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Formation number of confined vortex rings

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Figure

FIG. 1. (a) Schematic of a vortex ring in a tube. (b) Time evolution of the piston velocity Up(τ): PS (positive sloping) rampand NS (negative sloping) ramp programs.
TABLE I. Parameters τ�1, τ2 of the injection program (4) and piston stroke ratios Lp/D = τoff0Up(τ)dτ corresponding to thePS (positive sloping) ramp and NS (negative sloping) ramp programs displayed in Figure 1 b).
Figure 2d). The proximity of the primary vortex ring and the secondary vortex affects the separation of the vortex
FIG. 3. Contours of vorticity ω at the early stage of formation of the vortex ring in a tube for a confinement parameter(Dw/D = 2.5)
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