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e h t e d i h o t n o it u l o s a k e e s y ll a u s u s t c e ti h c r a e li h w e c ir p d n a l g n it e k c o r y k s o t e u d

e r g n i d li u b t a s ti n u g n i s n e d n o

c -enrtan tsurrounded by wall son t hreeside so reven fou r e r u t a r e p m e t t n a c if i n g i s a r o f m e l b o r p l a it n e t o p A . n o it a r e d i s n o c c it e h t s e a n o d e s a b s e d i s

g n i s n e d n o c f o r e b m u n e g r a l a m o r f d e t c e j e r t a e h e h t o t e u d e c a p s d e n if n o c e h t n i e s ir

. s e c n e u q e s n o c s u o ir e s o t d a e l n a c s ti n

u Hight emperaturei nt he con ifned space no tonly s s e c c a e v a h o h w , s t n e d i s e r g n ir u o b h g i e n o t t n e m n o ri v n e l a m r e h t e l b a tr o f m o c n u s e s u a c

e h t f o e c n a m r o f r e p y l s u o ir e s s t c e f f a o s l a t u b , s e i n o c l a b r o s w o d n i w s a h c u s e c a p s e h t o t

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(16)

4 1 y b d e s i a r s i ti n u g n i s n e d n o c a f o e r u t a r e p m e

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n i e s a e r c n i e r u t a r e p m e t e h t f o t c a p m i g n it a l a c s e e h T . % 3 d n u o r a y b s p o r d m e t s y s e h t f o

b t o n d l u o h s e c a p s d e n if n o c e h

t e underesitmated . The highe r tha t the ambien t e h t e v e i h c a o t d e ri u q e r s i r o s s e r p m o c e h t r o f k r o w e r o m e h t , s e m o c e b e r u t a r e p m e t

e h t m o r f d e s a e l e r t a e h e r o m e h t ,s e m o c e b d a o l r o s s e r p m o c e h t r e h g i h e h T . y t u d g n il o o c

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r o m e v il r u o e k a m n a c t i t a h t o s l u f e s u e r o

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• Applyt heoreitcallyandpracitcallyoft hermodynamicl earnti nanacademic .

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(17)

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A condiitoner s(fo rcooilng )andhea tpumps (fo rheaitng )both work simlia lry t a e h " r e l o o c a m o r f " d e p m u p " r o d e r r e f s n a rt s i t a e h t a h t n

i -source" t o a warme r"h -eat

k n i

s " .Ai rcondiitoner sand hea tpump susuallyoperatemos teffecitvelyat t emperature s s e e r g e d 5 5 o t 0 5 d n u o r

a Fahrenheti .Typically when the hea tsource temperature fall s e c n a l a b " e h t d e ll a c t n i o p a h c a e r o t s n i g e b m e t s y s e h t , ti e h n e r h a F s e e r g e d 0 4 w o l e b t a e h e h t f o t u o t a e h e r o m y n a " ll u p " o t e l b a t o n s i m e t s y s e h t e r e h w , " t n i o

p -source t(hi s

m i S . ) p m u p t a e h o t p m u p t a e h m o r f s e ir a v t n i o

p lia lry ,when t he heat-sink t emperature

l li w d n a , y l e v it c e f f e s s e l e t a r e p o l li w m e t s y s e h t ,t i e h n e r h a F s e e r g e d 0 2 1 t u o b a o t s e s ir d n u o r G . t a e h e r o m y n a t u o " h s u p " o t e l b a e b t o

n -source( geothermal )hea tpump sdon' t

p e c n a l a b " a g n i h c a e r f o m e l b o r p s i h t e v a

h oint" because t hey use t he ground a sa hea t r o d l o c o o t g n i m o c e b m o r f ti s t n e v e r p a it r e n i l a m r e h t s' d n u o r g e h t d n a k n i s t a e h / e c r u o s y r a v t o n s e o d e r u t a r e p m e t s ' d n u o r g e h T . ti o t r o m o r f t a e h g n i v o m n e h w m r a w o o t e v o b a r i a e h t s a r a e y a r e v o h c u m s a y lr a e

n i tdoe .s

r a l u g n a t c e r e l g n i s e r a s g n i d li u b r e h t o r o s e m o h n i s r e n o it i d n o c r i a l a n o it i d a rt y n a M ) e d i s n i e h t( g n il o o c e r a y e h t e c a p s e h t o t s s e c c a e v a h o t d e e n s ti n u r e n o it i d n o c r i A . s ti n u e s r e s n e d n o c e h t l o o c o t d e s u s i r i a e d i s t u o y ll a m r o n ; k n i s t a e h a d n

a citon .Fo rthi s

l l a w a n i s g n i n e p o h g u o r h t r o s w o d n i w n i d e c a l p e r a s r e n o it i d n o c r i a t i n u e l g n i s , n o s a e r e h t f o s tr a p e d i s t u o d n a e d i s n i e h t h t o b n o s t n e v e r a e r e h T . r e n o it i d n o c r i a e h t r o f e d a m a y b t u o d n a n i n w o l b e b n a c d e l o o c e b o t r i a e d i s n i o s , ti n

u fan in the unti ,and so

e h T . k n i s t a e h e h t s a t c a o t n a f r e h t o n a y b t u o d n a n i n w o l b e b o s l a n a c r i a e d i s t u o .s ti n u h c u s l a r e v e s e v a h y a m g n i d li u b r o e s u o h e g r a l A . e d i s n i e h t n o e r a s l o rt n o c i n i m s s e lt c u

D -spil tai rcondiitoner scombine some rtati so fcenrta lai rcondiitoning h g u o r h t r o w o d n i w f o s ti a rt e m o s h ti w s m e t s y

s - et -h wal luntis .Theywerei nventeda san

l o o c e h t e r e h w s g n i d li u b r o f s r e n o it i d n o c r i a w o d n i w o t e v it a n r e tl

a -ai rdist irbuitonduct s

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(18)

6 r o ir e t x e n a n o d e t n u o m s i r o s s e r p m o c e h t g n i d u l c n i ti n u e d i s t u o n A . ll a t s n i o t e v i s n e p x e n a n o h g i h d e t n u o m s i r o t a r o p a v e e h t g n i d u l c n i ti n u e d i s n i n a d n a , g n i d li u b e h t f o l l a w o r e h t f o , g n il i e c e h t n i r o n o r o , ll a w r o ir e t n

i om to be cooled .They are connected

e h t n i d e ll ir d e l o h a h g u o r h t s e ri w l o rt n o c d n a , n i a r d e t a s n e d n o c , g n i b u t t n a r e g ir f e r r o o d n i e e r h t r o , o w t , e n o o t d e t c e n n o c e b n a c t i n u r o o d t u o n A . ll a w r o ir e t x e s ' m o o r .s ti n u i m s s e lt c u d a , s r e n o it i d n o c r i a w o d n i w e k i

L n -i spil t system requrie s no ai r duct s

t n e d n e p e d n i e v a h o t g n i d li u b e h t n i " s e n o z " e t a r a p e s s w o ll a d n a g n i d li u b e h t t u o h g u o r h t a k c o l b t o n s e o d t i , m e t s y s g n i n o it i d n o c r i a l a rt n e c a e k il , r e v e w o H . s l o rt n o c e r u t a r e p m e t w o d n i w r e h t o n a e ri u q e r r o w o d n i

w -sizedholei nt hewall ,andi tputst hemainsourceo f e d i s n i f o t n u o m a n e v i g a l o o c o t t n e m p i u q E . g n i d li u b e h t e d i s t u o ) r o s s e r p m o c e h t( e s i o n l a rt n e c h ti w n a h t e v i s n e p x e s s e l t u b s ti n u w o d n i w h ti w n a h t e v i s n e p x e e r o m s i e c a p s y lt s o m m e h t y u b s r e m o t s u C . s m e t s y

s fort hei rquietnes scomparedt owindowuntis ,and e g r a l y r e v a n I . s m e t s y s l a rt n e c o t d e r a p m o c s a n o it a ll a t s n i f o e s a e d n a t s o c r e w o l ri e h t e h t m o r f r a f s i t a h t e c a p s r i a l o o c o t d e e n e h t d n a n o it a li t n e v r o f d e e n e h t , g n i d li u b d e k a m s ll a w r e t u o s ' g n i d li u

b ucltes smini-spltis ystem sandwindowuntisi mpracitca.l

n i w o l e b d e n i a l p x e s i a e r a t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t y b e g n a r r a t a h t t c e j o r p f o e p o c s e h T .r e d r o g n i d n e c s a

.I Design the channe lto connec tthe outdoo runi to fthe ria -condiitona lto the e h t g n i s u y b e g a r o t

s sutiableequipment .Studyt heeffecitvenes soft hi schanne l . e s u s i ti n e h w .I

I Design t he storage of t he t hing t ha twants t o place .Study t he effecitvenes so f r o f d e s u t a h t s g n i h t f o y d u t s d n a e g a r o t s e h

t bulidupt hiss torage.

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(19)

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I ai r condiitoning can refe r to any form o f heaitng , ri

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i v y ll a c i p y t , ri a r o o d n i f o n o it a c if i d i m u h e

d ref irgeraiton.An ai rcondiitoner ( CA ro

C /

A )i sanappilance ,system ,o rmechanismdesignedt o ex rtac theatf rom anareausing t r o f m o c r o f e r a s r e n o it i d n o c r i a n r e d o m f o s e s u n o m m o c t s o m e h T . e l c y c n o it a r e g ir f e r a

n a rt d n a s g n i d li u b n i g n il o o

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, s r o d ir r o c , s m o o r n i s n o it u b ir t s i d e r u t a r e p m e t d n a y ti c o l e v n o s e i d u t s e v i s n e t x E

n e h C d n a , e lt ti h W d n a s e n o J . d e t c u d n o c n e e b e v a h s e r u t c u rt s g n i d li u b r e h t o d n a , m u ir t a

D F C f o n o it a c il p p a n o s w e i v e r e v i s n e h e r p m o c d e d i v o r p c i b e r S d n

a technique sin

ri a d e i d u t s u h S d n a e u X . s e d a c e d 2 t s a l r e v o s e r u t c u rt s g n i d li u b s u o ir a

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d e t c u d n o c . l a t e o t a K d n a n e s l e i N . h c a o r p p a D F C g n i s u m o o r a n i s c it s ir e t c a r a h c

n o it a n i m r e t e d e h t r o f s n o it a t u p m o c l a c ir e m u n d n a e l a c s y r o t a r o b a l t a s t n e m ir e p x

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l a m r e h t e h t s s e r d d a o t d n u o f n e e b s a h k r o w e lt ti l , r e v e w o H . s e c a p s e g r a l n i w o lf ri a

h g i h a f o e c a p s d e n if n o c e h t n i t n e m n o ri v n

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t h g il a n i n o it a p i s s i d t a e h e h t d e i d u t s . l a t e i n a t o K . d e ll a t s n i e r a s ti n u g n i s n e d n o

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l p s f o e c n a m r o f r e p e h t e t a g it s e v n

(20)

8 e r g n i d li u b t a d e ll a t s n i s ti n u g n i s n e d n o c f o e s

ir -enrtant .To invesitgate the therma l

h g i h a f o e c a p s d e n if n o c e h t n i t n e m n o ri v n

e - irsebulidingandprovideusefuli nformaiton a f o l e d o m e d u ti li m i s 0 2 / 1 a t li u b . l a t e e u X , t n e m e ri u q e r n o it a li t n e v e h t g n it a l u g e r n o i s n e d n o c g n it a l u m i s s n a f d n a s e c r u o s t a e h f o y a r r a h ti w e c a p s d e n if n o

c ng unti so fari

s u o ir a v r e d n u e c a p s e h t f o e n a l p l a rt n e c e h t t a s e s ir e r u t a r e p m e T . m e t s y s g n i n o it i d n o c e h t t a h t d e li e v n u y d u t s e h T . d e r u s a e m e r e w s n o it i d n o c l a n o it a r e p o d n a c ir t e m o e g g i s a s a h d e ll a t s n i e r a s ti n u g n i s n e d n o c e r e h w s ll a w e h t n e e w t e b e c n a t s i

d ni ifcanti mpac t

. e s ir e r u t a r e p m e t e h t n o [6] d n a w o lf ri a e h t f o s n o it a l u m i s l a c ir e m u n , y d u t s s u o i v e r p e h t f o n o i s n e t x e n a s A h g i h a f o e c a p s d e n if n o c e h t n i s ti n u g n i s n e d n o c e h t r a e n n o it u b ir t s i d e r u t a r e p m e

t - irse

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b g were carired ou tusing computaitona l lfuid dynamic s(CFD )approach .In t he n i s tl u s e r l a t n e m ir e p x e e h t t s n i a g a d e t a d il a v t s ri f s a w l e d o m l a c ir e m u n e h t , y d u t s t n e s e r p ll u f a n o d e t c u d n o c n e h t s a w n o it a l u m i s l a c ir e m u n e h T . l e d o m e l a c s 0 2 / 1 e h

t -size

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p pehigh- irsebuliding .Theobjecitveoft hi sworki st ocharacte irzet heari lfowand l a n o it a r e p o d n a l a c ir t e m o e g d a o r b t a e c a p s d e n if n o c e h t n i s n o it u b ir t s i d e r u t a r e p m e t s ir e r u t a r e p m e t n o s r e t e m a r a p n g i s e d t n a tr o p m i f o t c a p m i e h t e t a r o b a l e d n a , s n o it i d n o

c e .

. d e s o p o r p d n a d e s s u c s i d n e h t e r a e s ir e r u t a r e p m e t e h t g n il l o rt n o c r o f s n a e m e v it c e f f E [4]

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t enta lwork ont hermodynamic swhich wa sdoneby Boyle ,Carno tandother s o t d e il p p a e c n e i c s a s a g n i n o it i d n o c r i a t u b , s e ir u t n e c n e e t h g i e d n a h t n e e t n e v e s e h t n i f o s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t n i ,r e ir r a C k r o w d n a s a e d i e h t o t h c u m s e w o g n ir e e n i g n e l a c it c a r p , a c ir e m

A a tthe beginning o fthi scentury .An impo tran tstepping stone in the path o f f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t s a w g n i n o it i d n o c r i a f o s d o h t e m n r e d o m o t d e l s a h h c i h w s s e r g o r p y b d n a , 3 2 9 1 n i r e il l o M y b e h t d n a 6 0 9 1 n i r e ir r a C y b t s ri f , tr a h c c ir t e m o r h c y s p e h t i s s r e h t

(21)

9 c ir e h p s o m t a n a f o l o rt n o c c it a m o t u a e h t s e il p m i g n i n o it i d n o c r i a l l u F r e p o r p r o f r o s l a m i n a r o s g n i e b n a m u h f o t r o f m o c e h t r o f r e h ti e t n e m n o ri v n e e h t t a h t s d n a m e d l l u f e v it c e j d a e h T . s s e c o r p c if it n e i c s r o l a ir t s u d n i e m o s f o e c n a m r o f r e p m e v o m , y ti r u

p en,tt emperatureandr elaitvehumidtiyof t heai rbe conrtolled ,wtihint he , n o it a c il p p a n i a tr e c e h t r o f ,t a h t e l b i s s o p s i tI . n o it a c if i c e p s n g i s e d e h t y b d e s o p m i s ti m il r i A . d e ll o rt n o c e b o t e v a h o s l a y a m t n e m n o ri v n e e h t n i r i a e h t f o e r u s s e r p e h t it i d n o

c oningi so tfenmisuseda sat ermandi sl ooselyandwronglyadoptedt odesc irbea a n e h w y l n o g n i n o it i d n o c r i a f o k l a t o t t c e r r o c y ll a e r s i tI . n o it a li t n e v e l p m i s f o m e t s y s s i h T . s m i a r e h t o o t n o it i d d a n i , d e d n e t n i s i n o it c n u f n o it a c if i d i m u h e d d n a g n il o o

c mean s

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T B iritsh scienitst and inventor Michae lFaradaydiscovered t ha t l d n a g n i s s e r p m o

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(22)

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i ,which he used to coo lai rfo rhi spaitent .s[ 1] He hoped eventually to use hi sice -d e n o i s i v n e n e v e e H . s g n i d li u b f o e r u t a r e p m e t e h t e t a l u g e r o t e n i h c a m g n i k a m o c r i a d e z il a rt n e

c ndiitoning t ha tcouldcoo lentrie ciite .s[ 2] Though hi sprototypel eaked a p a d e t n a r g s a w e ir r o G , y lr a l u g e r ri d e m r o f r e p d n

a ten tin 1851 fo rhi sice-making

l a i c n a n if f e i h c s i h n e h w s d r a w r e tf a n o o s d e h s i n a v s s e c c u s s ti r o f s e p o h s i H . e n i h c a m c c A . e n i h c a m e h t p o l e v e d o t d e d e e n e h y e n o m e h t t e g t o n d i d e ir r o G . d e i d r e k c a

b ording

r e h p a r g o i b s i h o

t Vivian M .She lrock ,heblamedt he"IceKing, "Frede ircTudor,f o rhi s . n o it n e v n i s i h t s n i a g a n g i a p m a c r a e m s a d e h c n u a l s a h r o d u T t a h t g n it c e p s u s , e r u li a f n i h t a e d s 'e ir r o G r e tf

A 1855 the idea o fai rcondiitoning faded away fo rsome years . y

lr a

E commercia lappilcaiton so fai rcondiitoning were t o i ndust ira lprocessing n I . tr o f m o c l a n o s r e p n a h t r e h t a

r 1902 the fris tmodern elect irca lai rcondiitoning wa s d e t n e v n

i by Wliil s Havliand Carirer . Designed to improve manufactu irng proces s g n it n ir p a n i l o rt n o

c plant ,hi sinveniton conrtolled no tonly temperature bu talso y ti d i m u

h .Thel owhea tandhumidtiyweret ohelpmaintainconsisten tpape rdimension s e h t n i y ti v it c u d o r p e s a e r c n i o t d e il p p a s a w y g o l o n h c e t s' r e ir r a C r e t a L . t n e m n g il a k n i d n a d n a , e c a l p k r o

w The Car ire rAi rCondiitoning Company o fAme irca wa sformed in to t r o f m o c e v o r p m i o t d e s u e b o t e m a c g n i n o it i d n o c r i a e m it r e v O . d n a m e d g n i s ir e h t t e e m d n a s e m o h n

i automoblies .Residenita lsale sexpanded dramaitcally in the 1950sI.n 6

0 9

1 ,Stuar tW .Cramer fo Cha lrotte ,No trh Caroilna ,USA ,wa sexplo irng wayst o add o it i d n o c r i a " m r e t e h t d e n i o c r e m a r C . ll i m e li t x e t s i h n i ri a e h t o t e r u t s i o

m ning, "usingi t

ll e w a n e h t ," g n i n o it i d n o c r e t a w " o t e u g o l a n a n a s a r a e y t a h t d e li f e h m i a l c t n e t a p a n i -h ti w e r u t s i o m d e n i b m o c e H . k r o w o t r e i s a e s e li t x e t g n i k a m r o f s s e c o r p n w o n k d n a " n o it i d n o c " o t n o it a li t n e

v changesthearii nt hef acto ires ,conrtolilngt hehumid tiys o d e t a r o p r o c n i d n a m r e t e h t d e t p o d a r e ir r a C s il li W . s t n a l p e li t x e t n i y r a s s e c e

n ti i nto t he

s i h f o e m a

n company.

e h

T fris tai rcondiitoner sand ref irgerators employed toxic gase s ilke ammonia d

n

a methy lchlo irde ,which could resul tin fata laccident swhen they leaked .Thoma s .r J , y e l g d i

M createdt hef ris tchloro lfuorocarbongas ,Freon,i n1928 .Ther ef irgeran twa s s 'e r e h p s o m t a e h t o t l u f m r a h e b o t d n u o f r e t a l s a w t u b s n a m u h r o f r e f a s h c u

m ozone

r e y a

(23)

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R ( n o it i s o p m o c r a l u c e l o m g n it a c i d n i r e b m u n a g n i d u l c n i h c a e f o e m a

n -11 ,R-12 ,R- ,22

R-134) .Theblendmos tusedi ndriect-expansioncomfor tcooilngi sanHCFCknowna s R-22 .I ti sto be phased ou tfo ruse in new equipmen tby 2010 and completely

y b d e u n it n o c s i

d 2020 . -R 11 and R-12 are no l onge rmanufactured i n t he US, t he only r i a r e h t o m o r f d e r e v o c e r s a g d e if ir u p d n a d e n a e l c e h t g n i e b e s a h c r u p r o f e c r u o s

e n o z o l a r e v e S . s m e t s y s r e n o it i d n o

c -f irendly ref irgerant s have been developed a s g

n i d u l c n i ,s e v it a n r e tl

a R-410A ,knownbyt hebrandname"Puron ."

r i a t n e c e r e h t s a h c u s , s t c e f f e n o it a z il ir e t s r i a e v a h y ll a u s u s r e n o it i d n o c r i a t s e t a L

.s ti f e n e b n o it a z il a rt u e n d n a l a d i c i m r e g e v a h t a h t s r e n o it i d n o

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e r u t a r e p m e t g n it a r o p a v e f o e s a e r c n i d n a e r u t a r e p m e t g n i s n e d n o c f o e s a e r c e d e h t o t e u D

1 m o r f d e g n a h c e l c y c n o it a r e g ir f e r e h t , s n o it i d n o c d a o l t r a p n

o -2-3-4 to 1′-2′-3′-4 ,′

n w o h

s in F 1ig .Unde rpar tload condiitons ,the ref irgeraiton effec tincreased from

q0 = h1− h4 to ,and t hepowe rconsumpitonpe runti r ef irgeran tdescended

m o r

f w0 = h2− h1 to .Fromt heanalysi sabove,i twa sce traint hatt heCOP

. d e s a e r c n i t n a l p r e ll i h c e h t f

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F 1: Changeofr ef irgeraitoncycles hownonphdiagram.

n

A ai rcondiitoning system ,o ra stand-alone ai rcondiitoner ,provide sheaitng ,cooilng , a

rt n e C ' . g n i d li u b a f o t r a p r o l l a r o f l o rt n o c y ti d i m u h d n a , n o it a li t n e

v 'l , a'll-ari 'ai r

c il b u p d n a , s e c if f o , s e c n e d i s e r n r e d o m n i d e ll a t s n i n e tf o e r a s m e t s y s g n i n o it i d n o c

o t d e n g i s e d t o n s a w t a h t g n i d li u b a n i l l a t s n i( t if o rt e r o t t l u c if fi d e r a t u b , s g n i d li u b

m e t s y s t c u d A . d e ri u q e r s t c u d r i a y k l u b e h t f o e s u a c e b ) ti e v i e c e

r mus tbe carefully

f o h t w o r g e h t t n e v e r p o t d e n i a t n i a

m pathogenic bacte ira in t he ducts .An atlernaitve t o s

t c u d e g r a

l tocarryt heneededarit ohea to rcoo lanareai st heuseofr emotef ancoli so r .s

m e t s y s t il p

s These systems ,atlhough mos to tfen seen in residenita lapp ilcaitons ,are a o t d e t c e n n o c s i l i o c e t o m e r e h T . s g n i d li u b l a i c r e m m o c l l a m s n i y ti r a l u p o p g n i n i a g

remotecondense runi tusingpipingi nsteado fduct .s

A dehumidi ifer i san ari-condiitoner-ilke device t ha tconrtols t he humidtiy o fa d

e y o l p m e n e tf o e r a y e h T . g n i d li u b r o m o o

r in basement swhich have a highe rrelaitve

y ti d i m u

h becauseoft heril owert emperature( andpropenstiyf o rdamp lfoor sandwalls) . e

g r a l , s t n e m h s il b a t s e g n il i a t e r d o o f n

I open chille rcabinet sare highly effecitve a t g

n i y fi d i m u h e

d the interna lari .Conversely ,a humidi ifer increase sthe humidtiy o fa .

g n i d li u

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