Feature Article
GEAR - COMPREHENSIVE REDEVELOPMENT OR CONFIDENCE TRICK ?
by Alasdair G M Nairn
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Strathclyde->
INTRODUCTION
The Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) project was portrayed at its birth in May 1976 as one of the largest urban renewal projects in Europe. In essence , the project represented an attempt to mount a coordinated comprehensive response to the problems of multiple deprivation. In recent years, however, the level of "extra" investment genuinely attributable to the GEAR project has been questioned (Booth et al 1 9 8 2 , Orton 1 9 8 2 ) . Orton (1982) for instance suggests that the whole project may be regarded as a "mere confidence trick". The purpose of this paper is to analyse the investment in GEAR in order that an estimate of "extra" expenditure attributable to the project may be derived.
BACKGROUND
It is not the intention of this paper to pass comment on the effectiveness of the various expenditures involved in the GEAR project. However, it is important that they be placed in the context of the magnitude of the problems facing the GEAR area. The characteristics of the GEAR area prior to the inception of the project were as follows:
1) The GEAR area covered some 4,000 acres including seven existing Comprehensive Development Areas (CDA's) and the Cambuslang Industrial Recovery Area. In 1976, over 20?o of the land in GEAR and 125 of the housing was lying vacant, leaving an overall impression of dereliction and decay .
2) Slum clearance and rehousing had caused the population of the area to fall by two-thirds between 1951 and 1976. This combined with selective migration had left a population with a disproportionate number of elderly, unskilled, and unemployed persons, consequently income per head was (and still is) extremely low.
* The analysis contained within this paper is the author's own and consequently no responsibility for the interpretation of the figures should be attached to members of the GEAR team. This research was carried out under an SSRC linked award.
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Table 1 Summary of Project Costs 1977-82
Scottish Development Agency(SPA) Land Assembly - Site Preparation factory Building
Environment, Recreation, Other
Strathclyde Regional Council(SRC) Infrastructure, Transport
Education, Social Services, Community Protection Services
Glasgow District Council(GDC) New Housing
Modernisation, Rehabilitation Other
Scottish Special Housing Assoc(SSHA) New Housing
Modernisation, Rehabilitation Other
Housing Corporation Local HA New Housing* Local HA Rehabilitation
Greater Glasgow Health Board
Manpower Services Commission
Other
Department of Health and Social Security Vol. Orgs, under Urban Programme
* HA=Housing Association
Source: GEAR Project Report '82
1977-82 (£000's)
8795 12751 12646
34192
13676 3573 2992
20241
14896 21111 11850
47857
14873 10577 188
25638
1860 17175
19035
1760
n/a
280
280
Active 1982/83 (£000's)
3532 3858 5466
12856
7358 294 1270
8922
1505 1500 852
3857
1505 5567
9509
9800
9800
1980
n/a
1060
1060
The analysis which follows details under the various headings chosen by the author expenditure in GEAR which may be considered "extra" ie which may have been stimulated by GEAR or protected from cutback by the GEAR project. However it should be noted that in some cases expenditures thus defined would, in the project's absence, have occurred sooner or later. The expenditure headings are as
3) Action by SDA Projects and Planning Directorate. 4) Action outside mainstream programmes of the SDA. 5) Projects falling within the Urban Programme. 6) Projects falling within the Mainstream Programme. 7) Administrative initiatives.
8) Administrative costs and future revenue costs
Scottish Development Agency Expendi ture
Within Industrial Programme
SDA expenditure falling within the industrial programme is comprised of two elements: land assembly and site preparation, and factory building. The Cambuslang Industrial Recovery Area was established prior to the inception of the GEAR project and, conseguent1y, expenditure associated with Cambuslang is considered to be "consistent with programmes outside GEAR". The relocation of Norit Clydesdale to Cambuslang for environmental reasons is however considered to be an item stimulated by GEAR. Table 2 details the factory units completed at 1982 by size and number of units.
Table 2_ Factory Provision Completed Projects 1977-82
Proj ect Type
Stimulated by GEAR
No of Floorspace Units
Cost £000s
Consistent with prog, out-side GEAR
No of Floorspace Cost
Units £000s
Under
1000m2 122 22925 6512
Over
1000m2 12 18060 3293
Refurbishments
1 3333 701
Conversions
2 11405
Purpose built
2 13611
Yards 1 4000 3440
100
Other (ie Templetons)
n/a* 9053 1558
128* 64327 12312 12 18000 3293
Source: Interpretation by the author of date from 1982,83 Project Programmes and Reports.
It is Agency project factori local Distric possibl On the speci fi develop land as related
esti expe H es i autho t Co e to oth c su ment. sembl to t
mated nditure owever , n other rities , uncil
argue er hand ch as The y and s he data
in T on it are th (GDC tha , t the
for ite
in
able 2 factor must b as of S us dep
) woul t certa here ar Templet egoing prepara Table 2
that y pr e bo cotl endi d ha in d e ce ons
arg tion
per ovis rne and ng o ve t evel rtai Busi umen pre
haps s ion ma in min after n the aken i opment n deve ness C t is a sented
ome y be d th disc stan n th s wo lopm entr 1 so
in £12.
att at t ussi ce o e ab uld ents e an rele Tabl
3 million ( ributable he SDA has on with the ne assumes sence of have gone a
that are d the Rim vant to the e 3, given
19%)
to th built
appr that GEAR, head clearl sdale
f igur that t
of the e GEAR advance opriate Glasgow it is anyway . y GEAR
Street es for hey are
Table 3 Land Assembly and Site Preparation 1977-82
Stimulated by GEAR
Area acquired Cost £000s
Consistent with progs, outside GEAR
Area acquired Cost £000s
19.52ha * 64.20
1020 2286
112. 7ha 5419
83.72 3306 112.7ha
* Clyde Iron Works Source: As Table 2
5419
Thus, to summarise Tables 2 and 3, it appears that of the £24.3m spent by the SDA in the period 1977-82 some £15.7m (64?J) may be considered "extra" or directly attributable to GEAR.
Table 4_ Environmental Programme (1977-82/83)
Completed 1977-82 No Cost( 000s)
Completed 82/83 Total No Cost( 000s)
General landscaping
works 68 5431
Preliminary backcourt)
imp ) 21 1423 Env. Imp. in HAA )
Treatment to Buildings 30 1260
Camlachie Burn Phi 1 167
Maintenance
514
170
177
395
1256
5945
1593
1437
167
395
9537 8281
Source: Interpretation by the author of data from Project Report '82 and '83, Project Programme '82 and '83.
3) Action by Projects Planning Directorate
The two items falling within the scope of the Projects and Planning Directorate were the Strategy and Programme and the GEAR Review. The Strategy and Programme (May 1980) identified six goals which would facilitate the achievement of the formal Scottish Office objective mentioned earlier. These goals were:
i) To increase residents' competitiveness in securing employment;
ii) To arrest economic decline and realise the potential of GEAR as a major employment centre;
iii) To overcome the social disadvantages experienced by residents;
iv) To improve and maintain the environment;
v) To stem population decline and engender a better balanced age and social structure;
vi) To foster residents' commitment and confidence.
4) Action outside Mainstream Programme
SDA expenditure outwith the Mainstream Programme (ie Industrial and Environmental) may be divided into three categories: capital expenditure, revenue expenditure and project administration. All of the expenditure within these catagories is considered to be "extra".
Table 5 Capital Expenditure 1977-82
Project Completed 1977-82 Programmed 1982-83
No of schemes
Cost (£000s)
No of Cost schemes (£000s)
New Play Areas and
Kickabouts 24 3202 282
Major new
recre-ational facilities 6
Anti-Graffiti Project 1
GEAR Centres 2 2600
24
82
5908
500*
782
Does not include SDA/GDC/SRC joint expenditure programmed for Crownpoint Rd by 1985.
of £2.099m
Table Progr schem astro the compr actio salar categ headi expen studi Commu Parli f acil the p
5 amme es o tur abse ises n y c ory ng ditu es nity amen itie repa
d .Ite n th f P nee
t Howe osts of e "coo res comm
C tary s, rati
etai ms e sc itch of he ver ,
as xpen rdin wer unit ounc and join on o
Is such ale
and a G GEAR no soci ditu atio e no y in ils
Cou t us f Pr
SDA as of t
cen EAR
te est ated re o n to t av itia and ncil e of ojec
ca the he C tre Proj am imat
wit utwi act aila tive ot rep edu t Re
pita GEAR rown are ect. sala es o h GE th t ion" ble; s , a her rese cat i port
1 ex Cent point thoug Th ries f sue AR wi he SD T the dviso loca ntati on fa s and
pend res
Roa ht t e ma on h co 11 b A Ma hese sch ry v i g ves , cili Ove
itur are d sp o be jor non-sts e re inst ite ernes isit roup SD ties rail
e o clear orts
unli item indus are a turne ream ms ar
incl s to s," A/SRC
by t Prop
utwi ly G comp kely of tria vail d to Prog e ei ude GEAR guar /GDC he 1 osal
th t EAR sp lex or to ha reven 1 and able .
late ramme ther u
vario firms terly
progr ocal s .
he ecif
the ve o ue
en The r . come ncos us
, me mee amme comm
Main ic,
Hel ccurr expen viron prob The s und ted o f easi eting tings of 1 unity
stream whilst envale ed in diture mental lem of
final er the r the bility s with
with eisure , and
Expenditure by Participants other than the SDA
This section analyses expenditure by participants other than the SDA, principally Strathclyde Regional Council (SRC), Glasgow District Council (GDC) the Scottish Special Housing Association (SSHA), the Greater Glasgow Health Board (GGHB) and the Housing Corporation through Housing Associations (H.Assn). A similar method of analysis was used to that employed for the
SDA e x p e n d i t u r e ; namely, the aggregated expenditures in the Project Report '82 were examined as to whether or not they could be considered "extra"; they were then disaggregated using the Project Programme , the results discussed informally with p a r t i c i p a n t s , and then finally updated using the 1983 Project Report and P r o g r a m m e s .
5) Expenditure within the Urban Programme
Appli or b au t ho subse appli for Progr f inan perio exten to b depen autho
cat i y a r ity guen cat i judg amme ced d o ded e fi ding rity
ons for Urb voluntary
If a t1y suppor on is for ement as to
A norm 75?o by ce f 3 years to 5 or eve nanced by t upon whe or was spo
an A gro vo ted ward
whe al p ntra
i n 7 he 1 ther nsor
id ma up th lunta
by ed to ther ro jec 1 gov n ex years ocal
the ed by
y be roug ry the
the or n t on ernm cept
. W auth
pro the
mad h th grou loca Urb ot i ce a ent iona here orit ject m.
e ei e ap P s 1 a an R t fa ccep and 1 ca
an y ri
was ther prop ubmi utho enew lis ted 25?;! ses exte ses
und direc riate t s an rity al Uni within by the by the the pr nsion to a g ertake
tly depa
ap (ie. t at
the Sco loc ojec is g reat n d
by a rtme plic GD the rem ttis al t f rant er o irec
local nt of at ion C or
Scott it of h Offi author inanci ed the r less tly b
au the whi SRC ish
the ce w ity ng
pro er y a
thority local ch is ) , the
Office Urban ould be
for a may be portion degree, local
The problems of identifying "extra" or GEAR specific expenditure encountered in other sections of this paper were greatly magnified for items financed by the Urban P r o g r a m m e . This is due to the fact that if an individual scheme is to be financed from Urban Programme funds, it must fall within the terms of The Local Government Grants (Social Need) Act 1969 and its various u p d a t e s . T h u s , the nature of a project alone would not identify it as GEAR s p e c i f i c , however there are some factors which point to special consideration being afforded to projects within the GEAR area. F i r s t , until 1982 Strathclyde Regional Council operated a priority list for the processing of a p p l i c a t i o n s , namely: GEAR first, Priesthill/Nitshill and Maryhill second and then all other APT's (Areas for Priority T r e a t m e n t ) . Secondly, the GEAR project commands great Ministerial political support as evidenced by the extension of the full grant period to five years in response to financial problems encountered by SRC. Thus, one would expect a greater degree of flexibility in Scottish Office handling of "GEAR" applications than would be the case for applications from other areas. F i n a l l y , there are schemes which by their level of funding (eg. SRC revenue funding of education £ 1 . 4 2 8 m ) or by their innovativeness, mark them as candidates for inclusion under the GEAR specific or "extra" heading. It is worth noting that in some cases GEAR has been used as a testing ground for innovative schemes which have thereafter spread to other areas of need. Thus the expenditure within the Urban Programme considered to have been protected or stimulated by GEAR amounted to some £2.6m, and included such items as capital and revenue expenditure on education and young people ( £ 1 . 7 m ) . The figure for expenditure within the Urban Programme consistent with p r o g r a m m e s outside GEAR amounted to some £2m (derived from Project Report P r o g r a m m e s ) .
Mainstream Programme
The items falling within the Mainstream Programme consist mainly of traffic management schemes and housing development. Tables 6 and 7 detail
resp "pro "con were just prog f ina prov stre and (and undo East now Park The priv comp (SDA cons proj Camb Simi prog £155 spec prog ecti tect sist ei ify ramm need isio et 1 ren CO ubta End spr head tot ate lete Re ider ect usla larl ramm .7m. i fie ramm vely ed ent ther inc ed f by n w ight ovat st) bly and eadi an al hou d o port ed Th ng y» e. T exp e. th or wit beg lusi or o SR as ing ion due sti f ac ng t d Br expe se b r un 19 like e Bo Reco GDC The hus , endi at e stimu h pro un be on. perat C in made impro of S to mulat ilita o oth idget nditu uildi der c 83). ly t glesh very and S tot eve ture xpendi lated gramme fore t It sh ion af eluded becaus vement hettle GEAR. ed by ted by er are on are re inc ng. onstru The o hav ole ro Area 5HA ho al ex n if may on ture by s ou he e ould ter in e of ston Th the the as . und lude An e ctio sch e b ad / whic usin pend pri ly h wh GEAR tsid nd o be 1982 Tab GEA For Hal e bu impr rel Th erst d in stim n in ernes een rail h wa g pr itur vate ave ich e'GE f 19 note is le 6 R, GDC, Is w ildi ovem ease e He ood Tab ate GEA in in o bri s de ovis e i sec acco could and th AR". 82 or d, ho by no inclu such a leadp as car ng of ent in of su alth C to be le 6 a of the R at 3 Table perati dges, signat ion we nclude tor ho unted be at wh The were wever means ded s the ipe r ried priva the itabl entre a pro mount cost 1 .3.8 7, on in for i ed pr re pa d in using for s cons ich prog of s , t exh item Ham epla out te gene e si s pr visi s to s of 3, on the nsta ior rt o Tabl cos ome idered to could be rammed ite uch a magn hat the li austive. s for wh ilton Road cement gai to a high housing i ral enviro tes, alth ovided by on specifi some £44 private h is put at the other
absence nee, are 1 to the bir f a city-w e 7 amoun ts are inc 29?o of the
ha CO ms itud st o The ich Ro ned er n G nmen ough the c t m e ousi some ha of inke th o ide ts lude ma ve nsid incl e as f i sch spe ute prio stan EAR t in thi GGHB o G xclu ng u £1 nd, a d to f G hou to d G inst been ered uded to terns ernes cial and rity dard was the s is at EAR. ding nits 9.2m are GEAR the EAR. sing some EAR, ream
7) Administrative Initiatives
The bulk of the Administrative initiatives were considered to be consistent with programmes outside GEAR. This was because they were either part of regionwide strategies (eg. SRC Young Person and Adult Education) or nationwide programmes (MSC, YOPs, etc.), of which the GEAR area by its nature would command a part. The major item which was considered "extra" was the joint SDA/MSC/SRC GEAR employment centre initiative, which provides 60 places for adults. The established MSC/SRC schemes on the other hand provided for some 1300 places.
I) Administrative Costs and Future Revenue Costs
It has proved impossible to estimate the total administrative costs associated with GEAR, however, there are data from different sources that indicate the order of such costs:
1) 1980-81 salary and overhead costs attributable to GEAR within the SDA were approximately £1.2m (Deloitte 1982).
2) the manpower allocated to GEAR by GDC Planning Department was some 550 man/months in 1978/79 - 1981/82 and 120 man/months in 1982/83 (GDC, 1982).
3) perhaps some £1m of the SSHA costs of maintaining their regional office in Glasgow may be attributable to GEAR.(Deloitte 1982)
Finally, it should be noted that certain schemes currently in operation in GEAR have revenue implications for the local authorities. Glasgow Parks Department, for instance, estimate that some £272,000 will be required each year for the maintenance of the environmental improvement sites in GEAR.
Table 6_ Mainstream Programme (Not financed by Urban Aid)
or Stimulated by GEAR
Protected
Complet ion Date
Cost (£000s)
SRC - COMPLETED
Traffic Management 81/82 425
SRC - PROGRAMMED Hamilton Road Route
Traffic Management - Annick Street/ Old Shettleston Road
Youth Wing - Eastbank Academy
86/88
83/84
27515
698
GDC - COMPLETED
Domestic smoke control programme 2C houses for sale
Modernisation Shettleston Halls Local shops at Dalmarnock
GDC - PROGRAMMED
606 lead pipe replacements 90 houses (foam slag) modernised
GGHB - COMPLETED
Health Centre, Bridgeton
GGHB - COMPLETED
Health Centre, Parkhead, Shettleston
SSHA - COMPLETED 33 houses for sale
Housing Management Office, Parkhead
SSHA - PROGRAMMED
Refurbishment 48 shop units 299 houses modernised 42 houses rehabilitated
79/81 Dec. 79 Jul. 80 81/82
Nov. 83 82/84
Apr. 82
82/84/86
Aug. 81 Aug. 78
81/83 82/85 82/84
894 453 700
n/a 1500
1250
4480
489 68
3558 524
DHSS - PROGRAMMED
Social Security Offices - Bridgeton She ttleston
PRIVATE - COMPLETED 587 houses for sale
83/87
81/82
2460
PRIVATE - PROGRAMMED
1309 houses for sale 83/85
Source: Interpretation by the author of data from Project Programme 82, 83; Project Report 82,83.
Table 1_ Mainstream Programme (Not financed by Urban Aid) with Programmes outside GEAR
SRC - COMPLETED
Cambuslang Pipe Bridge
Bogleshole Road road/rail bridges Sewers - Parkhead
Local Traffic Improvements Public Transport
Police, Fire stations
SRC - PROGRAMMED
Bogleshole Road road/rail bridge Townhead/London Road link
Local Traffic Improvements
Hostel for physically handicapped
GDC - COMPLETED 30 sheltered units Hostel, Calton 801 houses built 2482 houses modernised
834 houses modernised with TG &IRP 465 houses rehabilitated
Renovation, Peoples Palace
Housing Management Office, Parkhead Abbatoir - Duke St.
GDC - PROGRAMMED Outdoor Athletic Track 47 homesteading dwellings
GGHB - COMPLETED
Geriatric, psychiatric facilities 1979 510
GGHB - PROGRAMMED
Health Education programme 82/83
SSHA - COMPLETED
932 houses built 79/83 17849 1372 houses modernised 79/83 11827 4 Housing Assoc. Offices 1977 100
SDD - PROGRAMMED
Link M74 to Hamilton Road Route 82/86 41600
H.Assoc. - COMPLETED
84 units built 1981 1860
Source: Interpretation by the author of data from Project Programme 82, 83; Project Report 82, 83.
by Urban Aid)
Completion Date
Dec. 78 Sept. 80 July 80 82/83 79/82 81/83
83/85 82/87 82/85 82/84
1983 Sept. 77 78/82 78/80 81/82 77/80 81/82 Nov. 79 81/82
82/83 82/83
- Consistent
Cost (£000s)
450 1090 1395 4830 3280 4097
2670 24573 1629 70
n/a 1205 13651 16649 n/a 4642
200 240 3949
CONCLUSIONS
The estimates of GEAR "specific" expenditure arrived at in the previous sections are summarised and presented in Table 8. The figures differ slightly from those in Table 1 since those in Table 8 were compiled from the 1983 Project P r o g r a m m e , which in some cases required an update of the 1982 figures and, in o t h e r s , merged contributions from various participants. H o w e v e r , certain major conclusions still emerge:
1) over the period 1977-82 possibly some £48.6m or 31?o of the expenditure in GEAR may be considered "extra".
the largest areas of GEAR specific expenditure were in provision by the SDA and Strathclyde Regional Council.
infrastructure
in the period from 1976 to March 1983, private sector housebuilders had spent some £19.2m in the GEAR area.
Clearly be rega in the a have be publishe informed no GEAR speci fie interpre brought have occ belief apparent agency s the loc also ext years,fo Council over th increase Corporat District been cha housing agenc ies Strathcl which w housing. other enqui rie allocati SDA's ex local au State t overall been mad housing, GEAR a question changes in poli goals of GEAR pr magni tud
the forego rded as a rea which en the tar d data in
but fall project .
items t at i o n s ,
a substa urred in t of the p
from the tructure o al author ra money f r instanc
which has e same pe d. It ion and th
Council nnelled in
investmen was les yde Region ere not r On the local ities s are r ons from S tra expend thority al o adjust
Scott ish e for GEAR
it appea useful 1
which a in the pat cy emphasi the indiv oj ect may e of each
ing analysis wou "confidence trie either would not get for public e this paper may ible j udgements
Yet, accepting are open to the weight of ntially higher 1 he East End of G articipants in
preceding analy f the GEAR proje ities and,second or Glasgow,Strat e,the amount o f
been allocated riod that alloca appears that t e Scottish Speci to allocate else to the GEAR area t in Glasgow bee s able to allow al Council had t eadily substitut issue of wheth within the p equi red . SDA cottish local go iture in GEAR ha locations. Howe
allocat ions to block grant.
or any other SD rs that the Hous ever on Governme rises from these tern of expendit s, or are merel idual agencies. best be regarded
part being dete
Id tend to reject k". Substantial
have found their xpenditure cuts. be disputed, give of what would have
that individual i challenge and to
evidence clearly evel of expenditur lasgow. This con the p r o j e c t . Wha sis is, first,the ct may have condit ly,whether extra nt hclyde and Scotlan housing investmen to GEAR has declin ted to the Maryhil he involvement in al Housing Associa where resources wh There may thus ause of GEAR. Th a redirection of heir major respons able by other agen er extra GEAR expe articipants' res
expenditure is vernment expenditu s not been at the ver, discretion li individual local It is unclear whet A projects . Spec ing Corporation fo nt to increase t
arguments relates ure in GEAR repres y reflections of c
Indeed, it may b as a "sum of part rmined by the indi
the notion t funds have b way there, o The interp n that it
happened ha terns of expe other equ points to e than woul elusion corr t may not way in whic ioned the in oney in the d. Over th t by Glasg ed substanti 1 Corridor
GEAR of tion has all ich would ot have been an e involvemen resources,fo ibilites for cies as was nditure mere ponsib ilit ie separated i re; to this expense of r es with the authorities her any adju i fically in und their in heir cash
to the exte ent coordina hanges in th e that by it s" with the vidual circu
hat een r co reta inco d th ndit ally GEAR d o obor
be h th vest East e la ow ally proj the owed herw inc t of r i
exp poss iy s, n
ext educ Seer wit stme the volv limi nt t ted e bu s na nat msta
GEAR may invested uld well tion of rporates ere been ure and
valid having therwise ates the
readily e multi-ment of
End is st five District
whilst ect has
Housing Glasgow ise have rease of other nstance, enditure ible in beggared
further Treasury ent the tions in etary of hin the nts have field of ement in ts. A o which
changes dgets or ture the ure and nces of
each participant, rather than through any unified direction by the SDA. Direction in this sense could only be attempted through Scottish Office adjustment of financial allocations and even then would only be possible to a limited degree. The greatest temptation for the Scottish Office to intervene was,of course, in housing policy, where Ministers could have considered it worthwhile to "buy-out" the District Council in GEAR, thereby securing innovations in tenure choice and management practise which the District Council had previously been reluctant to attempt. Examples of such innovation include the use of architects from outwith the District Council and the encouragement of SSHA and private housebuild.
Table 8 Summary of GEAR Expenditure (1977-82)
Scottish Development Agency tand Assembly Site Prep. factory Building
Environment, Recreation
Protected or Stimulated (£000s)
3306 12312 11359
26977
Consistent with progs. outside U O O O s )
5419 3293 4868
Total (£000s)
8725 15605 16227
13580 40557
Strathclyde Regional Council Infrastructure, Transport Education, Social Services,
Community
Protection Services
11045
1850
12895
425
2067 3282
5774
11470
3917 3282
18669
Glasgow District Council New Housing
Modernisation, Rehabilitation Other
453 700 1496
2649
13651 21291 5950
14104 21991 7446
40892 43541
Scottish Special Housing Assoc. New Housing
Modernisation, Rehabilitation Other
489
68
557
17849 11827 100
18338 1 1827
168
29776 30333
Housing Corporation Local HA New Housing Local HA Rehabilitation
Greater Glasgow Health Board 4480
Manpower Services Commission
Dept. Health & Social Security 1060
Private Sector 19200*
FINAL TOTALS 48618 1860 17175
19035
510
109567
1860 17175
19035
n/a
1060
19200
158185
* private sector housing investment excluded from final totals
Source: Interpretation by the author of data from Tables 2-7, Project Reports and Programmes, 1983 SDA Annual Report
REFERENCES
Allan, R (1982), (ed) Making the City Work, Enterprise and Democracy in Urban Europe, Glasgow District Council.
Booth, S A S, Pitt, D C and Money, W J (1982), Organisational Redundancy. A Critical Appraisal of the GEAR Project, Public Administration, Vol. 60
Boyle, R M and Wannop, U A (1982), Area Initiatives and the SDA: the
rise of the Urban Project, Fraser of Allander Quarterly Economic Commentary.
Deloitte Haskins and Sells (1982), GEAR Review, Business Development and Employment Strategy, Interim Report for the SDA.
GEAR (1980)
GEAR (1982)
GEAR (1983)
GEAR (1982)
GEAR (1983)
GDC (1982), 1982.
Strategy and Programme, SDA.
Project Programme '82, SDA.
Project Programme '83, SDA.
Project Report '82, SDA.
Project Report '83, SDA.
Policy Resources Sub-Committee on Special Resources June
Orton, I (1982), "Whatever Happened to GEAR", Fraser of Allander Institute Quarterly Economic Commentary, Vol. 7, No. 3, 27-30.
SDA (1983), Annual Report 1983 - Focus on Technology.
