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Some aspects of the ecology of the fairy penguin Eudyptula minor novaehollandiae (Forster) in southern Tasmania

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PLATE I

A YOUNG HAND-REARED FAIRY PENGUIN

This young bird, deserted by h i s parents ( W 0 and W1)

i n December 1959, was found starving when 21 days old, removed from h i s nest and taken t o be reared i n c a p t i v i t y among c a t s and dogs.

a A t t h e f l e d g l i n g stage.

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. .

.

'-.:?. . <'.,:, .~ . .

i b

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PLATE

I1

BURROWS

AT

THE NECK STUDY AREA

a A t y p i c a l burrow 1.5m deep, with a row of closely spaced bracken s t a l k s placed across t h e entrance t o ensure t h a t any e n t r y could immediately be detected.

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PLATE I11

A BANDED ADULT MALE,

Nh13

This b i r d , an unsuccessful breeder i n 1961-62,, was captured a t night when a r r i v i n g f o r t h e moult on 7.ii.62, then placed i n a cage t o be examined, weighed and

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PLATE IV

USES OF THE TWO LABORATORY TENPS

a

Two banded s i b l i n g chicks kiss-preening. The

photograph, taken i n s i d e one of the laboratory t e n t s on

31

.i.62, when they were 53 and

54

days o l d

r e s p e c t i v e l y , shows t h e r i g h t f l i p p e r band and r i g h t l e g band (single, wide; l i g h t blue) of one chick, NC39,

and t h e l e f t l e g band ( s i n g l e , wide, red) of t h e other,

NCLO. See Figure

L.5L

and Table 7.62.

b The second laboratory t e n t , erected i n a hollow so t h a t

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PLATE V

.

TECHNIQUES OF BANDING AND MEASURING

a A f l i p p e r band being applied t o the r i g h t f l i p p e r of an a d u l t penguin ( E 8 ) which i s s t i l l p a r t l y i n s i d e a c l o t h bag. A second penguin ( a l s o t o be banded, weighed and measured) i s within the second c l o t h bag. The c i r c l i p p l i e r s , l y i n g on t h e gloves, a r e used t o open t h e bands and t h e m l t i g r i p p l i e r s ( i n operation) t o c l o s e them.

b Measuring t h e length of t h e b i l l of an a d u l t penguin

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PLATE V I

TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING

AND

WEIGHING

a Measuring t h e f l i p p e r of a chick (NA1 ) from t h e a x i l l a t o t h e t i p . The c a l l i p e r s have been l i f t e d s l i g h t l y t o f a c i l i t a t e reading and t h e f l i p p e r i s no longer f u l l y out stretched.

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PLATE

VII

AERIAL SURVEY PHC[rOGRAPH OF THE

NECK

STUDP AREA

(1

963)

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PLATE

VIII

VIEWS OF THE N E C K

STUDY

AREA

a Looking southwards f r o m t h e Trig. point, showing t h e dividing r i d g e leading t o t h e summit of t h e main dune within t h e s t u Q area, t h e north east slopes, t h e north e a s t f l a t s ( i n t h e l e f t foreground) with t r a c k s leading i n f r o m t h e north e a s t ascending place; a l s o a p o r t i o n of t h e upper north west slopes, p a r t l y bare and honeycombed with burrows, contrasting with t h e scrub-covered f a r north west slopes ( i n t h e r i g h t foreground). The t e n t was erected on t h e north e a s t f l a t s , midway along t h e base of t h e dividing ridge.

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PLATE

IX

AERIAL SURVEY PHOTOGILAPH OF

THE

BORONIA

STUDY

AREA (1 969)

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VIEWS

OF THE BORONIA Sl'LJDY AREA

a Looking southwards, showing most of t h e small sandy beach and p a r t of t h e nrudstone platform a t t h e base of t h e c l i f f s .

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PLATE

XI

S I T E S OF NESTING AM) ROOSTING PLACES

AT

BORONIA

a

A

female

(K3)

incubating two eggs i n a shallow crevice a t t h e base of t h e c l i f f s .

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PLATE XI1

AERIAL SURVEY PHOTOC6(APH OF THE TARONGA STUDY AREA (1969)

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PLATE X I 1 1

S U N G BY THE METHOD OF CLQACAL EXAMINATION OF

BREEDING

PAIRS

a The c l o a c a of t h e female breeding b i r d

(N59)

a t o v i p o s i t i o n .

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PLATE

X N

EARLY

STAGES IN THE MOUEl! OF THE MALE ~ & 1 3

The opening up process u n t i l t h e shedding of t h e first

f e a t h e r s . This b i r d was photographed a t noon each day from 8.ii.62 t o 27.ii.62 (see P l a t e I11 f o r Day 1 ).

a

Day

h

(11 . i i . 6 2 )

The o l d f e a t h e r s s t i l l l i e f l a t and f e e l stiff except on t h e head and neck, where t h e new f e a t h e r s a r e j u s t breaking through t h e skin, each within i t s sheath and

a t t a c h e d t o t h e base of t h e corresponding o l d f e a t h e r .

b Day

5

(12.ii.62)

The o l d f e a t h e r s no longer l i e f l a t on t h e back, neck and crown. The new f e a t h e r s a r e well through up t o

3mm

long i n t h e middle of t h e back, carrying t h e old

f e a t h e r s up on t h e i r t i p s .

c Day

7

( l h . i i . 6 2 )

The o l d f e a t h e r s a r e opening and becoming s l i g h t l y untidy, even on t h e abdomen. Three have been shed. The new f e a t h e r s a r e up t o 11.5m long i n t h e middle of t h e back.

d

Dw

8 (15.ii.62)

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PLATE

XV

MTDDLE SAGES I N THE MOULT OF THE MALE a 1 3

The shedding of most of t h e o l d feathers.

a Day 9 (16.ii.62)

The o l d f e a t h e r s a r e well open, very untidy, loose and e a s i l y dislodged. S m a l l c l e a r patches a r e developing on t h e neck and t h e abdomen. The new f e a t h e r s on t h e nape a r e s t i l l short and remain within t h e i r sheaths. The skin of t h e f l i p p e r s i s very scaly.

b Day 12 (19.ii.62)

A c l e a r patch extends i n a r i n g around t h e neck. The new f e a t h e r s here a r e s t i l l short but have l o s t t h e i r sheaths. The lower abdomen i s c l e a r of old feathers. Tiny c l e a r patches a r e appearing on t h e back. The

skin of t h e f l i p p e r s i s becoming loose.

c Day 13 (20.ii.62)

Large patches a r e c l e a r of o l d f e a t h e r s on t h e abdomen, l e g s a n d n e c k and d l patches a r e c l e a r on t h e crown, f a c e and back. The new f e a t h e r s a r e still short on t h e neck.

d Day 14 (21 . i i . 6 2 )

The c l e a r e d areas a r e enlarging on t h e abdomen, legs, back, neck and head. A t t h e posterior edge of t h e f l i p p e r s t h e skin, with t h e old f e a t h e r s s t i l l attached,

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PLATE XVI

LATE STAGES I N THE MOULT OF THE MALE

Nk13

The shedding of t h e l a s t o l d feathers.

a Day 15 ( 2 2 . i i . 6 2 )

The o l d f e a t h e r s a r e s t i l l t h i c k on t h e nose, t h r o a t , shoulders and flanks. A t t h e a n t e r i o r a s well a s t h e p o s t e r i o r edge of t h e f l i p p e r s , t h e skin i s

s t a r t i n g t o peel. The skin of t h e nose i s a l s o peeling.

b Day 16 (23.ii.62)

Groups of o l d f e a t h e r s remain on the forehead, chin, shoulders, legs, lower abdomen and f l i p p e r s . A few s i n g l e o l d f e a t h e r s a r e l e f t on t h e back and head.

c Day 18 (25.ii.62)

Only a few o l d f e a t h e r s remain on the nose, back, shoulders and r i g h t f l i p p e r . The new f e a t h e r s a r e very dark blue and uniform i n colour.

d Day 20 (27.ii.62)

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me

mol.

$and i m w bem used t o d i s t W e h male end remalo birds except in a rm t a b l e e and diagram.

,,+lore, Micato% in tho a c c o m * llogcmde, t o enmve c-ty the l e t t e l a Y and P h.=w been Drnploged

J $ or $

-

0' m e d l o s PoiLre

3- or p

-

3 Rlirs o b a c r k d keep* nsqpaa but not bresding t a g s t h e r ? C' &male with oloaoa d w e d a t ovipooition

*

(U1D8 .ot '

Ascending Im. the Paat

AB

A 1 Ascend* ns tkm l e n t

' 0 e l e m of old f e ~ t M r e

c 1 ,

C2 order of hetoh* in paa any nee*

c3

Chiok(s) n-d t o t h e -a of a t l e a s t 5 reelre and banded

" not attended a f t e r +5 reeks, mt Landed

" Adopted flaturally

H a f t e r S u b s t i t u t i o n

Departed sucossahrlly, dnimm depart- m i g h t f o r # -

a pmvieionailly sexed d a i 900%

*

.

" female: 100g

" Imparted, Recovered d e a d s h o r t l y a f t e r enter* ees

' " Poeterod by alien p a r e n t s

dl*

chi&) Killed by a m -nt

s, h a t a f t m hrman i n t s r l s r o n c e

" Yiasing before i v l l y fledged, o r rhen fledged but below rmnimum s u c n s s i v l departure m i g h t Becovs:ad doad

* Substituted f o r a W e d sw o r a dead chick in

--.her n e s t

" . st-, removed (Taken t o be reared in c a p t i v i t y ) c o i t i o n

Disappeared prs-d dead

Doscsndisa to the Eaat

Dieplaying I n s i d e m a t i n g .or most* p l a f o by day o r

" Outside a t night ImacMdlng t o the l o s t

order of lsy- i n w one n e s t , not necenlnrily by t h e same f e r n l e

order of l q y i t y ~ by w one female, not, necessarily in the

-

neat

E g g ( = ) Broken

" D88erted

-

immsdiatsly ( f i r s t n i g h t a f t e r lay*)

" W i l e d t o M t c h a f t e r 4b weeks or m r e of incubation Egg-Laying period

%(a) Misolne .

ovicted fmm nest h attempted t o e n t e r

Egg(s) Raappo-d, formerly buried ~ l o ~ l i n g (sxoept when uaed to denote $) Failed in E r e d i n g

" " " t l r o e in ana se-

few f e a t h e r s left

f e a t h e r e not open

" ope- up

ivll m a t

Itmubating sege

s o t Incubat* ogse

Juve"ll.

Keep* Caww h i d e nesting o r most* p l a f a by dsy o r plght

" " with another d s h i d e nest

" as " " fede -8 " .

" " moult* og innest* o r most- piace by

647 o r a t ni@t

Keep* Conpany Outside a t n i g h t

* " with a pair of b-a i n s i d e nest

h a t miter human i n t e r f e r e n c e

barge patchee bare

Imt on Eaet s i d e

" " l e s t "

moult* (except rhen used Lo denote J )

" U a n e i n s i d e "eating o r most- plaoe " v i t h Yate " " " " " " Outside a t n w t ,

" lrlth n p a i r Of birds i n s i d e m e t - or most- p h a

" " several " m v 4,

" " a bird of the Same Sex h i d e n e a t h o r

moat- p h a

n o t obaemed Breed- (not n a e e s s a r i l y a m n breeder) BB Ascend* p l a f c

Poat-Cuard stage Chick(s)

Post-Chiok period

p 0 s t - w "

Post-Lloult "

&-Egg

-

p m v i s l o d l y sexed

Becovered dead

R o o s t W Alone i n s i d e n e n t a or roost- place

" wit11 Alir. Chic*) Rezoveted dead on Past s i d e Rocsting '.vith l a t e

.

" Outside a t night

R F C O Y C T C ~ dead on l e s t vide

-all pafcl:es bare

Stcoessivl in Breeding

" " " rearing sJng1s chick

" s, "

one O f t m ohicke " " " t m Chick.

. .

SE Asceding place '

Stand- Outoide a t night

el

tNmpet

t h m b b b

Unhanded Bird

Unidsntiiiad Bird

l i n t o r period

I h s e d s r nsstod M c e in one aooson

STME3 OP Rum L w x r m m a T

I ~ b m W

IA Qes shut, unable to -port head

LB " opening, beg- to hold head up

I1 Development of Becondary Dom

IIA hints appdu* ngr&m ITB " " -anathigha

T I C " " ahouldsrs

IID w loner neck

I I B upper neck 4 p o s t e r i o r f l 4 w r a

ID " om- md Uippr.9

I10 " " forehaad spd i n t e r i o r flippers

IIH '" nose

IIJ Beoondary d a m baoomiog thick, eyes changing colour, no blue f e a t h e r s y e t appeariog 1x1 -10-t of uult = a g e and h s a of b m

IIIA mu* rathers wp.aring tail

IILB I " " t h l & € d I l l d - k o k

uxa " " " BhovldOrs and f l i p p a r a

Ixm m

-

" ma and 1041. neck, d m b t l a

-

I I I B n w " h and upper neek

I I I B k m l o a t tail, fa00 M.1 M k W f l i p p e r s I110 " " hemi. l n o r b a c k , a u m m a a d n i p -

I I I B m L y lsfi M IUSS m M e k , ahDuldara aad haad

I I I J I

- -

0 r n rlqs

References

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