDCONDUCTINGPILOTINTERVIEWS AppendixA1:Letterofrequestforinterview AppendixA2:Interviewee’schoiceofdateandtimeslots A3:Letterofconfirmationofinterviewschedule AppendixA4:Interviewquestions AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA4:Interviewquestions(cont’d) AppendixA5:Participantconsentform AppendixA6:Authoritytoreleaseoftranscripts AppendixA7:Researchassistantconfident AppendixA8:Transcriber’sconfidentialityagreement. 365 366 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381. APPENDIXB:. 382. DOCUMENTSUSEDINPLANNINGANDCONDUCTINGQUESTIONNAIRESURVEY AppendixB1:Coveringletterforthequestionnaireadministration(Informationsheet) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB2:Samplecopyofthequestionnaire(cont’d) AppendixB3:Formforrequestingsummaryofthekeyresearchfindings AppendixB4:Questionnairesurveyreminderletter AppendixB5:SupportingLetterfromTEFMA. 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393. APPENDIXC:. 394. DOCUMENTSUSEDINPLANNINGANDCONDUCTINGMODELTESTSURVEY AppendixC1:CoveringLetter AppendixC2:InterviewReminderLetter AppendixC3:Interviewee’schoiceofdateandtimeslots AppendixC4:Confirmationofinterviewschedule AppendixC5:InterviewQuestions. 394 395 396 397 398 399. APPENDIXD:. 402. GUIDELINETOCHOICEOFAPPROPRIATESTATISTICALTECHNIQUEFORHYPOTHESISTESTING 402. vi .
(9) APPENDIXE:SUMMARYOFKEYRESEARCHFINDINGSANDTHEACCOMPANYINGCHARTS& TABLES–QUALITATIVEDATARESULTSPRESENTATION E.1.PRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORADDRESSINGTHECHALLENGESIMPACTINGONSTRATEGIC FACILITIESMANAGEMENTGOALS. 411. APPENDICESF:. 424. QUANTITATIVEDATARESULTSPRESENTATION F.1MAINSTREAMQUESTIONNAIRERESPONSES. 424 424. F.2MODELTESTSURVEYS F.2.1CASESTUDYII–UNIVERSITYB F.2.2CASESTUDYIII–UNIVERSITYC F.2.3CASESTUDYIV–UNIVERSITYD F.2.4CASESTUDYV–UNIVERSITYE. 441 441 446 450 455. APPENDIXG:. 460. TABLESFORPROPOSITIONSTESTSRESULTS. 460. APPENDIXH:SUMMARYOFRESEARCHFINDINGS. 484. APPENDIXI:ETHICALCLEARANCEFORTHESTUDY. 509. APPENDIXJ:PUBLICATIONSOFRESEARCHFINDINGS. 513. 411. . . vii .
(10) LISTOFTABLES Table1:CategorisationofFMtasks(Source:TransfieldandAkhlagi,1995,p.45)................27 Table2:Internalchallengesfacedbyuniversityfacilitiesmanagers.....................................30 Table3:InstitutionalchallengesfacingUFMs.......................................................................31 Table4:Externalchallengesfacinguniversityfacilitiesmanagers........................................32 Table5:Solutionstothechallengesfacedbyuniversityfacilitiesmanagers........................33 Table6:Solutionstothechallengesfacedbyuniversityfacilitiesmanagers(Cont’d)..........34 ǣ ȋ ǣǡʹͲͲͻȌ.................................42 Table8:PESTELIAnalysisFramework(Cont’d)(Source:Alexander,2009)...........................43 Table9:Samplesizesfordifferentsizesofpopulation(assumingdataarecollectedfromall casesofsample)..................................................................................................................... 70 Table10:Samplesizeofthestudy........................................................................................71 Table11:Samplesizerequiredforthisstudy........................................................................72 Table12:Interviewee'sofficelocation..................................................................................94 Table13:Interviewee'sdesignationintheirrespectiveorganization...................................95 Table14:Interviewee'slengthofexperience........................................................................95 Table 15: Broad categories of internal challenges constraining on the achievement of strategicFMgoals..................................................................................................................96 Table16:InternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategicFMgoals–Finance ............................................................................................................................... ................97 Table 17: Internal challenges constraining the achievement of strategic FM goals Ͳ Operationalmethod/process...............................................................................................98 Table 18: Internal challenges constraining the achievement of strategic FM goals Ͳ Stakeholderneeds/serviceproviders..................................................................................99 Table 19: Internal challenges constraining the achievement of strategic FM goals – Manpower............................................................................................................................ 100 Table20:InternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategicFMgoalsͲMachinery /equipment......................................................................................................................... 101 Table21:InternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategicFMgoals–Materials ............................................................................................................................... ..............101 Table22:Broadcategoriesofexternalchallengesconstrainingtheachievementofstrategic FMgoals............................................................................................................................... 102 Table 23: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals – Politicalconstraints..............................................................................................................103 Table 24: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals – Economicconstraints...........................................................................................................104 Table25:ExternalchallengesconstrainingontheachievementofstrategicFMgoalsͲSocioͲ culturalconstraints..............................................................................................................105 Table 26: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals – Technologicalconstraints....................................................................................................106 Table 27: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals – Environmentalandsustainabilityconstraints......................................................................107 Table 28: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals Ͳ Legislativeconstraints..........................................................................................................107. viii .
(11) Table 29: External challenges constraining on the achievement of strategic FM goals Ͳ Institutionalconstraints.......................................................................................................108 Table30:Keychallengesfacingtomorrow'suniversityfacilitiesmanagers........................109 Table31:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Finance.........................110 Table32:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingexternalchallengesͲEconomicconstraints...113 Table33:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲEmergencymanagement116 Table34:Analysisofresponsestoquestionnairesurvey....................................................121 Table35:AnalysisofnonͲresponsetoquestionnairesurvey..............................................121 Table36:Respondents'designationintheirorganization..................................................122 Table37:Respondents'lengthofexperience......................................................................123 Table38:Broadcategoriesofcurrentinternalchallenges(C1)andissuesfacedbyuniversity facilitiesmanagers...............................................................................................................124 Table 39: Broad categories of current external challenges and issues faced by university facilitiesmanagers...............................................................................................................125 Table40:LevelsofimpactͲBroadcategoryofinternalchallenges....................................127 Table41:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲBroadcategoryofinternalchallenges....................128 Table42:RisklevelsͲBroadcategoriesofinternalchallenges...........................................129 Table43:LevelofimpactͲCurrentinternal(CI)challengesrelatingtoinadequateoperational finance............................................................................................................................... ...131 Table44:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtooperational finance/budget....................................................................................................................132 Table45:RisklevelsͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtooperationalfinance/budget ............................................................................................................................... ..............133 Table46:Respondents’responsesonthelevelsofimpactonthebroadcategoriesofexternal challenges............................................................................................................................ 138 Table47:Respondents’responsesonthefrequenciesofoccurrenceonthebroadcategories ofexternalchallenges..........................................................................................................139 Table 48: Respondents’ responses on the risk levels on the broad categories of external challenges............................................................................................................................ 140 Table49:LevelofimpactͲCurrentExternal(CE)challengesrelatingtopoliticalconstraints ............................................................................................................................... ..............141 Table50:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲCurrentExternal(CE)challengesrelatingtopolitical constraints........................................................................................................................... 142 Table51:RisklevelsͲCurrentExternal(CE)challengesrelatingtopoliticalconstraints....143 Table52:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentInternal(CI)challengesͲFinance.....149 Table 53: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges – Finance............................................................................................................................... ..150 Table 54: Practical solutions for addressing Current Internal (CI) challenges Ͳ Operational efficiency.............................................................................................................................. 150 Table 55: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges – Operationalefficiency..........................................................................................................151 Table 56: Practical solutions for addressing Current Internal (CI) challenges Ͳ Risk Management........................................................................................................................152 Table57:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforcurrentinternalchallenges–Risk management........................................................................................................................152 ix .
(12) Table 58: Practical solutions for addressing Current Internal (CI) challenges Ͳ Stakeholder needs/Serviceproviders.....................................................................................................153 Table 59: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges – Stakeholderneeds/Serviceproviders.................................................................................154 Table60:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentInternal(CI)challengesͲMaintenance ............................................................................................................................... ..............155 Table 61: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges Ͳ Maintenance........................................................................................................................155 Table62:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentInternal(CI)challengesͲManpower156 Table 63: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges Ͳ Manpower............................................................................................................................ 157 Table 64: Practical solutions for addressing Current Internal (CI) challenges Ͳ Health and Safety............................................................................................................................... ....158 Table 65: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges – Healthandsafety.................................................................................................................158 Table66:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentInternal(CI)challengesͲMaterials...160 Table 67: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current internal challenges – Materials.............................................................................................................................. 161 Table68:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentExternal(CE)challengesͲEconomic.162 Table 69: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges Ͳ Economic.............................................................................................................................. 162 Table70:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentExternal(CE)challenges–Sustainability/ environmentalissues...........................................................................................................163 Table 71: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges – Sustainability/environmental..............................................................................................164 Table 72: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges Ͳ Technological.......................................................................................................................165 Table 73:Practicalsolutions for addressingCurrent External(CE) challengesͲ Regulatory/ compliance........................................................................................................................... 166 Table 74: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges – Regulatory/compliance.......................................................................................................166 Table75:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentExternal(CE)challengesͲSocioͲcultural issues............................................................................................................................... .....167 Table 76: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges – SocioͲcultural.......................................................................................................................167 Table77:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingCurrentExternal(CE)challengesͲInstitutional ............................................................................................................................... ..............169 Table 78: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for current external challenges – Institutional.......................................................................................................................... 170 Table79:Predictedlevelsofimpactforkeyfuturechallengesfacingtomorrow’suniversity facilitiesmanagers...............................................................................................................171 Table80:Predictedfrequenciesofoccurrenceforkeyfuturechallengesfacingtomorrow’s universityfacilitiesmanagers..............................................................................................172 Table81:Predictedrisklevelsforkeyfuturechallengesfacingtomorrow’suniversityfacilities managers..............................................................................................................................173 x .
(13) Table82:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲEmergencymanagement ............................................................................................................................... ..............174 Table 83: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for emergency management challenges............................................................................................................................ 175 Table84:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲStatutorycompliance176 Table85:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforstatutorycompliancechallenges ............................................................................................................................... ..............176 Table86:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲSustainability.............177 Table87:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforsustainabilitychallenges........177 Table88:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲTechnology................178 Table89:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsfortechnologychallenges...........178 Table90:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲUserneedsassessment andsatisfaction....................................................................................................................179 Table 91: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for user needs assessment and satisfactionchallenges.........................................................................................................180 Table 92: Practical solutions for addressing Future (F) challenges Ͳ Business and financial management........................................................................................................................181 Table 93: Rating on impact levels of practical solutions for business and financial managementchallenges......................................................................................................181 Table94:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲOccupationalhealthand safety............................................................................................................................... .....182 Table95:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforoccupationalhealthandsafety challenges............................................................................................................................ 182 Table96:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲLeadershipandinnovation inFM............................................................................................................................... .....183 Table97:RatingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforleadershipandinnovationinFM challenges............................................................................................................................ 184 Table98:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challengesͲSpacemanagement...185 Table 99:Ratingon impactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforspacemanagementchallenges ............................................................................................................................... ..............186 Table100:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingFuture(F)challenges–Outsourcing............187 Table101:Ratingonimpactlevelsofpracticalsolutionsforoutsourcingchallenges........188 Table102:UniversityAͲLevelsofimpactforCIchallenges...............................................191 Table103:UniversityAͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCIchallenges...............................191 Table104:UniversityAͲRiskscoresforCIchallenges........................................................192 Table105:UniversityAͲLevelsofimpactforCEchallenges..............................................193 Table106:UniversityAͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCEchallenges..............................193 Table107:UniversityAͲRiskscoresforCEchallenges.......................................................194 Table108:UniversityAͲLevelsofimpactforFuturechallenges........................................195 Table109:UniversityAͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforFuturechallenges.......................196 Table110:UniversityAͲRiskscoresforFuturechallenges................................................196 Table111:SummaryofModelTestSurveyResults(CaseStudyIͲIII)................................207 Table112:SummaryofModelTestSurveyResults(CaseStudyIVͲV)(Cont’d)................208 Table113:PracticalsolutionstofinanceͲrelatedcurrentinternalFMchallenges..............211. xi .
(14) Table 114: Practical solutions for addressing current internal challenges Ͳ Operational efficiency.............................................................................................................................. 216 Table115:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentinternalchallengesͲRiskmanagement ............................................................................................................................... ..............219 Table116:Rolesinriskmanagement(FMASLevel:Lead)(Source:FMAA,2004;Adaptedfrom EnterpriseWideRiskManagement,CPAAustralia,Melbourne,2002)...............................220 Table117:Rolesinriskmanagement(FMASLevel:Manage)(Source:FMAA,2004;Adapted fromEnterpriseWideRiskManagement,CPAAustralia,Melbourne,2002)......................220 Table118:Rolesinriskmanagement(FMASLevel:Practice)(Source:FMAA,2004;Adapted fromEnterpriseWideRiskManagement,CPAAustralia,Melbourne,2002)......................221 Table119:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentinternalchallengesͲStakeholderneeds/ serviceproviders..................................................................................................................222 Table120:Practicalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentinternalchallenges–Maintenance.225 Table121:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentinternalchallengesͲManpower.....226 Table 122: Practical solutions for addressing current internal challenges Ͳ Machinery/ equipment............................................................................................................................ 229 Table 123:Practicalsolutionsfor addressingcurrentinternalchallengesͲHealth&Safety ............................................................................................................................... ..............230 Table124:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentinternalchallengesͲMaterials........231 Table125:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentexternalchallengesͲEconomic.......233 Table 126: Practical solutions for addressing current external challenges Ͳ Sustainability/ environmentalissues...........................................................................................................236 Table127:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentexternalchallengesͲTechnological238 Table 128: Practical solutions for addressing current external challenges Ͳ Regulatory/ compliance........................................................................................................................... 241 Table 129: Practical solutions for addressing current external challenges Ͳ SocioͲcultural issues............................................................................................................................... .....243 Table130:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingcurrentexternalchallengesͲInstitutional...245 Table 131: Practical solutions for addressing future challenges Ͳ Emergency management ............................................................................................................................... ..............249 Table132:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲStatutorycompliance....251 Table133:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲSustainability.................253 Table134:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲTechnology....................256 Table135:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲUserneedsassessmentand satisfaction........................................................................................................................... 257 Table 136: Practical solutions for addressing future challenges Ͳ Business and financial management........................................................................................................................259 Table137:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲOccupationalhealth&safety ............................................................................................................................... ..............263 Table138:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲLeadership&innovationin FM............................................................................................................................... .........265 Table139:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲSpacemanagement......268 Table140:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲOutsourcing...................271 Table 141: Opinions of New Zealand and Australia’s university facilities managers on the broadinternalchallenges....................................................................................................286 xii .
(15) Table 142: Opinions of New Zealand and Australia’s university facilities managers on the broadexternalchallenges....................................................................................................287 Table 143: Opinions of New Zealand and Australia’s university facilities managers on the futurechallenges.................................................................................................................288 Table144:OverallresulttestsofProposition1.1................................................................289 Table145:CrosstabulationfortestingProposition1.2ͲBroadinternalchallenges..........290 Table146:CrosstabulationfortestingProposition1.2ͲBroadexternalchallenges.........290 Table 147: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 Ͳ Broadinternalchallenges(UniversityA).............................................................................293 Table 148: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 Ͳ Broadexternalchallenges(UniversityA..............................................................................294 Table 149: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 Ͳ Futurechallenges(UniversityA)..........................................................................................295 Table 150: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentInternalchallenges(UniversityB)..........................................297 Table 151: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentExternalchallenges(UniversityB)..........................................298 Table 152: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – Futurechallenges(UniversityB)..........................................................................................299 Table 153: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentInternalchallenges(UniversityC)..........................................301 Table 154: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentExternalchallenges(UniversityC)..........................................302 Table 155: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofFuturechallenges(UniversityC)..........................................................303 Table 156: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentInternalchallenges(UniversityD)..........................................304 Table 157: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentExternalchallenges(UniversityD).........................................305 Table 158: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofFuturechallenges(UniversityD).........................................................306 Table 159: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentInternalchallenges(UniversityE)...........................................307 Table 160: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofCurrentExternalchallenges(UniversityE)..........................................308 Table 161: Cross tabulation and Spearman's correlation test for testing Proposition 2.1 – BroadcategoriesofFuturechallenges(UniversityE)..........................................................309 Table162:OverallresultoftestsofProposition2.1...........................................................310 Table 163: Generic matrix of variables for multivariate related sample analysis of concordanceusingKendall'sW...........................................................................................312 Table164:Exampleofanalysisofthelevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrence frequencyrankingsoftheinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfrom threesources.......................................................................................................................315. xiii .
(16) Table165:CaseStudyIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .318 Table 166: Descriptive statistics: Broad internal challenges for Case Study I (University A) ............................................................................................................................... ..............319 Table167:Meanranks:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA).............319 Table168:TestStatistics:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA)..........319 Table169:CaseStudyIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadexternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .320 Table170:DescriptivestatisticsͲBroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA) ............................................................................................................................... ..............321 Table171:MeanranksͲBroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA)...........321 Table172:TTestStatisticsͲBroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA).....321 Table173:CaseStudyIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthefuturechallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources. ............................................................................................................................... ..............322 Table174:DescriptivestatisticsͲFuturechallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA)..........323 Table175:MeanranksͲFuturechallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA)........................323 Table176:TTeststatisticͲFuturechallengesforCaseStudyI(UniversityA)....................324 Table177:SPSSOutput:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyII(UniversityB)...........325 Table178:SPSSOutput:BroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyII(UniversityB)..........325 Table179:SPSSOutput:FuturechallengesforCaseStudyII(UniversityB).......................326 Table180:SPSSOutput:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyIII(UniversityC)..........327 Table181:SPSSOutput:BroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyIII(UniversityC).........328 Table182:SPSSOutput:FuturechallengesforCaseStudyIII(UniversityC)......................328 Table183:SPSSOutput:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyIV(UniversityD).........329 Table184:SPSSOutput:BroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyIV(UniversityD).........330 Table185:SPSSOutput:FuturechallengesforCaseStudyIV(UniversityD)......................330 Table186:SPSSOutput:BroadinternalchallengesforCaseStudyV(UniversityE)...........332 Table187:SPSSOutput:BroadexternalchallengesforCaseStudyV(UniversityE)..........332 Table188:SPSSOutput:FuturechallengesforCaseStudyV(UniversityE).......................333 Table189:CrosstabulationfortestingProposition3.1ͲFuturechallenges.......................335 Table189:PracticalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallengesͲOperationalefficiency411 Table190:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Riskmanagement......411 Table191:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Stakeholderneeds/Service providers.............................................................................................................................. 412 Table192:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Maintenance..............412 Table193:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Manpower.................413 Table194:Practicalsolutionsforaddressinginternalchallenges–Materials....................414 Table 195: Practical solutions for addressing external challenges Ͳ Sustainability/ environmentalissues...........................................................................................................415 Table196:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingexternalchallengesͲTechnologicalissues..416 Table197:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingexternalchallengesͲRegulatory/compliance constraints........................................................................................................................... 416 xiv .
(17) Table198:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingexternalchallengesͲSocioͲculturalissues..417 Table199:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingexternalchallengesͲInstitutionalconstraints ............................................................................................................................... ..............417 Table200:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲStatutorycompliance....418 Table201:Practicalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallenges–Sustainability................418 Table202:Practicalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallenges–Technology...................419 Table203:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲUserneedsassessmentand satisfaction........................................................................................................................... 419 Table 204: Practical solutions for addressing future challenges Ͳ Business and financial managementissues.............................................................................................................420 Table 205: Practical solutions for addressing future challenges Ͳ Occupational health and safety............................................................................................................................... .....420 Table206:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲLeadershipandinnovation inFM............................................................................................................................... .....421 Table207:PracticalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallengesͲSpacemanagement......422 Table208:Practicalsolutionsforaddressingfuturechallenges–Outsourcing..................423 Table209:LevelsofimpactͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtooperationalmethod/ process............................................................................................................................... ..424 Table210:LevelsofimpactͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtostakeholderneeds/ serviceproviders..................................................................................................................425 Table211:LevelsofimpactͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtomanpower........425 Table212:LevelsofimpactͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtomachinery........426 Table213:LevelsofimpactͲCurrentInternal(CI)challengesrelatingtomaterials..........426 Table214:Frequenciesofoccurrence–Challengesrelatingtooperationalmethod/process ............................................................................................................................... ..............427 Table 215: Frequencies of occurrence Ͳ Challenges relating to stakeholder needs/ service providers.............................................................................................................................. 427 Table216:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtomanpower........................428 Table217:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtomachinery.........................428 Table218:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtomaterials...........................429 Table219:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtooperationalmethod/process.....................429 Table220:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtostakeholderneeds/serviceproviders........430 Table221:RisklevelsͲChallengerelatingtomanpower....................................................430 Table222:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtomachinery...................................................431 Table223:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtomaterials.....................................................431 Table224:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtoeconomicconstraints........................432 Table225:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtosocioͲculturalconstraints..................432 Table226:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtotechnologicalconstraints..................433 Table227:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtolegislativeconstraints.......................433 Table228:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtoenvironmental/sustainabilityconstraints ............................................................................................................................... ..............434 Table229:LevelsofimpactͲChallengesrelatingtoinstitutionalconstraints....................434 Table230:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtoeconomicconstraints.......435 Table231:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtosocioͲculturalconstraints.435 Table232:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtotechnologicalconstraints.436 xv .
(18) Table233:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtolegislativeconstraints.......436 Table 234: Frequencies of occurrence Ͳ Challenges relating to environmental and sustainabilityconstraints.....................................................................................................437 Table235:FrequenciesofoccurrenceͲChallengesrelatingtoinstitutionalconstraints...437 Table236:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtoeconomicconstraints.................................438 Table237:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtosocioͲculturalconstraints...........................438 Table238:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtotechnologicalconstraints............................438 Table239:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtolegislativeconstraints.................................439 Table240:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtoenvironmentalandsustainabilityconstraints ............................................................................................................................... ..............439 Table241:RisklevelsͲChallengesrelatingtoinstitutionalconstraints..............................440 Table242:UniversityBͲLevelsofimpactforCIchallenges...............................................441 Table243:UniversityBͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCIchallenges...............................441 Table244:UniversityBͲRiskscoresforCIchallenges........................................................442 Table245:UniversityBͲLevelsofimpactforCEchallenges...............................................442 Table246:UniversityBͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCEchallenges..............................443 Table247:UniversityBͲRiskscoresofCEchallenges........................................................443 Table248:UniversityBͲLevelsofimpactforFuturechallenges........................................444 Table249:UniversityBͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforFuturechallenges.......................445 Table250:UniversityBͲRiskscoresforFuturechallenges................................................445 Table251:UniversityCͲLevelsofimpactforCIchallenges................................................446 Table252:UniversityCͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCIchallenges...............................446 Table253:UniversityCͲRiskscoresforCIchallenges........................................................447 Table254:UniversityCͲLevelsofimpactforCEchallenges...............................................447 Table255:UniversityCͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCEchallenges..............................448 Table256:UniversityCͲRiskscoresforCEchallenges.......................................................448 Table257:UniversityCͲLevelsofimpactforFuturechallenges........................................449 Table258:UniversityCͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforFuturechallenges.......................449 Table259:UniversityCͲRiskscoresforFuturechallenges................................................450 Table260:UniversityDͲLevelsofimpactforCIchallenges...............................................451 Table261:UniversityDͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCIchallenges...............................451 Table262:UniversityDͲRiskscoresforCIchallenges........................................................451 Table263:UniversityDͲLevelofimpactsforCEchallenges..............................................452 Table264:UniversityDͲFrequenciesofOccurrenceforCEChallenges.............................452 Table265:UniversityDͲRiskscoresforCEchallenges.......................................................453 Table266:UniversityDͲLevelsofimpactforFuturechallenges........................................453 Table267:UniversityDͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforFuturechallenges.......................454 Table268:UniversityDͲRiskscoresforFuturechallenges................................................454 Table269:UniversityEͲLevelsofimpactforCIchallenges................................................455 Table270:UniversityEͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCIchallenges...............................455 Table271:UniversityEͲRiskscoresforCIchallenges........................................................456 Table272:UniversityEͲLevelsofimpactforCEchallenges...............................................456 Table273:UniversityEͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforCEchallenges..............................457 Table274:UniversityEͲRiskscoresforCEchallenges.......................................................457 Table275:UniversityEͲLevelsofimpactforFuturechallenges........................................458 xvi .
(19) Table276:UniversityEͲFrequenciesofoccurrenceforFuturechallenges.......................458 Table277:UniversityEͲRiskscoresforFuturechallenges.................................................459 Table278:CaseStudyIIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .460 Table279:CaseStudyIIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadexternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .462 Table280:CaseStudyIIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthefuturechallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources. ............................................................................................................................... ..............464 Table281:CaseStudyIIIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .466 Table282:CaseStudyIIIͲLevelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadexternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .468 Table283:CaseStudyIII:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthefuturechallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources. ............................................................................................................................... ..............470 Table284:CaseStudyIV:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .472 Table285:CaseStudyIV:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadexternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .474 Table286:CaseStudyIV:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthefuturechallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources. ............................................................................................................................... ..............476 Table287:CaseStudyVVV:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthebroadinternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthree sources................................................................................................................................ .478 Table288:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequencyrankingsofthe broadexternalchallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources...480 Table289:CaseStudyV:Levelofagreementofthesetsofrelativeoccurrencefrequency rankingsofthefuturechallengesfacedbyfacilitiesmanagersasobtainedfromthreesources. ............................................................................................................................... ..............482 xvii .
(20) TABLEOFFIGURES Figure1:Keychallengeforthefacilitiesmanagerontheinternalfront(Source:Transfieldand Akhlaghi,1995)...................................................................................................................... 10 ʹǣ ...............................38 Figure3:Threestagesofdatagatheringinvolvedinthisstudy(Source:AdaptedfromMbachu andNkado,2006)...................................................................................................................59 Figure4:Schematicillustrationoftheresearchstrategyadoptedinthisstudy...................62 Figure5:ConceptualframeworkͲOperationalcontextforthisstudy..................................83 Figure6:Flowchartofthepresentationofmainquestionnairesurveyresults–Operational finance............................................................................................................................... ...130 Figure7:Flowchartofmainstreamsurveysdatapresentationofcurrentinternalchallenges. ............................................................................................................................... ..............134 Figure8:Flowchartofmainstreamsurveysdatapresentationofcurrentexternalchallenges. ............................................................................................................................... ..............145 Figure9:Contemporaryandfuturechallengesfacinguniversityfacilitiesmanagers(Source: adaptedfromKamarazalyetal,2013).................................................................................276 Figure10:Researchmodelforthisstudy............................................................................277 Figure 11: Flow chart process for identifying risk levels of challenges impacting on the achievementofstrategicFMgoals......................................................................................279 Figure12: Snapshotofresearchobjectives,propositions andanalyticalmethods adopted. ............................................................................................................................... ..............282 . xviii .
(21) ABSTRACT ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ȋǤǤ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡǡȌ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǦǣȋȌ Ǣ ȋȌ ǢȋȌ Ǣ ȋȌ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǣ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ǣ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ 1 .
(22) ǡ ǯ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ Keywords:ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ . . 2 .
(23) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ ǤǤ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǤǤǤ Ǧ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ 3 .
(24) . ȋ Ȍǡ . ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ . ȋ Ȍǡ . Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ȋȌ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ Ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǥ ǡ ǤǤ ǯ ǤǤ ǤǤ Ǥ ǡǤǤǢǡ Ǥ ǦǦȋ Ȍǡ Ǧǡ ǡǡ Ǥ 4 .
(25) Ǣ Ǥǡǡ ǡǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǯ ǯǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ . . 5 .
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