• No results found

Signatures of automaticity during practice : Explicit instruction about L1 processing routines can improve L2 grammatical processing.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2019

Share "Signatures of automaticity during practice : Explicit instruction about L1 processing routines can improve L2 grammatical processing."

Copied!
57
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133219/ Version: Accepted Version

Article:

McManus, Kevin and Marsden, Emma Josephine orcid.org/0000-0003-4086-5765 (2019) Signatures of automaticity during practice : Explicit instruction about L1 processing

routines can improve L2 grammatical processing. Applied Psycholinguistics. pp. 205-234. ISSN 1469-1817

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716418000553

[email protected] Reuse

Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item.

Takedown

If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by

(2)
(3)

For Review Only

! " #$ " % " & ' #% " %

#% ( "" % " # ) $ % % * % # % " %#% #% " " +

, ) % $ - # . $ % % ) ' ,% " ! % ) ) $$ !

% / 0 1" % * % " ) ' #$ " ) % / 0 ! '

%#% #% " " / '- $ % #02 /'0 ' " % 3 #% " " ! / '3

% #02 % /40 ' " % 3 #% " " & ! / '3 #% " % #0+ ,

" "% ) #% " " $ % "" % ) % # %) % " $

) % $ % % ! % " ( / '3 % #0+ )) " ) 5 % $ / $ ! 6 7

$ ! 62 8840 " . !$ % % " % %$ ## % $ % $

6 ( % / $ ( ( 9 %2 ': ;< 6 . 2 ': ;0+ % )

#% " " & #% " % & ) # 2 "" % " 2 & $ ) '

# %) % " ( #$ " ) % ' $ % % 2 % $ ) ' % %

$ % 2 ' # +

9 ! % #$ " % " 2 #% " " 2 %# 2 )$ " 2 " 2 ' $ % 2

(4)

For Review Only

, % $ / 0 . !$ #% " % " ( $ )$ " "

$ / '0 $ #% " / $$ 2 '::=< $$ 2 > ) 62 ? % 2 2 @ $ 2 7 %%

': A< > ## 7 % 2 ': =< & % 7 6. 2 ': 40 ))$ %#%

#% " / $$ 7 %% 2 ': < > " 7 % " -5 % 2 ': ;< ? % . 7 $ # $ 2

': =0+ ( % $ ' % ) # #% " $$ ) % % "% " $ % $ ) % 2 "

- % " $$ " &$ ". / $$ 2 '::=< %B -5 $ 7 $$ 2 ': =0

' #% " % " & )$ " & /? "C 2 '::D2 ': '<

* % 2 ': 4< 5 2 '::'0+ 5 % $ $ % %" 2 ! ( %2

! " % %" ( " & & )$ " ' "E " & "

)) " ( ) #$ " ' % % $ % 2 "$ % 6 & ! &

)$ " ' # %) % " 2 $ % ))$ + % %" %

! #$ " ) % / 0 & ' ) % - ## ) %

"% $ " $$ )) % % ) % $ & ) !% 2 '

#% " / %2 & ! 2 7 # 2 ': :< > % 2 C 2 7 @ $$2 ': :< 9 #) %& % 2 88802

! % & ' $ /& & 0 ) % "% $ " $$ )) % ) %

& ) # %) % " % " $ F / $ 7 . ! "62 ': A0+

@ $ 2 ?"? ? % /': ; 2 ': ;&0 #% ( &

/ $ . $ 7 . ! "6 ': A0 %#% #% " " ) & ,% " / '0

$ / 0 " / $ . ) ) % 0 ( %

% " $ )) " ( ) % # " ' ,% " 2 ! $$- " % ) )) " $

"% $ " )) % " /> ! % 2 '::D< 6E % 7 $$ 2 '::G2 ?"? ': 42 ': D0+

?"? ? % * #$ " % " $ 4+D % ! $ ( % ( % ) % ! . +

& ' #% " % ) $$ ! & %#% #% " " ) $ / 0 2

(5)

For Review Only

,% " / '0 " #% ( $ % % * # / $ 0 "" % " / ))$ 0 ) # " $

%#% / 0 ) % ) % % " /

0 ! . $ % / $ 0+ C $ # - % " ( "

& ) ' $ ))$ # %) % " 2 ! % ( % $ $ &

% ) " $ $ % % F " % #% " " 2 "$ ! " $ %

% #% " " ! )) " & % " ( #% -#% " " & + " %%

% # & $ % % * -& - %#% ) ,% " " ! $

% . #% " " 2 & % % ! # %) % " % #% " " " % &

$ % $ #% ( $ % # % & ?"?

? % /': ; 2 ': ;&0+ % . !$ 2 #% ( % %" (

! " & ' #% " % " )) " # "" % " ) $ % % *

% # % #% " " +

" %% $$ % # $ $ " $ $ )

?"? ? % * /': ; 2 ': ;&0 2 ! " ! "% $ " "

/! % #% ( " ) $$ ! & ' $ 0 ( ( '3

% #+ " %% % ( # &$ " ) & # %) % " % '

#% " " ! " " ! ( #% " " " + 2 & ) ) %

#$ " % " " ( " %" "% $ " #% " ! $

?"? ? % * #% ( ) ! % $ . $ ( & % ) " ) %

) $(

(6)

For Review Only

2 ? H 2

%" )) " ( ) #% " " ( $ $ %

))$ " % 2 ) $ ) % % " ! $ /) %

% ( !2 2 ': D02 ! ( % ) ! $ ) # %) % " % #% " " + $

) % %" " / ( 0 % % " $ E & $ %

&-#% " % #% " " + . $$ "E % / % 2 8G40 #% # E "

&-#% " #% " " . % $ ( $ # / $ 9 %2 ': ;0+ , % 2

&$ % $ &$ "" % "$ % ( . !$ % & $ / % $$ 2 5

% 2 5 @% 2 7 2 ': ;< 9 %2 88;02 $ % %"

! % #% ( ) % & )) " & E )

. $$ "E + % " % $ . !$ %# " " % $ - ( %

& ( % % % "$ % ( . !$ & " % " % 6 & "%

%% % % ) % % " + ( % 2 " #% " " " $ 6 2 I ) 2

# % $$ $2 ) %$ )) % $ #% " $ & % - % % " # " 2 %

% " &F " " % $2 % # &$ ) % # %) % " ) ! $$- ( $ # . $$

& ( % J / " %2 2 7 ))% 8GA2 #+ 0+ $ "" % " % $ & $ )

"$ % ( . !$ % #% #% % #% " " % % #$ . % $ / % 2

8G402 $ $ % %" $ $ & ( % $ % ) $$ ! !

"$ % ( . !$ & $ 2 + +2 % #% " " + " % "% " $ ) %

% ( $ ) . $$ "E % "" ) % # " ) ' $ % +

% . !$ 2 $ ! ( ) - % % ) $ %

$ $ + @ ) %$ % #% " " 2 % " / 0

"% "" % " #% ( ) " ) #% " " 2 ! $$ % " $ % + 2

(7)

For Review Only

9 % / 88;02 $$ # % " # % " ( & %# ) ( $ $

! % ) % #% " " " " #% 2 !% #% " 2 E $

#% # % ) & + % " " $ ! . 2 % & ( % ) ) / ! -) %

#% " " # % 2 ! ) & ". ) % " %% " % # 0+ $ $ "%

$$ #% " " ! # %) % " ! % $ )$ " & #% " " #

I# %) % " " #% % #% " ( % $ % " ) $ ## . $$ !

#% " " J /#+ ' 42 $ 7 9 % ': ;0+ , % % % 2 # ) #% " " # 2

9 % ) "% "" % " #% ( ) " ) #% " " 2

" &$ & ! ) % ! 2 ! $$ % " & ! $ % + $ %

) ! % % # % & % $$ $+2 /': ;02 ! " % ) $ %

$ %# % $ + $$ # % " # % " ( #% -#% " "

& '2 "% $$ % % # / 9 %2 88;02 " #$

" #% #% " " 2 & % " ( )) % # ) " %% " ( ) & ". % #% " "

" %% " K " %% " ) & ". % " %% " K " %% " ) & ". ! & '+ % " " !

-& % " $ F ( % 4 / 8' #% " " # % 0 !

#% " " /! ! ! . & ! 02 ! ! % % " #% & ) %

) % + ! % ) % ! % ( $ E ) % (

$ % + $ ! $ % "" % " " % ) % & % ) % ) % #% " "

+ " #% " " 2 ! ( %2 E ) % "" % " " % ! % %

) % ( $ % + % ) ) & ". # 2 $ ## % #% ( ) !

& ) ) % ( $ % + . 9 % / 88;02 ! - % # $ !

"% ) #% " " $ ) % % "" % # %) % " + $ %

#% ( ! % $ ) %$ % #% " " 2 ! ) ! % #% ( $ % +

(8)

For Review Only

@ " ) % " $ & 6 / " ! . $$

"E 0 2 % #$ 2 1 # - #* / $ ! 62 ': :< $ ! 6 7 $ ! 62 88402

% "" % ) % # %) % " " % $ % )$ " "K " "

#% " + " % % " % ) %$ #% " % "

#% " )) " " & $ 2 & # - # " %% # "" $ % # %) % " !

" % $ " E $ ( % % " % / % 2 '::8< $ ! 62 ': :0+ $ ! 6

$ ! 6 / 8840 #% # #% " " & ! ) % # %) % " &

% ) % % #% " )) " " + # % 6 )% #% "

# # & & " ) " % ) . !$ 2 ! $ & % E % ) %

#% " % $ 6 2 % %" % ( )) " ) 5 % / 502

% ) #% " & $ / ( & 0+ 5 & !

% $ # - # /! % "% % 0 6 /! %

% ) "% " % ) "% 0+ & " 6

% $ $ % % " ) )) " &-#% " K" # %

" ) #% " ( % & $ + 2 #% " % )$ " & )

%% ! % ( % ) % % "% ( % 2 % $ % F " % )

"% 5 +

5 %#% ' % %" + % - " $ ( ! 5

% " % " K#% ) " " $ ( $ "% /> $ F 2 ( $ % 2 7 " 2 '::8<

7 )% 2 ': D02 & $ $ ( ! 5 " & % ( % &$

/@% ! 7 . $$2 ': A< $ ( ( 7 9 %2 ': ;< 6 . 2 ': ;0+ # $

#$ ) % ) $ $ $ " ( % % 2

! % "% - " $ # " ( % % + $ % )) % % ## %

(9)

For Review Only

) % #% " " 2 % & . % ( % ) % 6 2 ! % % %- %

$ $ /! - &F " 0 % )$ " %$ % . $$ "E . !$

"% K % % % " % 2 #% " % $ 6 +

% . !$ 2 #% ( % %" 5 % ) $$ ! )) % #

) #% -#% " " %#% )) " ) ' % " % #% " " + ( )

! " #$ % ! " 5 ( % & $ "% K %

% % " % ) . !$ " ( ) #% " % $ 6 2 & $ ( (

9 % /': ;0+ $ ( ( 9 %* #% # $2 ! ( %2 & ( " &

$ " $ #% " ( $ $ + )% /': D0 5 & %

#$ $ " $ #% " )) " " & " $ " $ #% " % $ % ( $

$ ! % $ ( $ #% " / + +2 $ " $ "" 02 ! % " -$ ( $K/ %# 0 " " #% "

% E % % $ ( $ $ -$ % #% " 2 "$ 2 ) % #$ 2 $ " $ "" 2

) % " 2 & ". % ) % 2 & $ $ / $ % & 7 $$ %

': 40+ # &$ 5 " & % " &$ ! #% " ( $( ) ! %

" # #% " / $ " $ #% " 2 ) % #$ 0+ $ & %

5 " /! "$ % % F " % 0 % #% % ) " % )

$ " $ . !$ 2 ! " " 5 " ##$ %# %

# % " $ E +

2 " %% % ) $$ ! # , % 2 $ . & % $$ $+

/': ;0 9 % / 88;0 ! $ % % $$ % " ( & '2

! " # % )) " ) )) % # ) #% -#% " " / 2 & '- $ ( %

'3 0 & ( % % #% " " + " 2 # % " # ! % " "$ % $ % %

) ' ,% " 2 " % ! #% ( ( ) $ $ ( $ # %

(10)

For Review Only

#% " " ! / -0 % ) " $ $ $ &-& /& % $$ $+0+ % 2 %

% " ) " / 0 ) % " $ ) % % ( / " %

% $$ $+0+ , % 2 ! #% ( ( #% " " ! ## % ) %

#% " % $ 6 + , ) 2 ! $ % % * -& - 2 $ $ # %) % " %

" #% " " 2 )) % $ # " % ) "" % " % F " % +

! 2 ! 5 ) . !$ % % " %

6 ( $( %# +

> L

! % # ) / '- $ '3 0 #% ( & ) % #% " "

% "" % " # ) % # % #% " " + , % % # # 2

( " & "% 2 ! % ) % % 5 & ! #

-# " # %) % " + C % ) $$ ! % %" E

! "" % " # ) % # " ( % !

"% ) ' #% " " M

# % '- $ 3 #% " " 2 ! "" % " # )

% # " ! % . $ #% " " ! !

M

? >

% " # ! % D4 ( % $ % % ) ,% " ) % $ % ! )

) %- % & " $ % ) % % % ,% " + $$ # % " # ! % $ # . % 2 2

(11)

For Review Only

G-' 2 " #$ '-$ ( $ ,% " / $ " $ $ ( E $ ) " 2

E ( $ ;:: G:: % ) % " 02 # % ! . &%

,% " - # . " % + ? % ) $ % ,% " ! :+4 / N'+;0

# &% ,% " - # . " % ! 4+4 ! . / N=+:;0+ ( " -$ ( $ $ % %

! % % "% & " % % ) % 2 ,% " 2 "E % $ 2 # " $$

& $ "$ 2 & & % /@ % 7 " $ %2 '::A0+

, % % % 2 % % ! " )) % # ) #$ #% " " "

#% ( $ % % * . !$ ) * ) % - ## 2 % % E %

#% ( . !$ ) ? * )$ " $ ) % 2 & ) $$ ) ) % - ##

/ ! " ) % & % # %) % " 0+

% ) % ! ,% " / ? 0 ( %& $ %# $ 2 # ) %

#% # & $ / + +2 - 1 #$ K! #$

) & $$*0+ ) % ! $ " & " % %" % # $ ! ) $$ )

) " % $ - "E % ) " $ " #$ 2 "$ " #$ ' ) %

-## )) % " / @ % 7 " $ %2 '::A< > ! % 2 '::D< ?"? 2 ': 42

': D0+ $$ #$ % ) ? ! % % -# % $ % ) % 'D % $ % / + +2 1#$ *0

'4 %% $ % / + +2 1) *0 ( %& # & $ " "% AG $ " $ ( %& # ! $(

/ + +2 & ## 02 ! $( " ( / + +2 % # %.02 ! $( "" #$ / + +2

! $. #0 ! $( " ( / + +2 %% ( 0+ , % $ #$ 2

## @ /!!!+ % - & + % 0+

(12)

For Review Only

% % " $ % ! % #$ ' 3 ' #% " " / '- $ 2 % ) %0< '

3 ' #% " " 3 3 #% " " / '3 2 % ) %0< ' 3 ' #% " " 3 #% " "

/ '3 #% "2 % ) %0+ % " # ! % % $ ) % 2 ! "

! % % - - ! $ # # - % '+: $ ( % ) %

( % % ! . 2 $$ 4+D % + $$ ) % $$ % % # ! % " $$ " &

) % %+

! ! % $ ( % ! . ! 2 % ! . % 2

) % ! . ) %+ % ! % ##% $ % & ! "

# " ! ) % " % % #+ 2 # " & ! ) $ %

$ ! % $ " $ "% $$ % % # +

/ 6 . 2 ': ;2 ) % " ) # $ )) " ) )) % % & ) #% " "

) )) % % ) %-#% " " #% " " - # " + % % % #

# % " $ % # " 2 ! # " % $ ) % " )) " 0+

" )) % % " $ ) " %# " " % #% &

? 2 # / ? 0 ( + #% / % 0< ! 2

& $ # / ? 0 ( + #% / % 0< % 2 # / ? 0

( + # & $ / ? 0< ) %2 # / ? 0 ( + # & $ / ? 0 ( +

# # %) " ( / O # O0+ % " $$ 2 ! #% ) %

! ! / + +2 ! # % 02 % " & ) % $% &

# % " ! 2 ) % "$ ) % &

# % " $$ % #% ( + $$ % $ % ( $ &$ +

(13)

For Review Only

, % $$ % % # / '- $ 2 '3 2 '3 #% "02 % "$ " $ " % )

& ,% " #% " " %#% + C ) % "% & " " % 2 & ) %

"% & $ % + &$ % 6 )) % % " $

" # % " ( & " % % #+

! "#$ % -#% " " ! ) % #% ( ) % ##% $ ) ( % )

" # " " " # $- " ) % % ( 2 2 %

) $ ) ( + #% ( % # ! % " $ ) " 2 ) %

#$ + ! # " " ( ) ##$ 2 ! "

##$ ! ( % ) $$ + % % ! % . . & ! ! $

"% & ! F ! ( / + +2 ##$ 0+ ##% #% '

% $ !% ) % ! % #% 2 ) % ( & ! %#% %

+ , % #$ 2 ,% " ( %& " & & ! #

#% / + +2 P ? 2 P % 02

! " K$ ) % ( %& " & $#) $ # ( +

#% ,% " + ## ) % "% # ) +

"#$ % -#% " " ! $ ) $$ ! & #% " " $ %

) %" $ % % ) % - ## #% & 2 %

/ 5 '::' ) % % ) % $ " ( % " % " 2 ? %

'::= )$ " %#% 0+ % % $ " $ * )% !

# % % # ) %+ ' #% " " " DD'

(14)

For Review Only

#$ % /8= " ) ! 2 AA % 2 ' = ) %02

! % % $ % % ! " ) % )) % # % " # < " ( %& #

"" %% ! / N 4GA02 " %& $ " "% $ K%

K & $'+ $$ $ % % " #$ ) ' #% " " "% $$ % 2

! " #% " " ! % #% % $ & - % +

## ) % )% E " ) ,% " $ #$ + $ ! % $ "$

! / + +2 1 % % 0+ #% " "

%#% ? * & $ % & % $ 2 "% " $$ 2 )$ " $

%# &% % " % " 2 ! "$ $ ! % " % %

) % / + +2! % & /1 ! ! "

! & $$ % *0+ / + +2 ! " 0 #$ &% ". ) ( / + +2 1 *0

## % $ ! -"$ $ $ % % . ! ! " ( %& %#% +

$ ## % ) % / + +2 & ' 1! #$ ) & $$

! %$)% %% ( *02 ) % 'D:: /) % ! -"$ $ 0 D:: /) % $

-"$ $ 0 % # # ## % "% $ % # ! #% +

, % % $ $ 2 % # # ## % $ ) % ) $$ $ #$ + 2

) % $$ #% " " 2 % # ! % #% % + # " $ & " ) %

$ $ " +

%% " K " %% " ) & ". ! ! $ ) % " % # + $

! #% ( % #% " " ) $$ ! " %% " % # $ 2 ! " 2 ## 2

&$ '2 ! 2 ! )% E "" %% ( % / " $$ 0 $ % $$

% +

(15)

For Review Only

"#(") $ & ' #% " " '2 '3 % "$

! ")/ ! $ #% " 2 + +

0 ! $$ #% " " %#% ) % #%

/ + +2 #% ( % # #% % ( 0+ )

#% " " ) $$ ! " #% " #$ $ & ( ) % ' ' #% " " +

## ) % "% # ) 2 &$ 42 ) % )% E " )

$ $4+

& ( 2 " %% " K " %% " ) & ". ! ! ) % " % # + , $$ ! " %% "

% # $ 2 $ ! ( A+

"#(") '3 #% " % "$ ' ' #% " " / '- $

'3 % 0 #$ #% " " + & ! #% ( 2 % #% -#% " " %

% #% " " +

Q &$ % R

*

- % " $$ " "" % " ) % ( % % # + , % "" % " 2 % #

! % " " %% " / 0 % " %% " /:0+ $ & $ " )) " ) % "" % " 2 " $" $

9 %- " % , % $ ':2 ! % /+8 02 ! /+G;02 %

/+;402 ) % /+;80D+ ! % " $" $ $$ " )% ) % #

# % # $ " + C $ 6 % ! 2 % $ ! 9 7

(16)

For Review Only

S % . * /': D0 % " 2 % ( $ D: % % '2::: +

+ 5 %& ! % " ( %& %% $ % /:0 % % $ % / 0+

"" % " ! % $ # % $ + $ 2 # % $ ! % " " ) %

" & " " )) % % " $ ) " / #% ( $ "% & 0 $$

"$ & % ) #% " " + , % "" % " 2 ! " " $

-)) " $ /S %2 '::G0 +# ". /@ 2 ? " $ %2 @ $. %2 7 C $. %2

': D0+ , % 2 ! " " - )) " $ % % % $ /@ 2 ( 2 7

@ '::G0 / % 2 @ 2 & 2 %. %2 7 % 2 ': G0+ , % &

"" % " $ 2 #$ % ( % &$ ! % ) $$ ! % # / '3 2 '3 #% "2

'- $ 0< / + + % . #% " " & %0< 5 %& /% $ %2 %% $ %0+ ! %

% $ ) )) " + &F " ! % "% -% ) " % +

" % 5 2 - )) " $ ( ( $ # )

# " & " $ % $ # & ! & %( 2 # %

" % ) % % $ $ $ /, $ 2 ? $ 2 7 , $ ': '< ? % . ': =0+

2 - )) " $ )) % % ( ( % 5 2 "$ % %

)$ & $ ) % & / + +2 & $ ( % &$ 0 % & ( $ )

" " # % " + . # % " $ %$ ) $ ) % $ $ % %"

% % &$ ) % % $ / ". 7 ': D< 7 , $ ': D0+

, % " 2 $ #$ $ ! % " % " #$ &$ $ !

) % " # % + C % ! #$ $2 ! ! # % %

$ /, $ $+ ': '< ? % . ': =0+ C " # % $ ! %

& $ -$ . $ /, $ $+ ': '0+

(17)

For Review Only

, % 2 ! ) & -$ $ ! " ! "$ $ %" # 2 ! )

$ $$ ! %" # ( % ( % &F " + , $$ 2 ( % ) ! % $$ !

%" # ( % #% ( $ ) ) " $ 2 ! " # % $

/ . . ) % % % 0 ' ) " + ) $ $ ! % & $ &

% #2 2 5 %& ) - )) " ) " % 2 ) $$ ! & % $ # ) %

)) " ) / $$ ! )) " ) ( % "% &F " 2 & " ! %

% $ % % ! " ) % " # % " # 02 % # ) - )) "

% " + ) % " ! # % % $2 ! ( % ) ! %

) " $ #% ( ) ) $ / ' &$ ' "" % "

&$ 4 ) % 0+ # % % ! $ % # $ $ ) ) " $

"% ( $ / 7 , $ 2 ': D< , $ $+ ': '0+ , % #$ 2

5 %& # % % -4 ) % ) " $ #% ( ) $ $2 &

% ( $ + % $ 2 % # $ $ -4 ) % "$ 5 %&

# % %+

@ " " # $ $ " % % % # 2 % # % "

! % ) % % #$ % +/) % "" % " 0 /) % ,) % " % # / E ( $

# " 2 , $ $+ ': '02 $$ ! ) % % ) % )) "

# %) % " ( % +

, % ) " $ E ". ( % " 2 ! " $" $

)) " ) 5 % / 52 ( & 0+ & > $ F $+ /'::802

)% /': D02 6 . /': G02 ) % % 5 $ "$

) % " %% " % # $ 2 "$ / 0 " %% " % # 2 % " # $

" ) & ! #% " # "" % " ) $ " . !$ 2 /&0 % $ 2

(18)

For Review Only

$ ! ) % % & ( 2 "$ # $$ ( $ +

#% " % % ( 4';' # / +4T ) 0+ #$ $ % % % $ ! %

$ % 6 ) % $ # & ! 5 / " ( % &$ 0 % .

& % /#% " % ( % &$ 0+ % ! " %#$ 2 ! " !

$ % % & ) +

, % $$ $ 2 $# ! +:D+ %#% )) " )

" 2 ! #% 8DT ' )) " 6 + # % 6 % " &

" % % $ &$ " % ) " + . % % 6 )) " 6 " 2 '" &

% ) % " $ $ ( $ $ ) 2 " # % )

)) " "% 2 " & ) % - $ / . ! " $6 2 ': 40+ '

( $ % )% :- % ! " ) ( % " # %) % "

/ "" % " 2 2 50 " & "" ) % & % #2 /% . & %02 5 %&

/ %K% $ % 02 ( $$ " $$ " ( $ / $ . 7 ! $ ': ;0+ C % # % '( $

) % $$ ) )) " / % $ '02 " # # ". /@ % U ': G0+ '( $

% + G2 +4'2 +D % %#% $$2 2 $ % 2 % # " ( $ 2 % )

#$ ( % " % #% / $ . 7 & %2 & 0+

Q &$ 'R

Q &$ 4R

$ % #% # % $ ) % "" % " + 5 $ % %#%

% " ( % + 2

(19)

For Review Only

-&$ A ! )) " ) ) ) " % % " & ! % % #

% . & % ) % "" % " $$ #% " " / $ , % ) % " %% #

#$ ! 8DT 0+

5 %& % $ % ) " $ )$ " "" % " ) $ % % * # %) % "

#% " " /# V+ :D2 $$ # % 6 % 0+ % #2 & %2

% " & ! % # & %2 ! ( %2 ! % $$ " $$ ) " /!

# % 6 % 02 " % # & % & ( $$

% ) " $ )$ " "" % " ) $ % % * # %) % " ( % +

" " % #* # %) % " ( % "

'3 % #* "" % " #% ( ) " $ ( % $$ ) % #% " " /

2 N +:; Q8DT +:42 +:8R2. / +$0+2 W +:: 2 ' N +:4< ! 2 N +:D Q8DT +:'2 +:GR2. / 1$#+2 N +:: 2 'N +:A< % 2 N +:A Q8DT +:42 +:DR2. / 0$202 W +:: 2 ' N +:A< ) %2 N +:' Q8DT +: 2 +:'R2. / 3$+22 W +:: 2 'N +:G0+ % ! 4#( $

( % ) % #% " " $$ " #% " " #$ % ) ( % "

# %) % " ) % ) #% ( +

" % 2 ! ) "" % " ) " $ #% ( ( % ) %

'3 #% " '- $ % # + , % '3 #% "2 "" % " ! % $ $ & ) " $

( % ) % / N -+:: Q8DT -+: 2 -+::R2. / #$1# N +:'2 'N +: 02 &

% #% " " / 2 N -+: Q8DT -+: 2 +:4R2. / )$52 N +:82 'N +::< ! 2 N -+: Q8DT -+:42 +: R2. / )$)0 N +'D2 'N +: < % 2 N -+:: Q8DT -+::2 +: R2. / $33 N +AA2 'N +: 0+ $ ) % '- $ % # ! " 2

(20)

For Review Only

( % ) % "" % " ) / 2 N +: Q8DT -+: 2 +:AR2. / )$672 N +';2 'N +: < ! 2 N -+: Q8DT -+:42 +:'R2. / $0+2 N +D82 'N +: <

% 2 N +:: Q8DT -+: 2 +: R2. / $2#2 N +A 2 'N +: < ) %2 N +:: Q8DT -+: 2 +::R2. / $652 N +8D2 'N +:'0+ $$ ) % '3 #% " '- $ % # % 6 %

K % "$ 6 % + ! % $ ) ! " 4#( $ ( % 2 "

"% ) #% " " " % & $ $ #$ # %) % " 2 " % !

# % ) % $ ) ) % '3 +

. %2 % $ " $ '3 % #* "" % " ( %

) " $ #% ( ! "% ) #% " " + C ) " ( " ) %

'3 #% " '- $ % # + $ % % F " % % ( $ 6 , % +

Q &$ A % R

Q, % % R

4

&$ D ! )) " ) ) ) " % % " & ! % % #

% . & % ) % $$ #% " " / $ , % ' ) % " %% # #$

! 8DT 0+

#% ( $ 2 ) ) )) " ) % 5 %& 2

! 2 % $ #% ( ) $ ) / &$ 402 " ( %&

% $ % ) " $ )$ " # ) $ % % * # %) % " +

) %2 ! ( %2 ( %& % $ % ) " $ )$ " # ) $ % % *

# %) % " /# W+ :D2 # % 6 % 0+ $ # " !

) " $ $ ! % # %) % " %% $ % % $ % ( %& ) % '3 #% " / N - 4+G 2

(21)

For Review Only

Q8DT - GA+='2 -A4+::R2 /A:G40 N -4+ D2 N +::'2 'N +:80 '- $ / N -;D+8; Q8DT

- D +D42 -+A R2 /4=D40 N - +8;2 N +:D2 'N +:A02 ( %& % $ % $ #$ ( % $$

#% # % ) ( % " + '3 % #2 ! ( %2 ! ) )) % " & !

%% $ % % $ % ( %& / N - A+G8 Q8DT -;D+:=2 AD+'GR2 /4=D40 N -+A82 N +=42 'N

+:A0+

% #2 & %2 % " & ! % # & %2 ! ( %2 ! %

$$ " $$ ) " /! # % 6 % 02 " % #

& % & ( $$ % ) " $ )$ " "" % " ) $ % % *

# %) % " ( % +

" " % #* # %) % " ( % "

'3 % #* # ) # %) % " ) " $ ) % ( % $$ ) % #% " "

/ 2 N - :+'; Q8DT - '+ '2 -G+';R2 / = A0 N - :+8=2 W +:: 2 'N + 4<

'2 N -8+= Q8DT - '+:82 -;+ 4R2 / = A0 N -;+DG2 W +:: 2 'N + '< 42 N

-G+4; Q8DT -8+D=2 -;+ GR2 /'A4:0 N - 4+;A2 W +:: 2 'N +':< A2 N -=+D8 Q8DT

-;2;4 -D+A;R2 /4=D40 N - +AG2 W +:: 2 'N +4'0+ % ! 4#( $ ( % ) % #% " " $$ " #% " " #$ % ) ( % " # %) % "

) % ) #% ( 2 $ % % ) ) % "" % " 2 $& !

$ % %4#( $ / + + ) %4#( $ ! % +:G ) % "" % " 2 & +4' ) % 0+

" % 2 ! ) '3 #% "* " ) " $ ( % 2

" # % ! ) " $ ) % ( % / N - +8' Q8DT 4+:D2

-+G:R2 /'; =0 N -4+4=2 W +:: 2 'N +:'02 & ! ) ) " " %

/ 2 N -+AA Q8DT -'+= 2 +;4R2 / G:A0 N-+482 N +=82 'N +:=< '2

N -+': Q8DT -4+:A2 '+=4R2 /8A0 N -+ A2 N +G82 'N +: < A2 N -+D Q8DT -'+:'2 2

(22)

For Review Only

+88R2 /A:G40 N -==2 N +D 2 'N +:80+ " # % 2 # % 6 % +

$ %$ 2 '- $ * # ) # %) % " " ) " $ ( % / 2 N

+4G Q8DT -'+;D2 4+D:R2 / = A0N +'A2 N +G 2 'N +:8< '2 N -+:G Q8DT -4+D:2

4+4AR2 / = A0 N -+:D2 N +8=2 'N +:'< 42 N -;D Q8DT -4+ 82 +;:R2 /''G;0 N -+D82

N +DD2 'N +:;< A2 N - +'4 Q8DT -'+='2 + DR2 /4=D40 N - +;D2 N +:G2 'N +:A0+

$$ # % 6 % 2 % ! "$ % % F " % ) '( $ +

! % % $ ) % "" % " 2 ) )) " ) % % #2 & %2

% " & ! % # & % ! % $$ " $$ ) " $$ ) %

/# W +:D2 # % 6 % 02 % # & %2 &

( $$ %2 ) " $ )$ " # ) $ % % * # %) % " ( % +

"$ ( $ ) %2 ( %& % $ % ) " $ )$ " '3 #% "* '- $ *

% " 2 ! % $ ! % ( % # %% $ % % $ % ( %& + 5 %&

% $ % )$ " '3 * # %) % " + 2 % ) % 2 '3 % #*

# %) % " ( % ) " $ #% ( ) " ) #% " " + C ) "

( " ) % '- $ % #+ '3 #% "* ) % ( % % 2 & %

! % " 2 ! ) %+ % " " #$ - 6 #% # % )

( % " A ) % '3 % #+ $ % % F " % % ( $ 6 , %

'+

Q &$ D % R

Q, % ' % R

(23)

For Review Only

8

@ " $ '3 * "% ) " $ ( % 2 ! #% 5 $

%#% ) % % % # /) % % 2 , % '0+ " $$2 5 " %

"% 2 % &% $ " 2 % % ( % &$ ( % ( % $$ & %

" # - # % " 2 % % % " $ & $ ( ( 7 9 %

/': ;0 % $ ( $ ! % $ % 2 . !$ "% K % % % " % + 5 " %

% $$ "% ( % % " E $ ( " #% "

)) " " & $ 2 " ( ) 6 2 #% " % ( & #% " " +

% % " % ! " 5 " % ) " $ % " ( % 2 $ %

% % ! % " $" $ #% " 5 " % & & % / &$ =0+ $

! 5 " % ! ! % ( % &$ ( % 2 ! 5 % F " %

( % ! % &% $ & $$ # / 0 % I J # / ! 0+ .

& % ! ) " #% " % ) 5 " % / 'N +::0+ ! 2

! ( %2 % . & % ! ) " #% " % ) "% 5 " % / 'N +:80+

% ) %2 % " 5 ## % % ( &$ / , % 40+ %

% % % $ ! % . & % ) " $ #% "

% " 5 " % / % 2 'N +'D< ) %2 'N +4'0+ % ! % 2 5 " %

% " ! "% ) #% " " + "% '( $ " & %

#$ % ) ( % " A 42 & #% " "

#$ - 6 #% # % ) ( % " +

2 5 ! ## % ( % &$ % " $ $ ( % / $$

'

( $ ! 02 $ ## % ( &$ % $ &$ "% ( %

% ) % / '( $ 0+ % $ #% " )) " " & $ 2

(24)

For Review Only

" ( ) 6 2 ! ( %$ % ! $ & %( &$

$ ! #% " " +

Q &$ = % R

Q, % 4 % R

C ! % & K % #% " " %#% )) "

"" % " # ) $ % % * % # % ' #% " " 2 " # % % " ( $

% " & ' / #% " " 0+ $$ % # % " ( ' % " + C

) - % -& - # %) % " ( % ) % "" % " ( % " %

) ) % #% " " +

$ ! "% ) #% " " $ % "" % ) %

# %) % " % # % " ( / '3 02 & % #

/ '3 #% "2 '- $ 0+

" $$ % # % " ( ' #% " " 2 % $ " '

#% " " $ $ )) % " & %( + " % ! ) )

% $$ $+ /': ;0 9 % / 88;02 ! % 6 )) " ! % " ) % '

#$ " % " + > ! ( %2 )) % #$ )) % " % % $

" # % ! )% #% ( % %" + , % 2 % $$ $+ #% ( $ % % )

" %% " ( ) & ". / K #$ 0+ " 2 9 %* #% " " ! % & ( % $ %

# % ) / ) ) ! . ( + % % ! . 0+ % 2 #% " " (

& " % % + 2 " % % $$ $+ % 9 % ) "

(25)

For Review Only

"% $ " $$ " #$ ) % - ## 2 $ ( & " %

) % % % ) % / 0 "% $ " " #$ + # % " $ %2 ( &

" % $ " & $ " ## % % - ( " $ % % ! ! %

$% % $ ( $ "" % 2 $ % ) % ) % /& ) %

-## 0+

$ % #$ ! # %) % " ( % ! $$ $ ! % "" % "

$ ! % ) % '3 % % # " 2 '3 * # %) % " ) " $

#% ( ! #% " " + % F " % " /% " ( $ & '3

% #0 "% $ ( # %) % " ! $$ $ "" % $ ! % &

"% ) #% " " $ % "" % ) % # %) % " % #

! +

C 5 %#% '3 * ) % ( % + 5 ## % ( % &$ %

! "% % % ) %+ " $$ $

! #% #% " " ) % ! ! ) % # % " # /! "

) # % 02 % ) % % ( ) % % )) %

" ) % ) #% " " + $ ( ( 9 % /': ;0 #% # ! %#% ) % 5

" + , % 2 . !$ "% K % % % " % % )$ " 5 ( % & $ /!

"$ % 0 & " ! / &0#% " % #% " % / $

@% ! 7 . $$2 ': A< 6 . 2 ': ;0+ " 2 6 ) &$ K

. !$ % $ 5 $ K % % % " % ) )) "

#% " % / $ > $ F $+2 '::8< 7 )% 2 ': A0+ $ ( (

9 %* /': ;0 #% # $ % # %# 52 ! & %( )) % # % 2

" % & ) $ % . $$ "E /! % "$ % ( . !$

(26)

For Review Only

&$ " %# % . !$ 2 #% " % $ 6 02 ! $$ )

) 6 + $ 2 % . !$ 2 #% ( % %" 5

)) " ) )) % # ) #% -#% " " ' # %) % " % #% " " 2

$ ( ( 9 %* /': ;0 # $# #$ % & %( % F " % +

, % 2 5 ( % & $ / + +2 5 "% "% ! "$ % % F " % 02 )

! 2 # % " $ %2 % % " % ) ' . !$

% ) ! #% " K % % #% / $ ( ( 7 9 % ': ;0+

% " 2 #% -#% " " & #% ( ! ) % & ) % - ##

#% " % ) % & $ + C 5 ( % & $ !

%# & % ) & ! ' . !$ + #% " 2

! .2 % $ " % ) ' . !$ #% " 2

" % " # % % & $ ' . !$ / , % 40+

" 2 5 "% 4 A ## % " # &$ ! 6 )

. !$ 2 $ ) $ ! %2 $ )) " #% " #% " % + % % $

" % " 5 $ % ) % ## % % . " % &$ #% " "

/ ##% $ +D % ( % ! #% % 2 % " % %

) % )) % # ) #% " " 0+ 2 A "

#% " " 2 % % ) % $% & #% #% " " %

#% % 2 ! " " $ #$ ! ! "$ % % 5 "% & " % ! % %

## % ) % 6 "" %2 & ! #% % +

"" % " 2 2 5 % $ ) % # %) % " % #% " " % " !

?"? ? % * /': ; 2 ': ;&0 #% ( $ - " # - % " )

$ 2 ! " ! #% ( ! #% " " $

(27)

For Review Only

" % ) ' ! ' #% " " / + +2 '3 % 0 #% ( # / $)-# "

% .0 "" % " / " F . % $ 0 ) '

#% " 2 $ ) % % " ! % ! . $ %+ % ! % ) !

% $ &$ $ % & ) ) % % # % " ( # % ) % % " +

. %2 ! % % )% " %% * ) ) % #

-% " # -%) -% " % # % & ?"? ? % /': ; 2 ': ;&0+ , % 2

# %) % " % #% " " ! " ! # %) % " & $

$ % % ! # %) % " #% ( % #% " " $ ! #% (

" % + " 2 % ) " #% ( "" % " # )

' # %) % " 2 & % #% " " # - % " # 2 ! ) $ ) %

$ % % ! % "$ & / + +2 '3 % #0+ % ! % 2 '

#% " " & $) /! & 2 ( ) "" # & #% " " 02

#% ( "" % " # ) ' # %) % " 2 % % #% " " % #

-% " # +

"

% % $ '3 % / $ 3 #% " " 0 #$

# % % $ #% ( "" % " # ) $ % % * % # % #% " " + C

. '3 ! % )) " ( '- $ & " % % )

"% $ " $ % #% &$ +

% 5 % $ " E $ ( " $ % % * #% " 2

% " K $ ) )) " &-#% " K" # % % & "

) #% " ( % & $ / $ ! 62 ': :0+ ( % 2 " #% " " ## % $ 2

(28)

For Review Only

% )) " K &$ #% " 2 $ ! % # " $ + C # " $ 5

( % & $ ! ) $$ ! & 5 % " ( % %

) % % )$ " F ) #% % #% " % + C ) % % # " $ "

( ! )% % %#% ? ( #% " % 2 " (

" % ## ) ? #% & 1@ /# 0 3 * % 1 3

( %&* % ( $ " $ " / + +2 ( %& $ 0 ! % % % # $ % $ &$

%#% ? )$ " $ %# $ $ ! % " % $ &$ " ) %

% " & $ ( % + ! $ & " ! %#%

"% 5 " % % #% " & $ )) " " &% & &

( ## % ) % #% " " / + +2 $ ( ( 7 9 %2 ': ;< 6 . 2 ': ;0+

? , >

( % $$ #$ 6 2 ! # 6 % "" % ( + $ 2 %

%#% ( % &$ 5 . !$ "% K % % % " % % $$

& ) ( " % % %" " %% & % %#% + $ 2

" # % % %" ) ! ! % "

%# $ % )) " % #% " " . # % " $ ## % ) % . $$ "E

"" ) $ % ' +

C $ ( ) % % %" . ) ( ! % ) "

% $ " #% #% " # %) % " % " + "" % #

-#% " " # %) % " % $ ?"? ? % /': ; 2 ': ;&02

# %) % " " % $$ 2 %#% " % / $)-# " % 02 (

! . # - % " 2 ! $ ! % -#% " " % & %( " %% 2

(29)

For Review Only

$ + 2 & # - % - % " % ! & ) ) %

% # % " ( $ #$ #% " " +

" %% #% ( ( " ) & ) ) /" & ! #% " " 2 '

2 ' #% " " 0 ' )$ " $ ( %& %# $ ! 2 # " ) " $$ 2 "% $ " $$

)) % ) % - ## + C ! 5 % ) 6 ! & %( &$

"$ %$ % $ &$ % ) % % / ) % '+'D % ) % 0+ % #

"% " $$ 2 ) % ) " $ % # ( %#% #% " " ) % $

% " #% ( % + % ) % % 2 # % " $ %$

) % ! 2 ! & %( ( " " ( ) . !$ "% K % % % " % + %

& % ! " #% " " % E % ) % ( " ) 6 % 2

& % $ # - #2 ) % % ) % ' #% ) " " +

% ) $ & ) $ % ) "% $ " $$ " #$

' ) % #% ( ( " ) ) $ ) #$ " % % " + , %

% ) % 2 % % " $ ( " ) " % ) ' . !$

# ) "" + , % % %" $ ( ! "

& ) ' $ % ) % $ " ) % 2 & ! . ! $$ # % # &

& ) " $ ) % ' ) % % ( "% $ " )$ " $ ( $ ) ) %

-## / % & % %" 02 # " $$ ) % % -) % &

- ' ) % - ## )) % " $ . ? ) % $ - # . % + % % ) %

" $ "$ ' $ % ) / 0 " ' # /'0. '

& $ # . % + $ % ? 2 . & " #$ ' ) %

-## )) % " / 0 #% & $ ) % / 0 #% &

$ #$ ) % ' / < $( - %( $X ': A0 % /'0 #%

(30)

For Review Only

& $ ) % ' /. 0 #% & $ #$ ) % / ' 8(

9 :2 7 ?" % '::A0+ , % % %" $ $ (

! " ) $ ) ) % ' $ % & ' #% ) " " +

( ! $ $# $ % ' % " % ) $ % #% &$ )) %

" + 2

(31)

For Review Only

,

%2 +2 & ! 2 +2 7 # 2 + /': :0+ ! % ) K ' )) % "

%M" -% )7 '8- A=+

% 2 S+ / 8G40+ #% " ( % ) % +; 8 "

8 < ' ## '= -'8D+

@ 2 + >+2 ( 2 + S+2 7 @ 2 + ?+ /'::G0+ ? - )) " $ ! "%

% )) " ) % &F " +; 2072 48:-A '+

@ % 2 +2 7 " $ %2 + /'::A0+ O% % "E $ O( $ ##

)% Y '+; " 2 )+2 'G -'88+

@ % U2 9+ /': G0+ + # ". ( % +A:+A+ # KK +

-#% F " + % K# ". N? ?

@ 2 +2 ? " $ %2 ?+2 @ $. %2 @+2 7 C $. %2 + /': D0+ , % ? - )) " ? $

$ A+; % 532 -AG+

@% ! 2 >+2 7 . $$2 + /': A0+ -" % ) $. %- # " ) " $ " $ " #

% ! % $ % +" = #7 =4- ;8+

%B -5 $ Z 2 ?+ +2 7 $$ 2 + + /': =0+ $ " " $ "E " $

) % 2 $ % % 2 % " $ ) " + 232 'GA+

% $$ 2 ,+2 5 % 2 C+2 5 @% 2 9+2 7 2 + /': ;0+

) " ' #% " " ,% ( % ( ( +" " > #) ' - AD+

2 +2 7 , $ 2 + /': D0+ ? )) " $ $ $ $ +

$ . 2 + / 0+- ' ? ' " 4 /##+ D8- G 0+

! [ %. $ +

(32)

For Review Only

9 %2 + / 88;0+ @ #$ " % $ $ % + " - & )7

8D-'' +

9 %2 + /': D0+ 1 . $$ "E % *+ @+ 5 7 S+ C $$ / +02

" - & - /##+ 8A- '0+ ! [ %. $ +

$$ 2 + /'::=0+ $ " ( % ) % # ' "E " 2 "

" # 2 $ " 2 %) % " 2 ( % ! 2 &$ ". 2 # %" # $ $ % +

-" #3 =A- 8A+

$$ 2 +2 7 %% 2 + /': 0+ % $ $ "E % #$ "

% $ 6 - $ + " - & 11

DG8-='A+

$$ 2 +2 > ) 62 9+2 ? % 2 9+ +2 2 +2 @ $ 2 S+2 7 %% 2 + /': A0+ - % ".

) $ % " $ "E +- 10

DA;-D;8+

, $ 2 +2 ? $ 2 S+2 7 , $ 2 H+ /': '0+* ' 4+

&$ " +

% & 2 C+ +2 7 $$ %2 ,+ + /': 40+ 4 4 + ! [ %.

$ +

> ##2 >+2 7 % 2 + /': =0+ " $ " " " % " ' #% " ( %

#% " + " - & -'8+

> ! % 2 ?+ /'::D0+ " #% # E %E O $* #$ $* # %) # %

$* ##% )% Y $ O % \% + + & 7 + %% (O / +02= ' @

' : + % # +

(33)

For Review Only

> % 2 ?+2 C 2 S+2 7 @ $$2 + /': :0+ , % " $ . !$ $

"$ % + ; < )+ 44 -4A8+

> " 2 +2 7 % " -5 % 2 + /': ;0+ % " $ )$ " & ( %

)) " ) ( $ )) % " ) % $ )$ " 2 "% -$ " )) % " 2

#% ) " " ( % +- 2122 ;DD-;GD+

> $ F 2 S+ >+2 5 $ % 2 +2 7 " 2 + /'::80+ 6 " $

"E C " )) " ) ( % $$ M+- 16

DDD-DG'+

6E % 2 S+2 7 $$ 2 + /'::G0+ ) " $ ( % $ ) )$ " - # " %.

" # % ) > # # $ # $ % % ) ,% " + "

; 7# 4D:-4=G+

S %2 + ,+ /'::G0+ % " $ $ ! )% 5 / % ) % % 0

! % $ $ +; 2072 A4A-AA=+

9 2 +2 7 S % . 2 S+ /': D0+ # % $ " #% " % %" +

" - & 13 -4'+

9 #) %& % 2 + / 8880+ " ( % ) " % ( $ # % " $ ( " +"

-% 2 ' :-' 4+

2 >+ 7 )% 2 + /': D0+ 6 " $ " #% "

# % $2 " " # $ % #$ " ) > $ F 2 5 $ % 2 " ] '::8 + -15 'A;- 'G'+

".2 S+ +2 7 2 + /': D0+ $ ##$ " ) ? )) " ? $

" %" +" " 2502 GD-':;+

(34)

For Review Only

? "C 2 @+ /'::D0+ ) $ ) $ "E + S+,+ 9% $$ 7 +?+@+

% / +02A B /##++7 530+ ) %

) % ( % % +

? "C 2 @+ /': '0+ $ " ) ) $+ +?+ 7 + ? ". / +02

4 B & /##+ ' -'';0+ ! [ %. $ +

? % 2 + /'::=0+ #$ % # #% " "$ % # % $ " # %

) #% " % " % " # +" " 2052 D:;-D==+

?"? 2 9+ /': 40+ % # " $ )$ " " $ "E C ! ) %

# " # + 4 ' % - " " 20)2

'88-4''+

?"? 2 9+ /': D0+ - ' )) % " "E ) ) % - # %

" # % ) $ % $ % % ) ,% " + " 4 ' % 3)

D -;;+

?"? 2 9+2 7 ? % 2 + /': ; 0+ #$ " % " " #% ( ' $ ))$

# %) % " + " - & 17 AD8-A8'+

?"? 2 9+2 7 ? % 2 + /': ;&0+ $ ))$ )) " ) #% " " ' % %

$ % + # % $ % #$ " + " - & - ;+

? % . 2 + /': =0+ ? $ " ( $ $ % " $

( $ # " ) $ % " $ %# +" " 2552 G4A-G; +

? % . 2 +2 7 $ # $ 2 + /': =0+ )$ " "E % % ) $

% " $ %# + " - & 12 4=D-A: +

. ! 2 +2 7 " $6 2 >+ /': 40+ % $ #$ ) % & ' )%

% $ 6 $ % )) " $ + ! !' 2+2 44- A'+

(35)

For Review Only

* % 2 C+ /': 40+ $$ ) $ "E +- < 212

'D4-GD+

% 2 S+2 @ 2 +2 & 2 +2 %. %2 + % /': G0+ "

= @ ! + # ". ( % 4+ - 4 + + # KK +

-#% F " + % K# ". N $ +

2 + /': D0+ )) " ( ) #% " % " #% " -& % "

' % % "E - $ +- " 15 4:=-4'D+

% 2 ?+ /'::80+* ' * " + S

@ F +

$ . 2 +2 7 %% ".2 + /': =0+ - $ ) % $ & $ " )) " " $

% %" + " ; )66 - D+

$ . 2 2 7 & %2 >+ / & 0+ ? $ #$ % % ' % %" $ " $

%#% 4'( $ + ? "% # % % ( !+

$ . 2 +2 7 ! $ 2 ,+ /': A0+ > ! & I& JM %#% )) " 6 ' % %" +

" " 5+ G;G-8 '+

$ . 2 +2 7 ! $ 2 ,+ + /': ;0+ ? $ #$ % % )$ &$ $ % ( 5

' % %" + " - & 2172 D;8-D8'+

& % 2 +2 7 6. 2 + + /': 40+ % " K # " - % ( $ -$

" $ $)-# " % ! ,% " % ' $ % % ) $ +

" 4 2#72 A 4-A48+

" %2 C+2 2 +2 7 " ))% 2 + / 8GA0+ " " % $ #% "

+ + % % / +0 8 + ! [ %. " " % +

$ ! 62 + /': :0+ ' + ! [ %. $ +

(36)

For Review Only

$ ! 62 +2 7 $ ! 62 + / 8840+ . $$ # %) % " 2 #% " " 2 )) % )

# - # )% 6 )) " ( " )% " $ ! % % " +

-)+ 4=8-4GD+

$ ( ( 2 9+2 7 9 %2 + /': ;0+ # ( % & $ % ) ( $ ! %

$ % + " - & - D+

6 . 2 [+ /': ;0+ % $ ) #% " % $ $ % & $ 6 ) ' %# $

% )) % $ % " $ + #$ % % + "

- & - D+

6 . 2 [+2 7 2 ?+ /': =0+ 6 " $ " #% "

$ # & ! $ " 6 . +< " 2

#)2 4'-A=+

$ 2 + 7 . ! "62 + /': A0+ % -$ $ % $ )) " ( )

" $ % % % " +" " 5+ ';8-4:8+

5 2 @+ /'::'0+ % " % " # +" 20#2 ;DD-G:4+

(37)

For Review Only

=

+ @ $ # % % " % ! )% " - "

$ % $)-# " % + @ $ # % ! ) & ! $$

% # $$ % + , % ) $$ % # % ) % $ 2 ?"? ? %

/': ; 2 ': ;&0+

'+ % $ $ ! % % " % & ! ( ,% " # . % + ,% " " ! %

( % ) ) % " & '= ( ,% " # . % $$ ! % % ::T

"" # &$ 2 ! / K & $2 #% K# 0 &

% %" % +

4+ %) % " #% " " $ % ! ! % % )) "

) )) % # ) #% -#% " " "#$ % % #% " " +

A+ #% ( % #% " " #% ( ) % & ' ) %

-## +

D+ @ - $ ) % $ & $ " )) " ' % %" 2 $ . %% ".

/': =0 #% # +;A $ & " % % $ / & $ 0 % $ ) %

"" # &$ ) % % $ & $ +

=+ ( $ # % #$ & % % /:2 0 ) "

(38)

For Review Only

[image:38.612.126.418.148.617.2]

TABLES

Table 1.

Summary of instructional differences between the treatment groups

L2+L1 L2+L1prac L2 only

L2 practice

L2 EI

L1 practice

L1 EI

(39)
[image:39.792.36.677.96.442.2]

For Review Only

Table 2. Summary of logit mixed effects model comparisons for accuracy

Session # Model Fixed Effects Random Effects AIC ( AIC 2LL Statistic

1 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 818.87

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 820.18 407.09 2(1) = .69 .41

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 796.91 394.45 2(1) = 25.27 < .001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 798.84 393.42 2(2) = 2.07 .36

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 800.12 393.06 2(1) = .72 .39

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 792.58 388.29 2(1) = 9.53 .002 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 791.28 388.64 2(1) = .69 .40

2 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 940.99 0468.50

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 942.58 468.29 2(1) = .41 .52

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 939.82 465.91 2(1) = 4.76 .03

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 936.01 462.01 2(1) = 7.81 .02

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 937.60 461.80 2(1) = .41 .52

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 927.09 455.55 2(1) = 12.51 <. 001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 925.49 455.49 2(1) = .39 .53

3 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 1776.6 886.30

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 1775.0 884.51 2(1) = 3.58 .06

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 1749.4 860.70 2(1) = 27.63 <. 001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 1730.8 859.38 2(2) = 22.63 < .001

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 1731.8 858.91 2(1) = .95 .33

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 1717.1 850.55 2(1) = 16.71 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 1716.1 851.04 2(1) = .97 .32

4 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 5766.6 2881.3

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 5767.9 2881.0 2(1) = .72 .39

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 5734.1 2863.1 2(1) = 35.80 < .001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 5623.1 2805.6 2(2) = 114.99 < .001

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 5624.5 2805.2 2(1) = .64 .42

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 5583.2 2783.6 2(1) = 43.31 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 5581.8 2783.9 2(1) = .66 .42

. Grey shading indicates optimal model 2

(40)
[image:40.792.65.744.110.455.2]

For Review Only

Table 3.

Summary of mixed effects linear model comparisons for RT

Session # Model Fixed Effects Random Effects AIC ( AIC 2LL Statistic

1 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 84395.91 42194.96

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 84397.90 42194.95 2(1) = .01 .91

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 84352.44 42171.22 2(1) = 47.46 <.001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 84266.31 42126.15 2(2) = 90.14 <.001

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 84267.99 42125.99 2(1) = .32 .57

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84249.91 42115.96 2(1) = 20.08 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84248.22 42116.11 2(1) = 20.08 <.001

2 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 84161.99 42077.99

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 84163.08 42077.54 2(1) = .91 .34

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 84140.87 42065.44 2(1) = 24.20 <.001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 84116.50 42051.25 2(2) = 28.38 <.001 Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 84116.87 42050.44 2(1) = 1.62 .20 Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84103.17 42042.59 2(1) = 15.69 <.001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 84102.8 42043.40 2(1) = .15.69 <.001

3 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 125492.0 62743

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 125490.6 62741.30 2(1) = 3.39 .07

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 125331.9 62660.94 2(1) = 160.72 < .001 Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 125190.9 62588.47 2(2) = 144.93 < .001

Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 125192 62588.23 2(1) = .49 .48

Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 125176.1 62579.05 2(1) = 18.35 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 125174 62579.29 2(1) = 18.36 < .001

4 Model 1 None By Subject random intercepts 193608.5 96801.23

Model 2 Model 1 + Group Same as Model 1 193609.1 96800.55 2(1) = 1.37 .24

Model 3 Model 2 + Item Same as Model 1 193357.0 96673.51 2(1) = 254.07 < .001

Model 4 Same as Model 3 Model 1 + by Item random slope 192961.5 96473.75 2(1) = 399.53 < .001 Model 5 Same as Model 4 + Verb Same as Model 4 192951.5 96467.74 2(1) = 12.02 .001 Model 6 Model 5 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 192927.6 96454.78 2(1) = 25.91 < .001 Model 7 Model 4 + Group x Item interaction Same as Model 4 192937.5 96460.76 2(1) = 11.95 .001 . Grey shading indicates optimal model

(41)
[image:41.792.68.717.113.395.2]

For Review Only

Table 4.

Summary of fixed effects for accuracy

Session # Parameter Estimate 95% CIs for Estimate SE z value

1 (intercept) 2.13 1.15, 3.10 .49 4.28 < .001 .01

Group .49 .04, .94 .23 2.13 .03 .01

Item .07 .04, .09 .02 4.23 < .001 .01

Verb .19 .26, .65 .23 .83 .40 .01

Group X Item .02 .03, .01 .01 3.12 .002 .01

2 (intercept) 2.34 1.05, 3.63 .66 3.56 <. 001 .02

Group .74 .15, 1.32 .29 2.47 .01 .02

Item .05 .02, .08 .01 3.68 <.001 .02

Verb .13 .28, .54 .21 .63 .53 .02

Group X Item .02 .03, .01 .01 3.77 < .001 .02

3 (intercept) 2.15 1.32, 2.98 .42 5.07 <. 001 .02

Group .46 .09, .84 .19 2.42 .02 .02

Item .04 .03, .06 .01 5.33 <. 001 .02

Verb 15 .45, .15 .15 .96 .34 .02

Group X Item .01 .02, .01 .00 4.13 <. 001 .02

4 (intercept) .45 .06, .96 .26 1.73 .08 .04

Group .91 .67, 1.15 .12 7.42 <. 001 .04

Item .02 .01, .20 .00 8.85 <. 001 .04

Verb .06 .02, .03 .07 .82 .41 .04

Group X Item .01 .01, .01 .00 7.9 < .001 .04

(42)
[image:42.792.65.724.108.377.2]

For Review Only

Table 5.

Summary of fixed effects for RT

Session # Parameter Estimate 95% CIs for Estimate

SE DF t value

1 (intercept) 1912.78 1660.43, 2165.14 128.77 5033 14.85 <.001 .09

Group 237.90 355.49, 120.32 58.59 51 4.06 <.001 .09

Item 13.13 17.33, 8.94 2.14 5033 6.14 <.001 .09

Group X Item 4.81 2.90, 6.72 .97 5033 4.94 <.001 .09

2 (intercept) 1967.85 1700.78, 2234.91 136.28 4843 14.44 <.001 .03

Group 260.55 387.28, 122.83 63.09 49 4.13 <.001 .03

Item 12.70 17.35, 8.06 2.37 4843 5.36 <.001 .03

Group X Item 4.70 2.55, 6.85 1.09 4843 4.28 <.001 .03

3 (intercept) 2353.70 2121.63, 2585.77 118.42 7434 19.88 <.001 .09

Group 298.57 406.59, 190.56 53.79 50 5.55 <.001 .10

Item 10.08 12.97, 7.19 1.48 7434 6.83 <.001 .09

Group X Item 3.15 1.83, 4.46 .67 4.69 4.69 <.001 .09

4 (intercept) 2576.59 2307.74, 2845.43 137.18 11392 18.78 <.001 .11

Group 376.77 501.73, 251.82 62.25 51 6.05 <.001 .12

Item 8.82 11.06, 6.58 1.14 11392 7.72 <.001 .11

Verb 70.69 110.76, 30.63 20.44 11392 3.46 .001 .11

Group X Item 3.00 1.99, 4.02 0.52 11392 5.78 <.001 .11

(43)
[image:43.792.66.620.115.438.2]

For Review Only

Table 6.

Linear regression results for CV scores in each practice session

Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4

Intercept [95% CIs] (SE)

.64*** [.54, .75] (.05)

.61** [.54, .67] (.03)

.71*** [.67, .75] (.02)

.74*** [.71, .77] (.01)

Item [95% CIs] (SE)

.000 [ .00, .00] (.00)

.002** [.00, .00] (.00)

.001*** [ .00, .00] (.000)

.001*** [ .00, .00] (.00)

(1, 94) = .01 (1, 94) = 9.6 (1, 142) = 47.67 (1, 214) = 102

.91 .003 <. 001 <. 001

.00 .09 .25 .32

*** = <. 001, ** = <.01 2

(44)

For Review Only

! " #$% & '(

) ! ! ' * ) ! ! '

+ ! ) ' , ! ) ! '

(45)

For Review Only

* - ! " #$% & "

" " " ! '

) ! ! ' * ) ! ! '

+ ! ) ' , ! ) ! '

(46)

For Review Only

+ &. / 0*10 ! ! " #$% & " " "

" ! '

) ! ! ' * ) ! ! '

+ ! ) ' , ! 2 ! '

(47)

For Review Only

(48)

For Review Only

! " #$ ! "% & " % %& %"

"% #%

"" # '( '( ()

"" # * *+ *+ ,'

"" # ( *+ *+ ,'

"" # ' '( '( ()

"" # * *+ *+ ,'

"" # ( *+ *+ ,'

- .' .' *)(

- / 0% 1#" 2 % 3

"" # '( '( ()

"" # ' '( '( ()

"" # ( *+ *+ ,'

'7+ ',+ 44'

'

! " #$ ! 5 % 2 " !% !# !% "2 "6 7 # 1

'8 9 : ,;

'<# 7 9 : ,;

'8 1 !

9 : .; "" # # ""6 1 "% 5" 1 " %

$% !# !% 7 "1# =- >

$% !# !% 7 "1# = ?>

. ) 4 @ * @

"" # ' A % %76 1 "% 5" 1 " %

$% !# !% 7 "1# =- >

$% !# !% 7 "1# = ?>

'* , ' . '. ,

"" # * # 5" A % 6 1 "% # 7

$% !# !% 7 "1# = B >

$% !# !% 7 "1# = Y '

+@ '4 +* ') 4, '+

"" # ( # 5" A % 5" #&1 % 6 1 "% # 7

$% !# !% 7 "1# = B >

$% !# !% 7 "1# = Y '

$% !# !% 7 "1# = - D

(49)

For Review Only

*

! " #$ " "% & " '8 '8 1 ! % %& %"

"% #%

"" # ) ) +

"" # * ' ' '(

"" # ( ) ) +

"" # ' ) ) +

"" # * ' ' '(

"" # ( ) ) +

E A F 4+ 4+ '

G 0% 1#" 2 % 3

"" # ) ) +

"" # ' ) ) +

"" # ( ) ) +

)@ )@ +@

(50)

For Review Only

(51)

For Review Only

! " ! # $ " % "

&& ' ( ') && ' && ' && '

# & ($ & % & )

* + !

($ + , ! )

-! % &

($ $

& )

* %

($ *

+ $ ,)

& + .

* /

( & %

0 ! + !)

& " !

( $ ++

" &)

! !

( )

* "" +

( * )

1 2 +" * 3 2

-4 5 # & ! " ! # $ " % "

&' ( ') &' &' &'

" ! %

($ 6 $

)

! % ! &

* + &&

( % 6

% $ * + &7)

* &+

($ ! 6

$ ! * &+)

" +

(& 6 & $ ! )

& + .

* /

(& % 0 ! + !)

# !

*-( , ! ** )

8 + ! *

("& 7 + * * # &&)

% %

(* ! )

1 2 +" * 3 2 -2

(52)

For Review Only

9 ! " ! # $ % # & :( & &7 " );

! < & * && % " " &73 ! $ ! % # " ! " " &7 + => # !& &&

&& ' ( ') && ' && ' && '

" # # $

+ & *&

. *

! ++ !- ? "& ($ & , *& $ $

! & # ! 7)

+

$ ! . &

!& !

-($

$ ! $ # && )

& & 8 & . ! * - ? & "

($ " "

$ #

# &&)

. & +

. + &)

"" &-($ & %

$ *

! && )

% & $

% +

+ . && && ? & 7+

(, $6 , $

$ & &7

$ $

7+)

! % ! &

* + && . &&

# % ! +

( % 6 %

$ * + &7 $ & % $

# )

8 + !

. & && ? & 7+

("& 7 6 "& 7

+ * $

$ 7+)

+ . & . && # ?

( ! 6

!

$ & %

)

1 2 +" * 3 ' ( (

(53)

For Review Only

@ ! " ! # $ % # & : & &7 " ; %

! +"&

! < & * && % " " &73 ! $ ! % # " ! " " &7 + => # !& &&

&' ( ') &' &' &'

" # # $

% & &# + . & &&- % &

($ & % $

&# + $

$ $ ,) * + ! . * ++ %-($ + , ! $ $ * % )

+ A " ++

. & " *

%-($ $ ""&

$ !

% )

* " =

-8 . &

!& !

-($ *

# ,* $

# && )

% & $

" ! % . & && ? &B-! &

($ 6 $

$ $

! &)

& & # . & # % % !

+ (& 6 & # $ , $ * ) A +C . & # " C & +

( $ +6 $ + $

+ $ & % #7

)

% !&- . & " & $ , ! D &

(* 6 *

, 7 $ "

$ , "& ! )

$

+- & "

. * ++

%-(& % "

$ $ *

%

! %

. & /

1

( % ! $

! % A

+ )

& & % .

* ++ ! ++ !- ?

8 "

( # , $

$ * "& 7 " )

& +

. & ! ++

!-? "& %

(& * $

)

1 2 +" * 3 ' ( (

(54)

For Review Only

#

! " ! # $ " % "

' ' ' '

#

$ && $ "& 7 ! $

$ !

$ *

#

8 7 $

&

+ !

$ &, * ,

4 5 # & ! " ! # $ " % "

5 ' 5 ' 5 ' 5 '

& , $ $ " " , * $ !

# " , , & * $ $ &&

9 ! " ! # $ % # &

! < & * && % " " &73 ! $ ! % # " ! " " &7 + => # !& &&

' ' ' '

" # # #

$ &

+ ! $

"

$ + , $

# %

$ , ! "

* $

! " # ,

$ , !,

$ "

% & 8 7

$ , $

) $ ,

" , 0 ! $

0 !

# 7*

$ " " $ +

% + $

& % !& $ , 2

(55)

For Review Only

@ ! " ! # $ % # & % ! +"&

! < & * && % " " &73 ! $ ! % # " ! " "

5 ' 5 ' 5 ' 5 '

" # # #

$ " $

$ %

$ $

# #7 ! 7

$ "& 7

+ * * # && $ * &&

$ % +

$ "

% & & , + +

$

& 7 $

& + !

$ & %

&

""& $ + , $ & !

& * $

" + , !,

, $ $

$ !

,

.

!7!& $ , $

$ * $

! $

" # ,

* ! $

$ * ! && 2

(56)

For Review Only

APPENDIX C

Ongoingness (Present vs. Past), Session 1

[A six second video clip of man eating an apple. The apple was never fully eaten.]

To describe this you could say:

Or

The difference between these two is: Il mange = ongoing action RIGHT

NOW

Il mangeait = ongoing action IN THE PAST

[Same video again as L2 only treatment]

To describe this you could say:

Or

The difference between these two is: ‘he is eating’ = ongoing action RIGHT

NOW

‘he was eating’ = ongoing action IN PAST”

The ends of the verbs distinguish between an ongoing action in the

present past e.g. [Four verbs

presented in pairs, aurally and in writing]:

RIGHT NOW

IN PAST

regarde [ʀəgaʀd]

regardait [ʀəgaʀdɛ]

To identify ongoing meaning in the present the past, you need to focus on the auxiliary.

Look/listen out for ‘is’ or ‘was’ to indicate whether it is an ongoing action taking place RIGHT NOW (present) or it is one IN THE PAST (past).”

96 (48 listening; 48 reading) items. Learners must identify whether an ongoing event is taking place “MAINTENANT” (right now) or “DANS LE PASSÉ” (in the past), e.g.: Il…

(1) fait du shopping (‘is shopping’)

(2) parlait français (‘was speaking French’)

32 (16 listening; 16 reading) items. Learners must identify whether an ongoing event is taking place “RIGHT NOW” or “IN THE PAST”, e.g.

He…

(1) is eating a sandwich

(2) was running to the shop

(57)

For Review Only

‘MAINTENANT’:

! " # $ ##%&

' (

)

After incorrectly responding ‘DANS LE PASSÉ’:

*

( !

' ( +

( " # $ ##%)

NOW’:

“The present tense in English (‘is +ing’) and in French expresses the same thing:

( ' ( , -

After incorrectly responding ‘IN THE

PAST’: “ ./

0 12 (

.0 23 4 5 ! (

# ” 2

Figure

Table 1. Summary of instructional differences between the treatment groups
Table 2. Summary of logit mixed effects model comparisons for accuracy
Table 3. Summary of mixed effects linear model comparisons for RT
Table 4. Summary of fixed effects for accuracy
+3

References

Related documents