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Some account of the mutton birds, or Sooty petrels (Nectris brevicaudus), as seen in their homes among the Furneaux Islands, Bass Straits, Tasmania, from notes taken during a visit to the locality in March, 1891

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(1)

SOME

ACCOUNT

OF

THE

MUTTON

BIRDS,

OR

SOOTY

PETRELS

(NECTBIS

BBEVICAUDUS),

AS

SEEN

IN

THEIR

HOMES

AMONG

THE

FURNEAUX

ISLANDS,

BASS

STRAITS,

TAS-MANIA,

FROM

NOTES

TAKEN

DURING

A

VISIT

TO

THE

LOCALITY

IN

MARCH,

1891.

By

H. H.

Montgomery,

D.D.,

Bishop

of Tasmania.

My

duties called nielast

March

to undertakea trip to the

Furneaux

Islands. Before Istarted I

was

aware that one

of the most interesting subjects for an ornithologist in that partofthe colony

would

be the habits of the

mutton

bird.

But

thereality so far surpassed

my

expectations that Ihave venturedto lay before the Society

some

results of

my

obser-vations. Mr. J. B.

Walker

has

shown

me

allusions to the subject inold booksof travel. Mr. Barnard has been good

enough

to furnish

me

with the second volume of the

Tas-manian

Journal, in which a short but excellent account is

given of the habits of the sootypetrel, or

mutton

bird, by

Mr. R.

H.

Davies.

As

the paper

was

written 45 years

ago it

may

be worth while putting on record

what

I

now

proposetolay before you. Thesepetrels choose islandswhere

the soil is

composed

of a loose sand,covered inplaces

by

a

bush

with a blue flower called "barilla," where they congre-gateforthepurposeofdiggingthe holesinwhichtheylay their eggs. Ihave heardofa rookery in Port

Davey

:

and

among

the Hunters Islands they breed on Trefoil, Sheephead, Doughboys,

and

the Petrels.

On

the northern coast there

used to be large

numbers

on

Waterhouse

Island, until the pigs kept

by

Mr. Barrett found

them

out, and destroyed

such vast quantities that the birds deserted the place,

and

now

there arejusta few which are carefullypreserved.

In the

Furneaux

group theyusedto breed in

much

greater

numbers

than at present,

and

I venture to hope that the

chiefeffect of thispaper

may

be a timely

movement

by the

Government

to save

from

almost utter destruction an

in-dustry which adds distinctly to the wealth of the colony,

and

supplies a healthy article offood.

At

present the

most

important

homes

ofthese birds in thebreeding season are

Chappell Island (called usually

"Hummocky,"

because of the hill in the centre), Little*

Dog

and

Big

Dog

Island,

Green

Island

and

Little Green Island, and Babel Island. These places are nothing

more

than low sandy spots,

from

300to 1,200 acres in extent, with hardly

a tree (except on

Big

Dog

Island), and covered with long

(2)

2 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

MUTTON

BIRDS, ETC.

yellow grass growing

up

to thewaist.

Most

uninviting

look-ing spots thev appear to be.

As

you pass

them

in the

daytimeyou might fairly suppose that there was noliving

thing

upon them

except an occasional shag or a Pacific gull. I havethoughtthat a sailorwrecked on one of these

little wave-beaten spots might even starve if he slept

soundly at night, ignorant that under his feet there lay

concealedhundredsof thousands of birds,which,

when

eaten

fresh, are

among

themost delicious of foods.

About

the

middleof September the sooty petrels visit these breeding

places, comingin at night and remaining

some

tendays, in order to dig their holes.

They

effect this with their feet, scattering thesand behind

them

in clouds.

When

this

pre-liminary taskisfinishedthey leave theirfuture nests forfour orfive weeks,

and

arenot seenat allin the neighbourhood. In the middle of

November

they

commence

laying eggs. Mr. E. D. Atkinson has taken fresh eggs on

November

21.

Whether

themalesfeed the mother birds duringthe period

ofincubation I donotknow.

But

asthemales return every

evening it is probable that they do. Onlyone eggis laid by

each female, andit is doubtfulwhether in thecase of the

egg being destroyed anotheris laid. I failed to enquire at

what

period the youngbird ishatchedout, butI gather that

it

must

be at the

commencement

ofJanuary.

On

the 3rd of

March

Ilanded on Little

Dog

Island, and received

my

first

introductionto thesemost interesting sea birds.

At

6 p.m. not a

mutton

bird was in sight. Indeed, duringthe

fort-night that I

was

cruising aboutina boat I neversawa petrel inthe daytime anywhere. It is their habit to fly

away

to seaveryearly in the morning to distances40and 50miles

away,returning only

when

itis dusk.

Whether

theyhave

longago clearedthe immediately surroundingwaters of the food they require I cannot say; butit is a surprising fact

thatnot oneofthe oldbirdsisevervisiblein the

neighbour-hood

of their

young

throughouttheday.

Walking

about

on

a rookery is a matter ofno

mean

difficulty.

The

ground,

always loose and powdery, is everywhere perforated with holes

from

two to three feetdeep, about the diameterofa

rabbit-burrow.

Among

the long grass it is almost

im-possible toprevent crushing

down

the sand and endaugering

thelivesofthe

young

birds by suffocation, atthe

same

time falling headlong oneself. Just at sunset I was invited

to go

some

two hundred yards

up

on to the higherground

the island is only 200 acres in extent

in

orderto see the birds

come

in. I shall never forget that

(3)

was

no indication that there was a living thing

on

the

island. There were nocriesofsea birds.

The

stillness

was

wonderful. Presently a single dark-winged form flitted across the island and vanished again into the gloom. In

another ten seconds thousands

upon

thousands of birds

seemed to spring like magic

up

out of the darkness

from

every quarter without warning or cry of any kind.

And

now

backwards

and

forwards before

my

dazzledsightI

saw

these countlessdark shadowsshootingwithlightningrapidity athwart the last of the evening light. Still no articulate sound washeard. Nothing but the whistle as if ofbullet after bullet through the air, bewildering onewiththe sense of

numbers

and of mysterious rushing life. Repeatedly a

birdwould dash within an inchof

my

head,

and

then wheel likelightningto one side to escape acollision. So

imminent

seemedthe danger of arriving at

home

minus

an ear ora

nose from contact with a sharp beak that I was fain to crouch

down

in the long grass to escapean accident.

To

sit

down

onthe groundon thatparticular island

was

possible

because therewere no snakes. Nothing

would

have induced

me

to have taken

up

the

same

position in the

month

of

March

hadIbeen

upon

theisland called "

Hummocky."

But

ofthis hereafter.

The

minutespassed,

and

stillthis dizzy, whirling, hurly-burly of creatures continued

silent,

and

evenawe-inspiring. Sometimes they

came

in squadrons of hundreds, sometimes by tens.

But

still they

came

; each

bird aftera turn ortwosinkingwith unerringinstinct on to itshole,findingitin the longgrassand in the darknesswith

a certainty which was truly marvellous. It

was

difficult to tear oneself

away

from this wonderful spectacle.

But

at length

we

returned to our tent, pitched near the water's edge butstill

among

the bushes, andall nightlongas Ilay trying to sleep I heardthe cooingandcackling of

innumer-able birdsfeeding their

young

in their subterranean homes,

some

of

them

apparently within a yard of

my

ear.

At

length I fell asleep,

and

before I awoke,at 6 o'clock in the

morning,therewas not a bird to be seenon the island. All the oldpetrels

had

longago sped

away

to their distant

feed-ing places. I regretted that I

had

not witnessed their

morning

exit. Inits

wav

itisas striking as their

homeward

journey. For, as these birds cannot fly off the ground,

especially inthe long grass,eachone has to walkeitherto thesea shore orelse to the topof

some

rock before it can

take itsflight. In

some

cases thisjourney

must

have

meant

adistance of

many

hundred yards. Mr. Davies relates in his paper, read in 1846, that the sealers

showed him

the

manner

in whichthey caught the oldbirds for the sake of

their feathers, stopping

up

all thetracks they

made

except

(4)

suffo-4 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

MUTTON

BIRDS, ETC.

cated by those that crowded after them. I

am

thankful to

saythis custom does not obtain at the present time.

On

every occasion

when

I could take the opportunity I used to

take

up

my

position

upon

the rookeryto watchforthat

won-derful silent rush of birds after dusk. It never ceasedto

charm

aswell as to astonish.

Iwill proceed

now

to give

you

some

statistics regarding

the

numbers

ofthesebirds,basedonpersonal enquiries

from

those

who

live by this industry.

On

Chappell Island on

Sunday

morning,

March

8, after

morning

service,I collected alltheheads of families of thehalf-castes,

and

extracted the information I

am

about to put before you.

But

first to prepare

you

for

some

astonishingfigures, I quote

what

has beensaid already on this question. Mr. Davies writesthat

so greatwerethe

numbers

of the birds returningto Green

Island that "night is ushered in a good tenminutesbefore the usual time."

And

again

"I have actually sailed through

them

from Flinders Island to the

Heads

of the

Tamar,adistance of80miles."

And

Flinderscalculatesthat

he passed through a flock which

must

have been 40

miles long.

We

have fallen

upon

degenerate days.

There are whole islands absolutely deserted

now

which

formerly

swarmed

with these interesting

and

lovely

creatures. Witness

Gun

Carriage, orVansittart Island, as

it is called.

Not

a single petrel ever breeds there now,

becauseofthe culpable negligence

and

cruel thoughtlessness

ofsettlersin old days.

They

putcattleontheisland, and I

confess that

my

indignation rises

when

Ithink ofthe slow agonies endured by thousands of these defenceless

young

birds crushed todeath intheir holesunder the heavytread

of bullocks. I stand

amazed

both at the cruelty of such

conduct,

and

at the

want

of foresight

among

the farmers.

For

when

once the cattle are regularly placed on one of these islandsthe birds desert itin abody; andthereis no

expedient by which theycan be attracted back again.

So

far as it is

known

they depart never to return.

When

it is

bornein

mind

that a

man

and

his family can earn about<£4 10s. a day for nine weeks in an industry on which he actually spends nothing,which onlyneeds thatit shouldbe leftseverely alone until the

moment

for catching the birds

hascome,

you

will

wonder

how

anyonecan be so infatuated asto turn, say,

some

20 head of cattleon an islandwhich might otherwise produce 100,000 birds annually, to besold

atanaverage of10s. a hundred. This infatuation hasnot

(5)

BY H. H. MONTGOMERY, D.D. 5

On

that

Sunday morning

I learntthaton Chappeli Island (which has an area of 1,200 acres,including rocks

and

sand

patches) there were, in 1890, 21 families atworkcatching the

young

birds for

some

eight weeks,beginning aboutthe 18th

dayofMarch.

They

caught

and

salted204,000birds. Iasked

"Did

you take

them

all?" "No,that is impossible.

We

go over the holes twice, and find just as

many

the second time as the first.

At

least 100,000

young

birds

must

escape.

When

the time comes for their

flight the sea is covered with them." Let us consider

that 100,000

young

petrels then escaped. This

brings ourtotal of

young

birdsto 304,000, neglecting those

whichmeetwithuntimely deaths.

Now,

eachpair of

mutton

birdslays butone egg. Thereforeat the lowestcomputation

(puttingasideallbarren pairs

and

thosewhich

had

lost their eggs or young) there

must

have been 608,000 old birds.

But

this is not all.

The

21 families of half-castes on Chappeli Island live entirely on these birds during their season. I

made

acalculation with

them

which

showed

that

from

sixto ten birds adayisthe ordinaryallowancefora

man

;

and

besides the

human

beings to be fed there arethreeorfour

kangaroo dogsto each hut,

who

all haveto be supportedon

the

same

diet. In the two

months

oftheir staythese people ateat least26,000

young

birds. And, lastly,the parents of

these

young

ones so eaten

amounted

to 52,000. So, then,

we

arewellwithin the

mark

when

we

say thaton anynight

inFebruarythere were in 1890, on Chappeli Island alone, 990,000 petrels.

We

are accustomed to be told of the

wondrous

wealth added to our food resources

by

salmon,

which cost nothing but a little watching,

and come

back

from

the seaten times the sizethey went for thesake,

appa-rently, offeedingmaukind. I submit that the

mutton

birds

area caseequally inpoint. Thatthe

young

freshbirds are de-licious eating I can testify.

They

taste like a very fresh herringas

we

know

thatfishin theOldCountry. Broiled or fried it is a dish to set before a king.

When

salted they are unquestionably nutritious, and probably quite

as healthful also, for delicate persons, as cod liver

oil.

A

little barren treeless

hummock

in our seas

pro-duced thenlast yearJ21,020 in cash. Destroy that rookery

by

letting

some

dozen cattle

roam

over it

and

a fewsheep

and what

istheresult in the eyesofany reasonableperson?

What

a loss to the wealth of the colony?

On

thisvery

islandthere is a farmer

who owns

40acres of land. This

he stockswith cattle

and

sheep. His fence runsright across

the track from the only good harbourto the largest cluster

of huts.

The

half-caste lads pull

down

a panel sometimes.

The

cattle

roam

over therookeries. Ihave seen

them

there

(6)

6 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

MUTTON

BIKDS, ETC.

of things with regret,

how

easilythe island could be saved

from

the destructionwhichis impending.

But

to returntonumbers. Little

Dog

Islandis inprivate

hands on a

Government

lease. Three families each take

some

27,000 birdsoff patches of40 acres in each case.

To

those interested in the conditionofthegroundforwalking

I

make

the following calculation:

On

40 acres here there

must

have been 40,000 holes occupied by birds, besides

deserted nests.

One

party on Big

Dog

Island collected

lastyear 40,000 birds. This island does carrycattle, butit is quite different to the other rookeries. There is a large

wood

at oneend,

and

the groundis a great deal harder, the birdsbreeding only at one endof theisland. Babel Island

probably contains

more

birds thananyofthese otherplaces. Itis atthe S.E. of Flinders.

But

thesnakes are so terrible

here that even thehalf-castesdonotlikeworking onit.

Two

families,however,have attemptedit this year. If

we

take the birdsonthesefourlittle islands

we

shallbe below the

mark

when

we

computethaton anynight in February there are

twomillionsixhundred thousand sooty petrels asleep

upon

them.

Perhaps itwill interestthe

members

of the Societyto hear of another feature ofthese islands. Iremarked thatno one on Chappeli Island

was

everseen without a stickor agun.

It was an ominous sign,betokening the presence ofsnakes.

Thesecreatures do notlive apparentlyon

mutton

birds, but onmice, which

abound

there.

The young

men

spend

Sunday

morning

sometimes in killingsnakes.

Two

partiesthe other

daystarted outto see

how many

they could get

one party

broughtin 100, the other70.

Nor

didany onein theislands to

whom

I mentioned this think it an extraordinary case.

One

man,old Mr. Smith, the half-caste, told

me

that his

party one year threwinto a heap the snakes theykilled in

the two

months

inthe course of theirwork,

and

thatthey

numbered

600.

When

you

consider that a

man

inhis prime can take 1,000 birds outof1,000holes, inanyofwhichthere

may

besnakes, itindicates the nerve thatis neededfor this industry.

As

amatterof fact theyrarelytouch a snake

by

accident. There are sure signs of their presence; nor are they often in the holes where the

young

birds are;

and

these inhabited holes have also their signs.

At

the

same

timea girlof 16 pulled out two snakesinoneday a yearor two ago; but, then, she

was

inexperienced, Sleepingon the

ground

among

the bushesonChappeli Islandon that

Sunday

in a hut without a door, and open on every sidealong the ground, Iwasnot surprised when, afteran hour, Iheard

my

companion mutter, " I

am

too nervousto sleep here: I

am

offtothe boat." For

my

own

part,thoughI braved itout,

(7)

BY

H. H. MONTGOMERY, D.D. 7

Chappell Islandis bad enough,but the half-castes say that

Babelisso

bad

that,thougha moderatefortune awaits

them

there, theydonotcare to go. I

may

add

that so barren are

these

hummocks

that every family

commences

operations

by

stacking

wood

for two months, loadingtheir boats on

Flinders Island,

and

filling casksof water. There is neither waternorfuel inthese places. Ihave spoken of petrels

and

of snakes on these islands. I could a tale unfold about

another inhabitant, exceeding in

numbers

even the

mutton

bird, butIforbear. I merely alludeto thedreadsubjectof fleas. Ileave to your imagination, which you

may

actively employ without easilyoverstepping the bounds ofreality,the

detailsof this theme whichin thatneighbourhood youcan

by

no means

put

away

from your thoughts

and

feelings.

What

practical proposals, then, can be

made

for the due

protection of

mutton

birds? Ihave discussed the question with magistrates in theislands, withallthehalf-castes,

and

withwhitesettlers. I think I

may

say thatthereis complete unanimity

among

them

all. Thereis no doubt

what

should be done.

One

andallcall forrestriction.

On

oneoccasion, a fine, stalwart fellow, a half-caste, and one of the best

boatmen

in the world,

was

urging restriction.

What

he really said

was

"I wish,sir,

when

you return to

Hob

art,

you

would putstrychnine

upon

them."

What

is the sort of

" strychnine

"we

want?

First:

The

wisest plan would befor the

Government

to

resumepossessionofthe

mutton

bird islands.

Some

are

now

letonlease, suchas Little

Dog

and

Big Dog.

One

is in a sense reserved for the half-castes, namely, ChappellIsland.

But

onthis islandtwo white families

own

small patchesof land, which they havebought. In both casesIbelievethey are honourable men,,

and

have no wishto go beyond their rights.

Why

should theynot be boughtout? Itwould be but a trifling sum,

and

the islands afterwards would be a regular source of revenue.

Some

islands, like Babel, are practicallyuntouched by anyone.

Secondly: If resumed by Government,

why

should not a

license betakenout by every person

who

wishesto "bird"

so

much

foranadult, say,10s.,andalesser

sum

fortheyounger

members

of the family?

At

least <£100 a year could be received atonce from this source of revenue.

But

evenif

the

Government

does notresume possession (and I, for one,

earnestly trust they will take

them

entirely into their

own

hands),stillthepoints,which are simply dictates of

common

sense, are these

(a.)

That

there be a close time for these birds, just as

thereis a close seasonforquail:

At

present thereisnone.

(8)

8 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

MUTTON

BIRDS, ETC.

nothing gained

by

the taking of the eggs, whereas the

number

of birdsismaterially lessened. Formerly they were

eatenin large numbers. Mr. Davies states that an officerof the old settlement on Flinders sawa

woman

eat 52 eggs in

one day.

As

they are as large as ducks' eggs that was a first-rate performance.

(c.) That afixed day should be gazetted before which no one should be allowed to touch a bird. Personsdiffer whether it should be

March

15 or any date

up

to

March

20. Thereis greatneedforsuch anorder. Families

onChappell Islandhave norecognised spacesonthe rookery.

They

begin

upon

the sameday, each near his

own

hut,

and

work

outwards and upwards as they please. If one

man

begins too early the others are compelledto

work

in self-defence. There* is no need to fix the close of the season.

The

birds arrange thatbyflying clean

away

aboutthemiddle of

May, and

not returningtill September.

(d.)

No

fatting should be permitted. Fatting

means

taking the

immature

bird before it is readyfor saltiug,

and

boiling it

down

for the oil.

As

200birds

make

about a

gallon or so ofoil,whichbrings 3s.,

and

asthose 200birdsa

week

or two later

would

sell

when

salted for «£1, the

un-wisdom

ofthe formeroperationis obvious.

(e.)

No

cattle or sheep should be permitted on these

islands. Big

Dog

Island

may

be an exception, but thereis no question the other littleislands should be protected. T

know how many

in this colony are enrolling children in

Bands

of

Mercy

inorderto teach

them

to be gentle

and

kind to all animals. I have heard of a "Dicky Bird Society," whichexists for similar purposes. I invoke the aid of all such in the cause of the gentle

and

inoffensive "yolla"

thatisthe native

name

for the sooty petrel ormutton bird.

Iinvoketheaid also ofall

who

have been fascinated

by

the

exquisitely graceful flight of these birds as they soar

and

wheel round the passenger steamers that ply round our coasts.

The

mode

of killing

them

for the industry is painless; onetwist oftheneck

and

they aredead.

A

single

pressure ona gland inthe stomach after death

and

the oil

escapes at the

mouth

and is caughtin a vessel. This is

legitimate,and not barbarous, for

we must

killin order to

eat.

But

it shocks all our finerfeelings to thinkof cattle trampling

upon

hundredsof

young

birds, which die

and

rot uselessly in their holes.

(/.)

An

ordershouldbe issued againstfires,exceptbetween

May

and September. It is, of course, difficult, but not impossible, to get the grass to

burn

in winter.

At

any

otherseason it

means

ruinto the industry

and

deathto the

(9)

(g.) CliappellIsland, in consequence ofthecattlethathave

been on it, would be the better for a year of rest. All agree as to this.

But

the question arises,

"Where

shall

the half-castes go for thisone year?" Could they attempt Babel? Couldtheygo to

some

ofthoseislands off Wilson's

Promontory, whichare said to

swarm

with birds, and no one

touches

them

? I

am

told there are noteven boat harbours in them.

At

anyrate,

Chap

pell Island, as beingin

some

sense reservedfor thehalf-castes, merits ourchief attention. There need be no difficulty in carrying out these arrange-ments.

Under

the direction of the worthy magistrates in

the islandsand the well-known police constable everything could be at once arranged. If it is asked

why

such obvious regulations have not been

made

long ago,I answer that

perhapsthe chief reason is that never have these islanders

recorded a vote for a

member

of Parliament. There has been nopolling station, no registration office for them. I have wondered

why

awould-be

member

for

Eingarooma

(in which district the islandsare included) has never bestirred

himselfto get fifty solid votes from the

Furneaux

Islands,

votes which would be gladly given to anyone

who

would

advocatetheirjust claims

and

protect their industries. IfanythingIhave said leads toa greaterinterest inoneof the most beautiful of our sea birds, and indirectlyhelps to foster a usefulindustry, andfurther the causeofhumanityin the protectionof the "yolla " or sootypetrel,throughthe

in-strumentalityoftheRoyal Society, I shallhave

deemed

itan

honouraswell as a privilege tohave putthis paper before

you

this evening.

DISCUSSION.

Mr.

Morton

said that the value of the mutton bird industry

had

never beenso prominently brought before the

notice of the Society since Mr. Davis read a paper on the

subject, which was printed in the

Tasmanian

journal.

He

looked

upon

itas a matter which mightvery wellengage the attentionofthe Fisheries Board.

He

wouldvery

much

like to findoatfrom statisticswhether thiswholesale destruction of thepetrel

had

decreased thenumbers.

As

far as he was able to gatherthey had not decreased. It was plain, how-ever,thatwerecattlewereintroduced the birds had disap-peared and gone to some otherplace.

Viewed

as an

impor-tantindustry, he thought these birds should beprotected, especially as it was thought necessary to protect quails, which brought no revenueintothe country, but merely

(10)

10 DISCUSSION

ON

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

MUTTON

BIKDS.

Mr.

Bernard

Shaw

saidthat therewas alreadyanAct of

Parliament enabling the Executive to deal fully with the matter. Itwaspassedlast session,andthere did notappear

to have been sufficient time to prepare the necessary

regulations.

Under

that Act the Governor-in-Council

was

empowered

to

make

regulationsfixinga closeseasonforthe

birds, preventing the introduction of cattle and sheep to certain islands, the lighting of fires,

and

various other mattersto which HisLordshp

had

referred in hispaper.

He

consideredthat interference in thesematters

was

beyondthe functionsofthe Fisheries Board.

The

Act to which he

had

referred gave ample, powers to

make

all the regulations

necessary,andhe hoped thatbefore next season therewould be a completeset ofregulations in operation.

Mr.

Alfred

J.

Taylor

said that before Bishop

Sandford

leftthe colonyhebroughtthismatterunderthenotice ofthe

Society, and pointedout that a valuable industrywas being destroyed.

He

hadalsoreferred tothefactthattheoilofthe bird

had

been found valuable as a medicine in cases of consumption.

Mr.E.

M. Johnston

saidthathavingvisitedtheseislandson several occasions he could corroborate His Lordship's

description of the return of the birds. It was a glorious sight to seethe multitudeof birds returning,

and

he

was

gladto seethat steps were being takento see whatcould be done to protectthesebirds. In regardto the destruction of the birds,he thoughtthisarose not onlyfrom the destruction

of thebirds, butalso ofthe

mounds

inwhichthey burrowed.

His Lordship

briefly replied,expressing pleasure at the

fact that legislation

had

been initiated in the direction indicated,

and

hoping that the necessary regulations would

be

framed

to protect

what

he regarded as an important

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