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European Community aid to the population of drought stricken countries in Africa (Sahel and Ethiopia) Information Memo P 7/74, January 1974

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I coMMrssroNE DELLE couuNrtA EuRopEE - coMMrssrE vAN DE EuRopEsE cEMEENscHAppEN | | t I

SPOKESMAN'S GROUP

GROUPE OU PORTE-PAFIOLE GRUPPO OEL PORTAVOCE BUREAU VAN OE WOORDVOERDER

Hf0ntrTlorf

IilF(lRTAII|RISCHE A|TZEICH]IU]IG

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TER OIICU]TE]ITIE

EltROPtrirlli C'J1\'I/iLUiff

tTIj

T0 riliiE f€PUL.-""iI0tI 0F

STRICI(EI CCLrrIl"'R]hS

Il'I

Al''R]CA

(

s*ml

nm

n'lnoeia)

January

l)lQ

DNOUGIIT.

The Counci-l

of

Minjsters,

by tairing'bii:ee

consecutive decisions

in

lecember 1973

(on December

10,

1!

a;rc1

28),

has, placecl

very

coirsid.era,t,le resources

totalling

more

than B)rC00r0C0

u"a. at

the

d"isposal

of

'bhe Conniisio:r as emergency

relief

for

1974,

to

be used

for

the

d.rcught-stricken corrntries

in

n.frica.

4814801000

u.a. will

cover

the

pu.r.:h-ai:e an,-1 tranr:por't as

far

as

the inland

d"is-tribution

points

of

the

seven

countries

conce;'nec1

(f) of

:

*

1301000

tcns

of

cercal-c (:rh,-lat

ar7/or

n:,:ze) I

I4r000

tons

of

skimmed

milk

pcv.'Cerg

6rOCO tor-s

of

brrtierorl..

3516001000

u,a. (2)

are

intend.ed.

forthe

immedia'i;e

financing

of

transpori; and

storage

facilities for

food and medica1 aid. as

well

as measules

to

enable the drought-s-bricl<en population

to

resu'ne from now on

their

norrnal productive

ac-tivitj.es to

the largest

extent

possible

Distribution

of this

aid- has been decid.ed.

in

conjunctj.on w'ith

the

Inter-State

Committee

for

the

Figh-5 agai.net J-lror;ght, nhieh

includes

the

six

Sahel Statest

a;rd.

the

seven Government;: concerned.

This

distribution is

shown

in

the

table

in

the

annex.

1.

The

facts

For

some years now

the African

countrj.es south

of

the

Sahara have been

in

the

grip of

a

clrought.

In fact,

the rains

on vu';\ich

farn

output d"epends

-

as ind.eed,

does

the su:'vival

of cattle,

and.

therefore

that of

the

shepherd.s

-

proved

in-sufficient or

too infreErent

in

var.y:ng degrees,

first in

limited.

areas d"uring

1958 and 1970r and cverywhere

in

1!12 ancl L973t thus becoming

the disaster of

the

century

for

the

7

to

B

million

inhabiiants

of

the

so-ca1lec1 Sahel regi.on

(which normally has

a

rainfall of

be'Lween 500 anrl !O mm

per

year).

The

short-fall in rain

has reached. an avera€e

of {0 to

50 /o

in

reJ,ation

to

the

normal

rate.

The extreme

fimits

are

-l0O mm

fop the

cultivation of miIlet,

the

staple

d.iet

of

the

non-migratory

popuiation,

a.nd 50 'mn

fo:: fresh

pasture gro'w-th. As

?^"""yl1t^agricultural

crops have been almost

entirely

d"est:oyed-,

nhile

between

3O and. l-OO 11,

of

the

cattle,

whose mi3-k provid.es

the

main food

for

the

shep-herdst

have

cLied'

.

/.

(f

)

Ciraa,

Ethiopia,

ii{ali,

(e) or

uhich 600,000 u,a.

Mauritania,

Iliger,

Senegal

carried

orrer from

the

1973

e,nd Upper-1'/o1ta.

(2)

*2-?",..?,k.g-t*€t

.i

,

J

t"g

to

nolrr no weather ,ex,bert hae yet-1suq6eed.e{.in.establishing'a

scientific

method

-.

of

pred.icting

the

appea,fance

'and.'intbnslty

of

.i"ainfall.

Though droughts ha'rre Leo.

I

known

to..oosur:in.the

Fastr

one hais

tlo

gg,'baca

to

1913'to

frrd

a

C,:c::Jt"b

of

i;-o

Jt

s .,

;

irrdir-,itu.Lc a;s

ti:cse

of

',ihe las-L'r",rlo

y:ea,r.s.

:.

However, r,vh:iLe

the lack

of

rain

may be co_np!4_e_5ed_.as..accid,e.r,ta!1.{4 d.oesimt

tn

itself

constitute the

fund.amental carse

of,ttrp

gnsui4g.di.saeteri trtre

latter

would

nfiveri have pr.od.uc-ed.

the

repefcirssioiig"th'e,t.rare,.rtrolrr: corffiton howl.edge

but

for

the

'

faqt that

*he'ba,Iarree bettoeen

na*ui'al

resources

(arable

landr.

guaing

tand. and.

water)

and rnen a.11d-

cattle

had rdached

a''limit

i."#,to

breaBin#point,even.under

1o1ma!

gggditionsr

fndeedi ,beceflso' of "the:texcdssiiile pump4ng

of

water a.nd 1he

introd.uction

of

mod.ern medi.cthes,for hurna,l;rs anc',.e,rri.ma].s.,th:

nuntcr

of

ii,,,

r

beingn and'animals

inhabiting

in

that:region, a'iil

J-j.vi.r13 otf

ji.::

,,,;;pt&*1...:,,,

has been toohsr8h

in

relation

tb

plant

reprod.uction,

thus',puitilrg

the

inlriib*;-tants

and

lheir

animaLs

at

tlre

mercy

ot ihe

sliehtist

inlgulartty

fn

nain-,

fal1

potd'ntiaL.

Leq-db

:

;

In

order

to

renredy

this

state

of

affairs

the

fight

against

tfr,e canset1o"r."*

of

the

drought mr.ist be oond.ucted on two

fronts

simultaneouslyr

(r)

the

sur^vival

of

human beings;

(t)

ttre

restoration

of

productive

activities

by

re-.estabLisking

the

ecologi-cal baLance.

J.1:, Foo.d-

ai$

and ggd.ical*care

Accord.ing

to

the

estimates

of

the

erryerts meeting unCer

the

auspices

of

the

F.A,g.

one mj.Llion

tons

of

cereals

end.

other

foocls'luffs

are reguired

tor

i-974

to

ensure

the survival

of

th.e populati.on

in

the

six

Sahel

cowrtries

and

Ethiopia

now

threatened.

with

fami.ne. Such

qua,ntities

are

not

avaiLabLe

in

Africa,

Their

purchase and

transport

would. be beyond.

the

means

of

the

needy

countries,

most

of

whioh have ranked. throughout among

the

2J poorest

in

the

world.

(1i.

Co1ggCu9ntlyr

this

situation

required. an irnmed.iate and. 1-arge-sca1e

effort

of

solid'arity

by

the tnternational

Comrmrnity (buag'et approved-by

tlre

Copncil-

of

Ministers

on December 1O, f.mplementation

of

the

relief

progra&ne on Ja;ruary 2J),

including the provision

of

food and" med.icines as wel.l as

transport

and storage-'

facilities

up

to

and

at

the

aotuel

points

of

consumption.

3.

2.

Re s_bprati gq of , p,r,oductive

qcsiri

ties

_Unquestionablyr

the

most urgent

task

now

is to

feed.

the

drought-striclcen people,

No

less

urgent,

howeverl

ls

the provision

of

such means as

witt

enabLe thsm

to

resune

their

norrnaL

productive

activities

as

far

as possibLe.

In

parbicular, this

involves the

repair

of

wells

and. boreholes

that

haue become ,rnusabLe'

the

prrr-chase and.

d.istribution

of

seed,s

for

*he

nert

crop

year (tiarcli

1!l{ in

Ethiopia,

Maydune

in

the

Sahel countries) r.

md

of

otber

mea:lsr

of

prod.uction (oxen

ror

'

field

work, manurel

pesticides,..),

the

creation

of

irrigated.

zones shelterecl from

the

vagaries-

of

the

re;lnsr

and aseistance

to

the

shepheSrls

to

help

thern

rescue

or re-stock

their

flocks within the

limits

of

the

ava:iLabLe grazing Lands.

Consiclerable sums

wlll

be clevoted.

to

that

end whioh

constitutes

no more then

the

firet

stage

of

a

long*term prograrnme

of

reconstruction

and reo:rganization

aimed'

at

removing once and.

for

aIL the

causes

of

the

present clisagtrous state

of

affalns.

llhe Conmission

is

aLreadgr

contributing

towards

the

drawing up

of

this

programne

the

implementation

of

which

tdLl

require the

provision

of

even

]-arger fi.rnd.s amounting

to

several

hund.red.s

of

milLfons

of

o.l,

A sustained.

(3)

iJ-:,':i

effort wlIl l,hus hare to Lie lrirJLo oI 'il*.,.r .c{r-,i.,1. ., 14.-J. +-F. - 14 r.*.-. qr. .o

tlme

in

the

contest

of

what Presidont

l;iori

lle^oani has des,sribeg as ti:.e ltlar-ehaLl PIen

for

tlre

Salrel

oountries,

[he

Comnrun:ityls

aontribution

towa^raiLs the

cnr:Xring

out

of

that

PLarr

wi*hin the

franenork

of

the

new

assooiatlor

og:r€€*

Le:tt

it

j.s

nrw nego.;ia!;irg 'o;ith

{J

eorrntries

in

Afrj.ca

and

the

Caribbean area

w*l-i-L i.ave t,o be on

a subsian'lial

gcale"

4.

ftre

importance

of

Conrmrrrltv aid.

The Corrncilf

s

decisione

of

].ast December

testif;'

to

the

poj.ttical

clesire

of

the

enlarged. E\rropean Commr:ni*y

to

streng'then

its

cooperation

with

Africa"

fn

factt

those decisions were taken

at

a time

when

the

E\.rropean economies were threatened.

ri.tlr

the

rnost

serious

crisis

since

the

war. Yet

it is

evident

that

tho

Comnruni$yte

r

v""L,r;:-'i-r-gn so €D,:. hes been cne

of

the largeet

in

reLation

to

the

to*al of

ex-.,'":,ri'r.l r.iri"'*lrp.iii.i.i+c1

to

the

Srrir.el

countries

*a

ntniopia.

It is

worth ad.d.ing suoh

ard. as ]ras been suilpLied d.irectS-y

by

certain

Member

Statesr

and which

is far

from

negligible,

to this

total

to

become awelre

of

the

real

meaning

attrtbuted

by

E\rope

to

oooperation u.tth

Af:rica,

in

spite

of

the

difficulties

i,rith

r,,rhich

Europe

herself

is

faaed.

It is

also

worth

noting

that

for

the

first

timo

financial

ai.d,

arlded.

to

the resources

of

the

Eu:ropean DeveJ.opnrent 3\:.1d,

is

being granted.

by

the

Conunurity

of

the Nine,

and

that

such aicl has becn ertend.ecl

to

a non-a,ssociated. courrtry

iri

Af;'ica.

(4)

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(5)

KOMMISSIONEN FOR OE EUROP'EISKE FIELLESSKABERS - KOMMISSION OER EUROPiiISCHEN GEMETNSCHAFTEN-COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN.COMMUNITIES - COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES

-COMMISSIONE DELLE COMUNITA EUROPEE - COMMISSIE VAN DE EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN

P-?

TALSMANOENS GRUPPE

SPRECHERGRUPPE

SPOKESMAN'S GROUP GROUPE DU PORTE-PAROLE GRUPPO DEL PORTAVOCE

BUREAU VAN DE WOORDVOERDER

ilruntut01l

llrt0nrATl|RtscHE AurzEtcHlrul{G

il(lTE

ll'ilF|lnlATl0il

1{0TA D'lltF0ntAU l0llE

TEN III|CUTETTIE

tlrrllnulTtllil nEm

ItordflX==

janvier

1974

AIDE DE LA COIUI\fi]NAUTE EUROF,ENNE AUX POPUTATIONS

SINISTREES PAR LA SECHERESSE MI AFN]QUE

(smm

m

umtroern)

Par

trois

d6cisions cons6cutives

prises

en d6cembre 19?3

(les

10,

f9 et

28)

le

Conseil d.es

},finistres

vient

d.e mettre

i la

disposition

d.e

la

Commission des moyens

particulibrement

importants se

chiffrant

i, plus

d.e 81.000.000 U.C. pour

apporter des secours dturgence en

I)lQ

at::t- pays

africains

victimes

d.e 1a

s6che-rgsse.

48.480.000 U.C. correspond-ent

i

lrachat

et

au

trarrsport

jusq'utaux

lieux

d.e

d.istribution d

}rint6rieur

des

?

pays concern6s

(f

)

ae

-

130.000 tonnes d,e cdr6ates

(tt6

etf ou mais)

14.000 tonnes de

lait

6cr6m€ en poudre

5.000 tonnes de

butteroil-.

35.600.000 U.C.

(Z)

sont

destin6es au financement imm6diat de moyens de

transport

et

d.e stockage d.e

ltaid.e

alimentaire

et

m6d.ica1e aussi

bien

que d.e

mesures permettarrt aux populations

sinistrdes

de reprendre autant gue possible

leurs

activit6s

de production normales d-bs

cette

ann6e.

La

r6partition

d.e

cette

aicle

a 6t6

d"6cid.6e en accord avec

}e

Comit6

Inter-Etat

d.e

lutte

contre

1a s6cheresse xegroupant

les

5 Etats

du Sahel

ainsi

quravec

les

7

gouvernements

int6ress6s.

Elle

est reprise

darrs

le

tableau en arlnexe.

1.

Les

faits

La s6cheressg

s6vit

en

Afrique

au Sud. d.u Sahara d.epuis

plusieurs

ann6es.

En

effet,

1es

pluies

d.ont d.6pend.ent

les

productions cles

agriculteurs

et Ia

sur-vie

d.u b6tai1 ,donc d.es pasteurs,

ont 6td insuffisantes

ou

trop

espac6es d.ans 1e

temps E des d6gr6s

vari6s

et

dairs des zones

limit6es

dtabord en 1968

et

en 1970,

partout

en 1972

et

en 1973 prena"nt

ainsi la

dimension drune catastrophe centenaire

pour

les

7

a

B

millions

d.thabitants d.e

Ia

zone d-ite sah6lieru:e

(qui regoit

nor-malement

entre

500

et

!O mm cle

pluies par an).

Le

d6ficlt

pluviom6trigue

a

atteint

40

a

50 /o en moyenne

par rapport

i.

1a normale. La

limite

extrame pour

la

cufture

du

mi1,

nourriture

d.e base des s6d.entaires,

est

d.e 300 mm

et

d.e 50 mm pour

Ia

re-pousse des

pb,turages.

Les

r6coltes

agricoles

ont

d.onc

6t6

an6anties en presql'-e

totalit6

et

entre

30

et

LOO

f'

du cheptel

ment

essentiel

des

pasteurs.a

d.isparu.

(f

)

ntiriopie,

Haute-Volta,

l.lali,

Idauricanie,

d"ont

le lait

constitue

lrali-./.

Niger,

S6n6ga1

et

Tchad.

(6)

*r-?:

L.eg*cJ,xt-gg

Jrlsquri

nos

joul's

aucun mGt6oroiogiste

nta

pu encore

6tablir

une gnelconquo

rbgle

scier-itifique

pou.r

lrapnarition

et

liiir'oerisiid

d.es

pluies"

Bj-cn que d.es

sdeheresses

aient 6td

connuesdans

le

pass6, $.1

faut

""morrt"r

juscuten 1pi3 pour

en rencontrer une de

la

m6rre atnpleur E.re ceil.es d.es rieu-x derni&res a.nn6es.

.itn"r*arni'

si

ltabeence dc

pluies

peut

6tre

consicldr6e corhe aceidentelle,

el-ie

ne

cor.stitue

pai: et-a. el.le-:r6me la. cause profonCe Ce La catastrcphc

qqrultu-a

prfvo'{u6c"

Celll-c1 nfaurait

pu

avcir

1es consSquenoes que

lton

conri&tt

si

lf

dc{ail:brc entre

re$sor;}ces

natui'elies (te;.r"s

r"ablo*,

pet.rt*ges,

eau) et

homftes

st idtail nravait

ai;teint

une

lir,dte

p:"oche

de-la

"npt.tt"

cn temps

no::iltll.. E'n

effet, le

nr:n,bre d-tiromries

et

d"tanimaux

vivant

dans l"a zone

et

d.e sa

v6g6-ca.tion, grF.ce au pomnag'c sr:r:-ibandant drearm

et

A

ltintrod.uction

de La

m€cie-ci::.e rnocle:'ne ta".-b ]'urnairre qae v6tdri-naj.re,

a

6t6

beauccup

tr,rp inportant

par

rapport

d

ses

possibilitds

dc reproi).uctio::

vdgdtale, les mettint

ainsi i,

le. merci

de .r-a ncrnC.re i 116 gul_ari t 6 p li":vi oil6 t

ri

que .

1.._!e:_ry:Leqcg

Poi"rr porrvoi-r polter':'e.nid.u A,

ceite

situa.*ion,

la

lu-Lte

contre

les

ccns6-quenoes Ce

ia

s6cireresse

rloit

6tre

n:en6e Fur ds.,ux frorrts si-multan6mcnt

-

]-a r.'ut-rrie rles horrnes

- la

::ernjse en

dta*

o.e

lrapparej.i

d.e p::od*c-bion,

cn :'6te.bli:sa:,rt 1 |

dc;rilibr:

6colcgr.q.f,e.

3. i,.

;l,i$e-allggC*iie--*t

i,glJs

.sisgg*

$e*on

les

es'i;j.ma,tions Jes expe::ts r'6rrnis so.u-s

lr6gitie

cLe

la

FAO

plus

d.e

1.000"0u0 cie tonnes

tie

c6:6ales e'r rLrarrtres denrries notlt u4"essaires

en

IgT4

pour PssLlrer

la

surr'le aer

pcpul.a-bions nenac6es rle famjne dans

les

6

pays Cu

liallel

ei

err

[thiopi"e.

Ces

qu.ntiti,s.ne

sor.t pas d.isponibles en

Afrrque.

Lei'-i

acl:.at

et

echrminernent

serait

hory$'j:tCe

c'-es pays

n-c"csit:u:c,

dcnt

1a pIu-part

fi;urcnt

c.ep",iis

toujouls

parr".i

les 2]

r.es

plus

pauv;-'es d.u ),[once

(1).

Ce'i;te

sit,uation a

d.onc appeld

rxi effor.i;

consid6rr:,bl_e

riarif6

,le

]a

ecmmuna*id

interna,iiunale

(buaget accord.j prir

odce'irbrc, t,!ee en exdcr.:.tion ctes pi,ogt.amrnes

ie

2J 3anvier),

.:

con:)r,enarlt

la

r"o,rrrniture rl-e vivreS

et

d.e

que de rfioTens d.c

transport

et

o"e

st:cka6e

jusquroux

et

siux

sommation.

f.!

.

F:c iri q9-eg*6i g-t-

Je

.l"l"faq I c 1 l_g.e_-plg**t;i qr:

Ilctlr;"ir'1es

nopu1,-:,tirrns sir:ist*'6eu

er,t

sp,ns d"oute

la.

b6,ci.e

ia

pIrls

urgente,

mais

il

nr€!t':it

Pas rnoins urgent de ie-rir procurer. 1es molre.rs poltl- -or:uvoir r.elrr.endre d,ann

ie

ncslrre ciu pol..srt,le leu:-e

rcbivrt4s

c,e prr.rd:lr,tiorr nor,r,ileu. J_1

sragit

not.rqrit::tt de

rdpa:er

des

puiis et

forages Ccvenus iriutiU.sabJ-es, dtacheter et

de

dj-st:loter

ces ser:lenees

pou::la

prcchai.nc ce.rrrpe.gne agriocl-c

i*r=u

19'14 en

Ethi:pic, rar-juiil

a'.: Se,hel)

e:

d.tautres ou';j-Js

ie*prcaiction

(Uoelrfs

d.tatte.

1tg",

el:grais,

in.lec-iiciLes,

e"Lc.o"

),

de

crier

de p6y.:.m6-i,res

iryigu6s

a.

lre,bri

d:s

uapricss de 1.r, nl-uie

et

dfir,idcr 1es pas'Leurs a. sar.tve:L,ou

i,

rec,;nstitr:er

Leui$

troupear,x (ans

les

limi_tes .les pfi,turages disporlibles,

Des somtites

tlbs

iraport:,irtos

selont

consacrd{# },

cat

cbjectif

cfu- ne

consti*

tue,

celerirlan*, q.'ru:.e p::eni_dr.:6tape

vers

t:.n Frogramne Co reco:rst::uction

et

d.c

rest':u3-furatior

q'ri

*era ndresraire

A

lorg

tern:e

p:ur

6lircjrer

Curlblcment les

e3ufr')s c'e 1a c:'ta;:ircphc

actuelle.

La. rnise Ln cerl1/le cLe ce progremixe &

lt6labo-raticn

i-i^cf;ol l-es se:"vrscs.le l-a Comniission cor;tribuent d-bs;nal.rte-irant, nScessiter;+

1a

m.rbilisatj.ol

d,c f<,nd.s be.ruc<.ruo

plus

irnpoi,talts

cncore, d.e 1?ord-re cie plusieu*s

ccntaincs ae

millions

TJ.C. Jn

effort

accru sera d.,:rrc

I

consertlr

pcnC.ant d.c

long:i-esann€es encore

p+r

Je ro:rf.r

lren'bi

dans

le

cad.re ae ce que

le

prfsid.cnt

Drorr

T{tlnr,ni

a

a"ppe).d

-1-e

pian

i;ja:sh:ll

por:r

le sdiel.

L:, ccn-L"ibu.t,ro,, d"c la.,

et

iniindd.iat de

soli-lc

Conseil

le

10

:_,-.

:.

. m6,'i,icp,merlt

s

ainsi

(7)

con--3"

r6al.isation

d.e co p3.an dans

le

ead.re' de

la

nouvelle''association

actuellernent avec 43 puyu

africains

et

des Ceraibee deVla

6tre

Comnm:rwritd

i

La Err el.Ie n6gocie

substantielle.

4.

fmportance C,e

lraide

de *:#'G-

la

Ccmmunaut6

Les d.6cisions du Conseil du mois do d'Jcen'bre Cer'nief lrror{den"L

la'

vcl'onb6

politique

d-e Lr6*rope 6Largie de

resserrer

ses

lieru

de ooopdrabiorr avec

lf

A'frique

:

er

effetr.ces

ddoisi.ons

onl

eto

pn,ses clans rure p,3rit-rdo o'L

les

6conomies eurcpdennc';

Sont 4enac6es de

la

crise

la

plrrs Srave depu;-s ).a gUerre. N6r'runcins on per:t

ccn-stater

qre

d6ja,

la

contr:bution

coirmr:r.autairr

ect

r-ne

ies

ph"-s

lnportantec

fcur-nies par

ltensemble d.es eides e:ctdrieures au Sa,liel

et

d

ltEtLiopie.

11 cor'vient

d.ty aJouter 1es

ailes

fournies

directoment

p:,r certains Etats

l{e,nbros

et

qui

SOnt

loin

dt$tre

nSgligea,blesu pou',

pt,uvoir

se

faire

-,1$e

idde

du se,rs l:6e1 que

ltE.rope

esi

cer,pabil ae cionner &.

la

coondration

eru'-efri.caine,

en

d6pit

rles

d.ifficult6s

qurel-le

doit

affronter

elle*ni6ne.

A

noter,

que pou1r

Ie

premi|re

fols

une

idc

fi.ra.ncibro'srajouiani

aux

ressourocs du

Pffir'est

accord'6e

pa:'la

ccnmu:tau"bd E'

Irte:f'

ct

gutun pays

(8)

7

a

sf,

()o ol

o

oo ol

o

\o \J- \ol \o

.alr

l"n r-t | ,n .r)lrn

ocrl o

co C)l co sj- ol sn"

ro tJ ,l .-)

\| l.+

oo()o

OO()c)

oooo

aaaa

O c) rl-\c

r{ C\l r.| r{ r{ cd P [-r .r{ F4 c .rl e,. -,P ll ti tl ll tl

.a ll

.* ll

d) ll

rll oll rl ll

li

tl ll

-l ll

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tl ll lt ll II l1

\ol I

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t-sf,l \o

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r{l I

ccl

I

ctll

ta\ r{

O

Lf\l I

a

tr-o

()o

o

c).n

O |

(\*+

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c

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tr-(\l -l an, \c, CO

q

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References

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