http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133219/ Version: Accepted Version
Article:
McManus, Kevin and Marsden, Emma Josephine orcid.org/0000-0003-4086-5765 (2019) Signatures of automaticity during practice : Explicit instruction about L1 processing
routines can improve L2 grammatical processing. Applied Psycholinguistics. pp. 205-234. ISSN 1469-1817
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716418000553
[email protected] Reuse
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[image:38.612.126.418.148.617.2]TABLES
Table 1.
Summary of instructional differences between the treatment groups
L2+L1 L2+L1prac L2 only
L2 practice
L2 EI
L1 practice
L1 EI
For Review Only
Table 2. Summary of logit mixed effects model comparisons for accuracySession # Model Fixed Effects Random Effects AIC ( AIC 2LL Statistic
1 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 818.87
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 820.18 407.09 2(1) = .69 .41
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 796.91 394.45 2(1) = 25.27 < .001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 798.84 393.42 2(2) = 2.07 .36
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 800.12 393.06 2(1) = .72 .39
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 792.58 388.29 2(1) = 9.53 .002 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 791.28 388.64 2(1) = .69 .40
2 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 940.99 0468.50
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 942.58 468.29 2(1) = .41 .52
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 939.82 465.91 2(1) = 4.76 .03
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 936.01 462.01 2(1) = 7.81 .02
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 937.60 461.80 2(1) = .41 .52
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 927.09 455.55 2(1) = 12.51 <. 001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 925.49 455.49 2(1) = .39 .53
3 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 1776.6 886.30
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 1775.0 884.51 2(1) = 3.58 .06
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 1749.4 860.70 2(1) = 27.63 <. 001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 1730.8 859.38 2(2) = 22.63 < .001
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 1731.8 858.91 2(1) = .95 .33
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 1717.1 850.55 2(1) = 16.71 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 1716.1 851.04 2(1) = .97 .32
4 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 5766.6 2881.3
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 5767.9 2881.0 2(1) = .72 .39
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 5734.1 2863.1 2(1) = 35.80 < .001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 5623.1 2805.6 2(2) = 114.99 < .001
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 5624.5 2805.2 2(1) = .64 .42
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 5583.2 2783.6 2(1) = 43.31 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 5581.8 2783.9 2(1) = .66 .42
. Grey shading indicates optimal model 2
For Review Only
Table 3.Summary of mixed effects linear model comparisons for RT
Session # Model Fixed Effects Random Effects AIC ( AIC 2LL Statistic
1 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 84395.91 42194.96
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 84397.90 42194.95 2(1) = .01 .91
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 84352.44 42171.22 2(1) = 47.46 <.001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 84266.31 42126.15 2(2) = 90.14 <.001
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 84267.99 42125.99 2(1) = .32 .57
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84249.91 42115.96 2(1) = 20.08 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84248.22 42116.11 2(1) = 20.08 <.001
2 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 84161.99 42077.99
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 84163.08 42077.54 2(1) = .91 .34
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 84140.87 42065.44 2(1) = 24.20 <.001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 84116.50 42051.25 2(2) = 28.38 <.001 Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 84116.87 42050.44 2(1) = 1.62 .20 Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84103.17 42042.59 2(1) = 15.69 <.001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84102.8 42043.40 2(1) = .15.69 <.001
3 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 125492.0 62743
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 125490.6 62741.30 2(1) = 3.39 .07
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 125331.9 62660.94 2(1) = 160.72 < .001 Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 125190.9 62588.47 2(2) = 144.93 < .001
Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 125192 62588.23 2(1) = .49 .48
Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 125176.1 62579.05 2(1) = 18.35 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 125174 62579.29 2(1) = 18.36 < .001
4 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 193608.5 96801.23
Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 193609.1 96800.55 2(1) = 1.37 .24
Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 193357.0 96673.51 2(1) = 254.07 < .001
Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 192961.5 96473.75 2(1) = 399.53 < .001 Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 192951.5 96467.74 2(1) = 12.02 .001 Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 192927.6 96454.78 2(1) = 25.91 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 192937.5 96460.76 2(1) = 11.95 .001 . Grey shading indicates optimal model
For Review Only
Table 4.Summary of fixed effects for accuracy
Session # Parameter Estimate 95% CIs for Estimate SE z value
1 (intercept) 2.13 1.15, 3.10 .49 4.28 < .001 .01
Group .49 .04, .94 .23 2.13 .03 .01
Item .07 .04, .09 .02 4.23 < .001 .01
Verb .19 .26, .65 .23 .83 .40 .01
Group X Item .02 .03, .01 .01 3.12 .002 .01
2 (intercept) 2.34 1.05, 3.63 .66 3.56 <. 001 .02
Group .74 .15, 1.32 .29 2.47 .01 .02
Item .05 .02, .08 .01 3.68 <.001 .02
Verb .13 .28, .54 .21 .63 .53 .02
Group X Item .02 .03, .01 .01 3.77 < .001 .02
3 (intercept) 2.15 1.32, 2.98 .42 5.07 <. 001 .02
Group .46 .09, .84 .19 2.42 .02 .02
Item .04 .03, .06 .01 5.33 <. 001 .02
Verb 15 .45, .15 .15 .96 .34 .02
Group X Item .01 .02, .01 .00 4.13 <. 001 .02
4 (intercept) .45 .06, .96 .26 1.73 .08 .04
Group .91 .67, 1.15 .12 7.42 <. 001 .04
Item .02 .01, .20 .00 8.85 <. 001 .04
Verb .06 .02, .03 .07 .82 .41 .04
Group X Item .01 .01, .01 .00 7.9 < .001 .04
For Review Only
Table 5.
Summary of fixed effects for RT
Session # Parameter Estimate 95% CIs for Estimate
SE DF t value
1 (intercept) 1912.78 1660.43, 2165.14 128.77 5033 14.85 <.001 .09
Group 237.90 355.49, 120.32 58.59 51 4.06 <.001 .09
Item 13.13 17.33, 8.94 2.14 5033 6.14 <.001 .09
Group X Item 4.81 2.90, 6.72 .97 5033 4.94 <.001 .09
2 (intercept) 1967.85 1700.78, 2234.91 136.28 4843 14.44 <.001 .03
Group 260.55 387.28, 122.83 63.09 49 4.13 <.001 .03
Item 12.70 17.35, 8.06 2.37 4843 5.36 <.001 .03
Group X Item 4.70 2.55, 6.85 1.09 4843 4.28 <.001 .03
3 (intercept) 2353.70 2121.63, 2585.77 118.42 7434 19.88 <.001 .09
Group 298.57 406.59, 190.56 53.79 50 5.55 <.001 .10
Item 10.08 12.97, 7.19 1.48 7434 6.83 <.001 .09
Group X Item 3.15 1.83, 4.46 .67 4.69 4.69 <.001 .09
4 (intercept) 2576.59 2307.74, 2845.43 137.18 11392 18.78 <.001 .11
Group 376.77 501.73, 251.82 62.25 51 6.05 <.001 .12
Item 8.82 11.06, 6.58 1.14 11392 7.72 <.001 .11
Verb 70.69 110.76, 30.63 20.44 11392 3.46 .001 .11
Group X Item 3.00 1.99, 4.02 0.52 11392 5.78 <.001 .11
For Review Only
Table 6.Linear regression results for CV scores in each practice session
Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4
Intercept [95% CIs] (SE)
.64*** [.54, .75] (.05)
.61** [.54, .67] (.03)
.71*** [.67, .75] (.02)
.74*** [.71, .77] (.01)
Item [95% CIs] (SE)
.000 [ .00, .00] (.00)
.002** [.00, .00] (.00)
.001*** [ .00, .00] (.000)
.001*** [ .00, .00] (.00)
(1, 94) = .01 (1, 94) = 9.6 (1, 142) = 47.67 (1, 214) = 102
.91 .003 <. 001 <. 001
.00 .09 .25 .32
*** = <. 001, ** = <.01 2
For Review Only
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APPENDIX C
Ongoingness (Present vs. Past), Session 1
[A six second video clip of man eating an apple. The apple was never fully eaten.]
To describe this you could say:
Or
The difference between these two is: Il mange = ongoing action RIGHT
NOW
Il mangeait = ongoing action IN THE PAST
[Same video again as L2 only treatment]
To describe this you could say:
Or
The difference between these two is: ‘he is eating’ = ongoing action RIGHT
NOW
‘he was eating’ = ongoing action IN PAST”
The ends of the verbs distinguish between an ongoing action in the
present past e.g. [Four verbs
presented in pairs, aurally and in writing]:
RIGHT NOW
IN PAST
regarde [ʀəgaʀd]
regardait [ʀəgaʀdɛ]
To identify ongoing meaning in the present the past, you need to focus on the auxiliary.
Look/listen out for ‘is’ or ‘was’ to indicate whether it is an ongoing action taking place RIGHT NOW (present) or it is one IN THE PAST (past).”
96 (48 listening; 48 reading) items. Learners must identify whether an ongoing event is taking place “MAINTENANT” (right now) or “DANS LE PASSÉ” (in the past), e.g.: Il…
(1) fait du shopping (‘is shopping’)
(2) parlait français (‘was speaking French’)
32 (16 listening; 16 reading) items. Learners must identify whether an ongoing event is taking place “RIGHT NOW” or “IN THE PAST”, e.g.
He…
(1) is eating a sandwich
(2) was running to the shop
For Review Only
‘MAINTENANT’:
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NOW’:
“The present tense in English (‘is +ing’) and in French expresses the same thing:
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